Vertical infection

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CMV infection of the placenta during pregnancy with typical giant cells (dark blue, bottom left), detected by the Tzanck test

The Vertical infection means the transmission of pathogens from an ancestor to a progeny . Vertical infection is a form of vertical transmission .

properties

The vertical transmission of infectious agents in animals includes the transmission of pathogens from mother to child during pregnancy ( pre-partum ), during the birth process ( peripartum ) or after birth ( postpartum ). In animals, vertical infection usually occurs from mother to offspring, but vertical transmission of the sigma virus from father to offspring has been described in fruit flies .

Infectious diseases develop in 1 to 1.5% of newborns in humans . In the case of pre-partum infections in humans, the spectrum of infection processes in the embryo ranges from asymptomatic and malformations to abortion. Major pathogens in postpartum infections of infants are group B streptococci , staphylococci , pneumococci , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella , pseudomonads and Candida albicans . A caesarean section can partially reduce the risk of transmission during labor.

Epidemiologically, the STORCH complex ( syphilis , toxoplasmosis , other, rubella , cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus-2 or neonatal herpes simplex ) is of importance, which includes infectious diseases that can be vertically transmitted from mother to child. Another acronym for the summary of relevant pathogens with vertical infection is CHEAPTORCHES: Chickenpox , Hepatitis C , D and E, Enteroviruses , AIDS , Parvovirus B19 , Toxoplasmosis, Other (group B streptococci, Listeria, Candida, Lyme disease ), rubella, CMV, Herpes simplex, Everything ( sexually transmitted diseases ), Syphilis.

Examples

In the case of HIV infections in newborns, if untreated, around 20 to 50% of vertical transmissions occur anteriorly and 50 to 70% peripartum. When infected with the hepatitis A virus , around 7% of the offspring are infected prepartally. In the case of the hepatitis B virus , the risk of vertical transmission is between 1 and 14% despite vaccination of the newborn and administration of anti-HBV antibodies . In the case of the hepatitis C virus , the risk of perinatal vertical transmission in humans is around 5% or 14% in the case of simultaneous HIV infection in the mother. Parvovirus B19 is transmitted in 30% of maternal infections in humans. With Trypanosoma cruzi there is a risk of vertical transmission of 4 to 10%. While the virus is transmitted with a probability of 40% if the mother is infected with CMV for the first time, the risk drops to less than 1% with existing immunity to CMV and a CMV infection.

history

The term "vertical" was first used in 1949 in connection with the description of the transmission of MMTV via breast milk in mice by Ludwik Gross.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Klaus Friese, Axel Schäfer, Herbert Hof: Infectious diseases in gynecology and obstetrics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-55586-2 , p. 16.
  2. ^ Alan N. Clements: The Biology of Mosquitoes, Volume 3: Transmission of Viruses and Interactions with Bacteria. CABI, 2012, ISBN 978-1-845-93242-8 , p. 5.
  3. ^ A b Joachim W. Dudenhausen: gynecology and obstetrics. Walter de Gruyter, 2013, ISBN 978-3-110-90580-9 , p. 295.
  4. ↑ MS Chang, S. Gavini, PC Andrade, J. McNabb-Baltar: Caesarean section to prevent transmission of hepatitis B: a meta-analysis. In: Canadian journal of gastroenterology & hepatology. Volume 28, Number 8, September 2014, pp. 439-444, PMID 25229465 , PMC 4210235 (free full text).
  5. ^ CY Yeung, HC Lee, WT Chan, CB Jiang, SW Chang, CK Chuang: Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: Current knowledge and perspectives. In: World journal of hepatology. Volume 6, number 9, September 2014, pp. 643-651, doi : 10.4254 / wjh.v6.i9.643 , PMID 25276280 , PMC 4179143 (free full text).
  6. ↑ EL Ford-Jones, JD Kellner: "Cheap torches": an acronym for congenital and perinatal infections. In: The Pediatric infectious disease journal. Volume 14, Number 7, July 1995, pp. 638-640, PMID 7567307 .
  7. ↑ IW Husstedt: HIV and AIDS: Specialized diagnostics and therapy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-85266-4 , p. 126.
  8. ↑ Jörg Baltzer: Practice of gynecology and obstetrics: the complete practical knowledge in one volume. 321 Tables Thieme, Stuttgart / New York 2006, ISBN 978-3-13-144261-1 , p. 619.
  9. ↑ F. Wong, R. Pai, J. Van Schalkwyk, EM Yoshida: Hepatitis B in pregnancy: a concise review of neonatal vertical transmission and antiviral prophylaxis. In: Annals of hepatology. Volume 13, Number 2, 2014 Mar-Apr, pp. 187-195, PMID 24552860 .
  10. ↑ Stefan Zeuzem: Hepatitis C in dialogue. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2004, ISBN 978-3-131-33391-9 , p. 5.
  11. ^ Georg F. Hoffmann: Pediatrics. Springer-Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-41866-2 , p. 725.
  12. ^ Christian P. Speer: Pediatrics. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-69479-3 , p. 378.
  13. ↑ Norbert Suttorp: Infectious Diseases. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2003, ISBN 978-3-131-58581-3 , p. 591.
  14. ^ L. Gross: The "vertical epidemic" in mammary carcinoma in mice. It's possible implications for the problem of cancer. In: Surg. Gynecol. Fruit. (1949), Volume 88, pp. 295-308.