Dismantling process

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As mining method or mining method is known in mining , a technique that serves a deposit economically optimal and targeted exploit or degrade. The individual mining processes are characterized by several features. The shape and size of the mining space are the hallmarks of every mining process. The oldest mining method above / below ground is bench construction .

Basics

The supply of each deposit is limited and therefore finite. For this reason, the mining principle applies that a deposit should be dismantled as completely as possible. The deposit should be exploited with the appropriate method with the least possible risk to the employees and with the lowest possible cost, while at the same time protecting the surface. The way in which, i.e. with which mining method, a deposit is ultimately mined depends primarily on the shape and location of the deposit.

Classification of dismantling procedures

The first rough classification of the mining methods are the open pit and underground mining methods . Whether a mineral is mined in open pit or underground (underground mining) depends on various factors. The main criterion is the type and thickness of the overburden. Another factor is the relationship between the overburden layer and the thickness of the mineral resource to be exploited . In underground mining, the classification is based on various characteristics. A large number of degradation methods have been developed. In underground mining, the respective process is characterized by the local movement, the roof treatment and the construction method. The local movement during each mining process is characteristic of the mining direction and the cutting . How a deposit is subdivided in order to make a certain mining method feasible is the task of the mining management . The intended effect on the ridges is determinative in the roof treatment by the respective mining methods. Although these construction methods do not represent a dismantling process in themselves, they are an essential feature of the individual processes. Based on these characteristic features, the individual mining processes can be clearly distinguished from one another. There are also subspecies of the individual mining methods that cannot be classified exactly according to the respective criterion. There are also transitions between the individual mining processes. As a result, the pure character of a particular mining process is partially blurred. Furthermore, there are also mining processes that cannot be classified based on the characteristic features. These are the Duckelbau , the Kuhlenbau , the Tummelbau , and the dismantling of Butzen. These special forms are sometimes used as a transition to open-cast mining.

Roof treatment

In underground mining, the miner must pay special attention to the mountains and the control of the forces associated with the rock pressure . The first rough classification depends on the treatment of the hanging wall . With regard to this different mountain treatment, there are three first classification groups:

  • Dismantling process with lowering of the hanging wall to offset the mountain
  • Dismantling process with breaking down of the hanging wall
  • Mining process with support of the hanging wall by mountain fortresses

Dismantling methods with backfilling are used when the mountains resulting from mining are to remain underground. These methods are also known as offset construction. This is the case for deposits of small thickness and shallow dipping. But even if the mountains are needed so that the miners can stand on them for further work, these methods are used. This is especially the case with steeply dipping deposits with great thickness . Mining methods with backfilling of the mountains are used for roof construction , bench construction , transverse construction and longwall construction . This method is also used in longwall mining with pillars and in widening with rock backfilling. In the case of the dismantling process with breaking down of the hanging wall, the recovery is dispensed with. Mining methods without backfilling are used for deposits with steep slopes if they are only thin. In particular, if there are no piles of fill during mining. Mining method without mountain misalignment are applied when pillar method, the Stockwerksbau , when Weitungsbau and when caving . Furthermore, the construction of the chambers and the sinking works is carried out without any recovery. With modern longwall mining, mining is also carried out without any backfilling. Mining methods with support of the hanging wall by mountain fortresses are also referred to as permanent construction. The overburden must have sufficient stability.

Construction

Another feature is the classification according to construction. Here the miner differentiates between a total of five types of construction , the long- front type , the joint type , the pillar type , the chamber type and the block type

In the long front-like design which takes place extraction of minerals in " Long front " over a surface provided for this purpose. This area is known as the construction phase. In this process, the point of attack moves transversely to the longitudinal direction of the excavation space. Mining methods with long-front-like construction are longwall mining and inclined mining . In the case of the butt-like construction, the construction section is divided into narrow strips lying next to one another, also called joints. These impacts are reduced one after the other in the construction of the field. The butt-like construction is used in butt construction , roof construction and transverse construction . In the pillar-like construction, each construction section is divided into several subsections. Then the subsections are divided up by means of sections and then the pillars between the sections are dismantled. The pillar-like construction includes the pillar construction in sections, the pillar construction with continuous cutting, the local pillar construction, the broken pillar construction of the brown coal foundation and the chamber pillar construction.

With the chamber-like construction, chambers are created to dismantle the deposit. These chambers are approached in a specific arrangement across the construction field and either simultaneously or sequentially. Parts of the deposit are left between the respective chambers as deposit fixtures in order to support the hanging wall. The chamber-like structure is the Örterbau , when Örterpfeilerbau, the room and pillar and the Weitungsbau applied. With the block-like construction, mighty deposits are divided into individual construction phases, so-called blocks. Then the individual blocks are dismantled one after the other or merging into one another. Here the block surfaces are undercut and then the deposit parts are allowed to break due to their own weight . With this type of construction, there is no visible dismantling space or it is only very small. The deposits in which this method of construction is used are mostly still fragile. The method is used in broken block construction and broken block construction with scaffolding.

Selection considerations

The choice of mining method depends on various factors. By weighing all the pros and cons, the planning engineers usually decide on the cheapest and at the same time safest method. They must also take into account that not every mining method is suitable for every deposit. Bench construction, site construction, roof construction and transverse construction are suitable for aisles and aisle falling bearings. Longwall or pillar construction can be used for seams and shallow deposits. Multi-storey construction and broken construction are suitable for sticks, stories and piece mountains.

When choosing the mining method, the planning engineers must take into account the depth and depth of the deposit, the purity of the deposit and the amount of tailings that may arise. If there is an increased amount of recovery, the decision can be made in favor of a mining method with recovery. This is useful in order not to have to deposit these mountains for days . Another factor. which must be taken into account for the respective mining method is the amount of the reserves of the deposit. The presence of numerous debris in a particular strike direction should be considered as well as the behavior of the host rock. When mining hard coal deposits , firedamp and coal fall can occur. Ultimately, the optimal yield is also determined by how many parts of the deposit have to remain.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e f g h i Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining encyclopedia. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining. 1st edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1 .
  3. ↑ Bergstadt Schneeberg: Mining Procedure ( Memento from January 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on January 18, 2016)
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962
  5. ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871
  6. ↑ E. Frey (Ed.): Luegers Lexicon of the entire technology and its auxiliary sciences. First volume A to drilling, third completely revised edition, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart, Berlin and Leipzig 1926
  7. ^ Wirtschaftsvereinigung Bergbau eV: The mining manual. 5th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1994, ISBN 3-7739-0567-X .
  8. ↑ a b F. Freise: Alignment, installation and mining of hard coal deposits. Publishing house by Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg in Sachsen 1908
  9. ^ A b Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund: The Development of Lower Rhine-Westphalian Hard Coal Mining in the Second Half of the 19th Century. Julius Springer's publishing bookstore, Berlin 1902
  10. ↑ a b c d e f Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 6th improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903
  11. ^ A b Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908
  12. ↑ a b Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering manual mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5 , pp. 209, 514-515.
  13. ^ A b c d Emil Stöhr, Emil Treptow : Basics of mining science including processing. Spielhagen & Schurich publishing bookstore, Vienna 1892
  14. ↑ Carl Hartmann: Concise dictionary of the mountain, hut and Salt works together with the French synonymy and a French register. First AK department, Bernhard Friedrich Voigt bookstore, Ilmenau 1825
  15. ↑ Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, 4th improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884