Device (mining)

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In the mining sense, the device is the excavation of pits for the preparation and division of the dismantling of a deposit . The raw material to be extracted can already be mined here. In some cases, therefore, the device cannot be clearly separated from the actual breakdown . The mine workings driven by the device are used for ventilation and the transport of material as well as the extraction of rock and raw materials. The pits of the device are excavated either conventionally by drilling and blasting work or, for long distances, by means of full headers or partial headers.

history

During the period of irregular tunnel mining, it was not possible to make a clear distinction between equipment and mining . It was only at the end of the 18th century when the transition to regular tunnel mining was possible that the device could be more clearly separated from the mining. This enabled the construction site to be divided up and dismantled according to economic and technical aspects. The substation construction that had prevailed up to that point was replaced by the upper works construction for coal extraction. In this method, the device and the reduction limited to the above the lug or civil engineering soles pending deposit parts .

Basics

The device must precede dismantling sufficiently. The length of the routes to be driven depends on whether the deposit is to be extracted from the front or from the demolition . The device should also create several construction fields at the same time. This is particularly necessary in the coal industry when several construction sites simultaneously to reduce carbon different qualities Verhieb need to go. The device should also create a correspondingly sufficient number of reserve farms. However, especially in hard coal mining, the amount of coal prepared must never be too large. The reason for this is that exposed coal surfaces tend to spontaneously ignite . In addition, the open pit workings can be damaged before they are actually used due to the pressure of the mountains . This would require additional maintenance work in the affected mines. Another aspect for the type and scope of the device is the consideration of the machine technology used later. When driving the routes, it is important to consider which conveyor technology will be used for dismantling. In shale and metal ore mining, the device must also take into account the uncertainty of the deposit. In particular in deposits where this is irregular and has not been examined in advance by means of scheduled drilling.

The fixtures

The distinction between which pit structures belong to the fixture and which to the alignment structures is not uniformly regulated. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the pit structures that were built outside the deposit were counted as alignment structures and those built inside the deposit were counted among the fixtures. In addition, the type and scope of fixtures and fixtures are quite different in the individual mining branches. Today, as a rule, all mine workings that serve to divide the already opened mine field for the upcoming mining are counted as fixtures and fittings. This means that mine workings excavated outside of the deposit can also be counted among the fixtures. In hard coal mining, the device is limited to creating the seam stretches and creating the excavation for longwall mining . In ore mining, the device also includes the creation of roller holes for the offset supply and the opening of the openings for weather management. Depending on the planned mining method , the ore roller holes and the castors are also part of the fixture construction. In the ridge construction , the corridors are part of the fixture construction. When building the site , the classic device is no longer necessary, as the site is opened during dismantling.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Friedrich Freise: Alignment, installation and mining of hard coal deposits. Craz & Gerlach publishing house, Freiberg in Sachsen 1908, pp. 1, 77–83.
  2. ^ Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962, pp. 1–2, 13, 194–204.
  4. ^ Wirtschaftsvereinigung Bergbau eV: The mining manual . 5th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1994, ISBN 3-7739-0567-X .
  5. ^ A b Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund: The Development of Lower Rhine-Westphalian Hard Coal Mining in the Second Half of the 19th Century. Publishing bookstore by Julius Springer, Berlin 1902, p.
  6. ^ A b Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 , pp. 12-13.
  7. ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. Sixth improved edition, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903, pp. 1, 270-271.
  8. ↑ Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, fifth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1923, pp. 277, 278, 299.