understanding
Understanding is an essential goal of communication with other people.
An understanding can mean:
- Mutual understanding ( understanding each other) through perception and mental processing of the information (common code ), e.g. B. by questioning and paraphrasing ,
- understanding the purpose of notification / message (eg. as "a person / organization agree") or
- finding a consensus , e.g. B. in criminal proceedings .
Understanding requires a common language and shared knowledge for the listener. Furthermore, the listener must also want the understanding. Ignorance of the addressee usually prevents successful communication. The speaker, on the other hand, has to express himself appropriately if he is to be understood. Incomprehension , ie the failure of communication efforts, can also be due to a lack of will to come to an understanding. Likewise, communication cannot be forced. Often, interests and a certain motivation stand in the way of the addressed people to an understanding. When communicating complex topics and concepts, communication can only take place if the recipient actively strives for understanding and knowledge. The sender can judge whether the communication has been successful if the addressee summarizes what has been understood in a feedback.
Beyond the simple transmission of characters from a communication partner ( transmitter ) to a second ( recipient ) addition understanding includes at least one feedback (engl. Feedback ) of the receiver to the transmitter. As a rule, an understanding process consists of an interpretandum (statement by the first communication partner) and an interpretation (reference by the second communication partner) as well as a qualification of the first communication partner - i.e. feedback on the extent to which the interpretation has understood him.
Elementary communication processes can already be found in the animal world, where z. B. a duckling follows the mother's call only after the mother has responded to a beep from the mother. In this respect, communication models that do not contain any mutual relationship between those involved cannot ultimately explain the phenomenon of understanding.
A communication catalog may be used for auxiliary and security organs, depending on the type of operation. In this case, the control center that receives the message first must promptly notify predetermined external organizations or internal organizational units as required. Example of this: In the event of personal injury to the railway, the rescue service, the Deutsche Bahn accident manager, the federal police and the regional police must be notified. In some German police forces there is a police operation type notification .
See also
- Nonverbal communication ( gestures , facial expressions )
- Intercultural Competence
- Situation report
- QSL
- Radio traffic
- Understanding in criminal proceedings
- International understanding
literature
- K. Foppa: Intention to speak and understanding. In: manuscripts. 23, 1984, pp. 73-76.
- M. Galliker, D. Weimer: Psychology of Understanding: An Introduction to Communicative Practice. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-17-018848-8 .
- M.-L. Käsermann: Talking about emotions. Huber, Bern 1995, ISBN 3-456-82643-5 .
- RA Spitz: Vom Dialog: Studies on the origin of human communication and its role in personality development. Ullstein TB-Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-548-39030-7 .