Verb-framed language

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The terms verb-framed languages (for example: “verbally framed languages”) and its opposite satellite-framed languages are used in linguistics to distinguish between two grammatical types of languages. It is about differences in the way information is distributed to word meanings or parts of sentences, namely which types of information are expressed in the verb and which instead in supplements or "satellites" of the verb.

The distinction is mainly based on comparative language studies by the American linguist Leonard Talmy on the expression of movement events, which he developed in the 1970s and 80s as part of his work on cognitive semantics ; Dan Slobin , among others, made important contributions .

Basics

In the description of motion events, the components of the "path" can (engl. Path ) separate from those of the "way". The path component denotes the direction and localization of the movement; the manner component denotes e.g. B. the method of locomotion, form of movement, effort etc.

When examining movement verbs, Talmy used two different types of languages ​​or constructions: In the constructions of the verb-framed-languages , information about path properties is expressed in the verb itself, more precisely in the verb root . For example, Spanish uses many general directional verbs such as salir (to move out), entrar (to move in), pasar (to move past). Where speakers deem it necessary, additional information about the movement can be added via adverbials .

It is different in the constructions of satellite-framed-languages : Here verbs or verb roots are preferably used that contain information about the mode of movement, whereas the description of the path is done outside of it, by a satellite such as e.g. B. by prepositional phrases (e.g. from the house ), or adverbs (e.g. in German out, past ). However, verb prefixes and particles (such as ein, über- etc.), which are connected to a verb stem that characterizes the manner (e.g. to enter ) , also count as satellites .

The essentially satellite-framed languages include German , English and Latin . To the verb-framed-languages , the Spanish and French languages and all the Romance languages .

Such a satellite-based set would be e.g. B.

  • in English "into": "He ran into the house.",

an example of the counterpart of a verbal sentence would be

  • in French "Il est entré dans la maison en courant". (In literal English translation: He entered into the house running. ) Here, the addition “en courant” describes and emphasizes the manner of movement in this case “running”, but this is not mandatory.

or a comparison between German and Spanish:

" The woman runs into the room ."

The woman ( figure ) runs ( motion, manner ) into the ( path ) room ( ground )

" La mujer entra en la habitación corriendo ."

La mujer ( figure ) entra ( motion, path) en la habitación ( ground ) corriendo ( manner )

Literal German translation: "The woman-moving into the room running Gerundio " In the Spanish language, as a typical verb-framed-language , the movement, motion and the way, path are combined in one verb. The art und Weise, manner, however, appears neither in the verb nor in the satellite, but in the form of the constituents of the Spanish gerundio.

For Talmy (2000), the following six central aspects or terms can be used to describe the basic concepts of locomotion scenes:

  • Figure or, according to the subject of classical grammar, the moving object;
  • Ground or the reference object , the background against which a movement takes place;
  • Motion or the event of movement, the fact of movement;
  • Path or "path" followed in the course of the movement, the direction or the path the figure takes with respect to a background;
  • Men or manner, the manner of movement;
  • Cause or cause, the cause or the causer of the movement.

Talmy took over the terms for figure and ground from Gestalt psychology , figure-ground-perception . The dichotomy of figure and background is an important syntactic ordering principle for Talmy . The term figure is used to describe the entity that ultimately moves and that moves relative to the ground . With path of travel path is described by Leonard Talmy, the figure travels. Manner is the way of this movement.

Verb-framed-languages Satellite-framed-languages
French language Spanish language German language English language
Il entra en courant . Entró corriendo . He ran in . He ran in .
Elle traversa la rivière à la nage . Atravesó el río a nado . They carried swam the river. She swam across the river.
Descendez du train on the gauche. Bajen del tren a la izquierda. Get off the train on the left . Step out of the train to the left.
Il ouvrit la porte d'un coup de pied . Abrió la puerta de una patada . He pushed the door with his foot on . He kicked the door open .
J ' allume la lumière. Prendo la luz. I 'm the light on . I turn the light on .
J ' éteins la lumière. Apago la luz. I 'm the light of . I turn the light off .

Classification of the different languages ​​(selection)

Dan Slobin (2004) lists the satellite and verb-framed languages ​​as follows:

literature

  • Leonard Talmy: Toward a Cognitive Semantics. Volume 1: Concept structuring systems. Volume 2: Typology and process in concept structuring. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 2000, ISBN 0-262-70097-2
  • Leonard Talmy: Lexicalization patterns. 1985
  • Leonard Talmy: Path to realization: A typology of event conflation. Berkeley Linguistics Society, 17, 1991, pp. 480-519.
  • Roberto Carlos Arias Oliveira2000 .: Boundary-crossing: An investigation into German, French and Spanish. Dissertation, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 2012 ( edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de PDF).
  • Dan Slobin : The many ways to search for a frog: linguistic typology & the expression of motion events. In S. Strömqvist, L. Verhoeven (Ed.): Relating Events in Narrative. Vol 2, Mahwah, NJ: LEA. (2004) pp. 219-257.
  • Paula Cifuentes Férez: Motion in English and Spanish a perspective from cognitive linguistics, typology and psycholiguistics. Dissertation, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 2008 ( tdx.cat ).
  • Ana Rojo, Javier Valenzuela: Verbs of sensory perception: An English-Spanish comparison. Universidad de Murcia, pp. 1-27 ( academia.edu ).
  • James Hawthrone: The acquisition of prepositional constructions and their associated case-making properties in the L2 German of L1 English speakers. Newcastle University, pp. 123-136 ( ncl.ac.uk PDF).
  • Brigitte Handwerker: Thinking and speaking in several languages: The competition in your own head. Humboldt University Berlin, Estudios Filológicos Alemanes. 24, 2012, pp. 21-36 ( www2.hu-berlin.de PDF).
  • Renée Lambert-Brétière: Serializing languages ​​languages ​​as satellite-framed: The case of Fon. In: Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics. 7, 2009, pp. 1-29, ISSN  1572-0268 ( academia.edu ).
  • Minjeong Son: Linguistic Variation and Lexical Parameter: The Case of Directed Motion. U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 15.1, 2009, pp. 213-222 ( repository.upenn.edu ).

Web links

  • Víctor Acedo Matellán, Jaume Mateu: From satellite-framed Latin to verb-framed Romance: A syntactic approach. Universitat de Barcelona-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-CLT, pp. 1-49 ( filcat.uab.cat PDF).
  • Till Wörfel: How people move. Language and space between grammar and cognition. Linguistics in the Castle IV Workshop 'Room' 18. – 20. June 2010 ( www2.hu-berlin.de PDF).
  • Shanju Lin, Amanda J. Owen Van Horne: Perceiving and encoding motion events in children of English and Mandarin. Dept of Communication Sciences and Disorders & DeLTA Center, The University of Iowa ( slideplayer.com ).
  • Bhuvana Narasimhan, Melissa Bowerman, Penny Brown, Sonja Eisenbeiss, Dan Slobin: "Putting Things in Places": Effects of linguistic typology on language development. Research report 2004 - Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics ( mpg.de ).
  • Juan Cuartero Otal: A comparison between Motion and Manner-of-Motion verbs in the German - Spanish language pair. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville ( www1.ids-mannheim.de PDF).

Individual evidence

  1. Juan Cuartero Otal: A comparison between motion and Manner-of-motion verbs in the language pair German - Spanish. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, pp. 1–15 ( www1.ids-mannheim.de PDF).
  2. Raphael Berthele: Ort Und Weg = Verbal References to Objects in Space in Varieties of German, Rhaeto-Romanic, and French. In: Linguistics, Impulse & Tendencies. Volume 16. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2006, ISBN 3-11-018879-1 , p. 25 f.
  3. Christa Dürscheid : Syntax: Basics and Theories. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 3-525-26546-8 , p. 186.
  4. Till Wörfel: How people move. Language and space between grammar and cognition. Linguistics in the Castle IV Workshop 'Room' 18. – 20. June 2010 ( www2.hu-berlin.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this note. PDF).@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www2.hu-berlin.de