Transverse structure

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Transverse building (illustration from the beginning of the 19th century)

The transverse construction is a mining method that is used in underground mining in mighty , steeply sloping deposits . The transverse construction is part of the jerk-like construction. The procedure was introduced in 1749 on the Spitaler Bleierzgang in Hungary by the mountain administrator Zipser . The method was used in the mine Help of God in the Harz Mountains and in the mercury stock in Idria, but also in the slate quarries between the Rhine and Moselle and in underground quarries.

Basics

Characteristic of the transverse building, the vertical division of the deposit by soles . Another feature of this mining method is that the excavated sections are backfilled at the same time. The transverse construction is only profitable in very powerful and rich deposits. The main reason for this is that the high consumption of pit wood makes the process expensive. This method is useless in deposits with a lot of deaf agents. The method is used in particular if another mining method cannot be used due to the great thickness and fragility of the deposit. The deposits should have a dip of at least 44 gon when transverse . Since only smaller areas are exposed on the roofs with this method, the rock pressure can have less of an effect than with roof construction . In addition, the transept, the stopes , unlike the Firsten- or Strossenbau , not in the strike querschlägig but driven to deposit. As a result, an ore stock , for example, is not mined one above the other, but side by side . The advantages of transverse construction are, on the one hand, the very low mining losses and, on the other hand, the fact that the process can be adapted very easily to irregularities in the deposit. The small operating points for dismantling, which cannot be summarized in operational terms, are disadvantageous. In addition, the mechanization of the offsetting work and the loading work is difficult.

Application of the procedure

Alignment

First, a saiger shaft is sunk in the lying area of ​​the deposit . The deposit is then divided into individual levels with a distance of about 20 meters. Then, starting from the shaft, one or more sticks are driven in such a way that they engage something lying on the ground . This is required by more than florets the resulting mine water dissipate. If the deposit is long and narrow, one route is sufficient, otherwise several routes are required.

contraption

Subsequently , transverse locations are driven in each construction department from the strike section driven on the horizontal . This mining method got its name from the exploration of the cross-towns. Starting from each of the routes, the individual transverse locations are excavated with a cross-section of 5 to 15 m 2 , depending on the deposit  . The width of the transverse locations is about two to three meters. The respective locations are driven at right angles from the route. The transverse locations are offset in such a way that when the next, higher section is extracted, the miners stand on the offset of the lower section. Thus, the deposit is for the breakdown in pillars Prepared . The recovery of the mineral takes place in each case by a sole starting in horizontal, two to three meters thick, discs (Mid-guided degradation). The disks can be dismantled from the bottom up or vice versa. The mining direction is either floating or falling . The direction of prevention is either stroking or cross-cutting. Depending on the direction, the process is called an upward-moving (from bottom to top) or downward-moving transverse construction (from top to bottom). The upward transverse construction is the most common. However, the introduction of an offset is essential here. The downward transverse structure can be operated as an offset structure or as a broken structure. With this method, however, an artificial roof has to be created in each pane for the pane below. Either strong wire mesh and / or wooden planks are used for this. The mineral is conveyed to the lowest level via roller holes . Deposits of waste rock are usually bypassed and a new transverse structure is set up.

Offset

In this mining method, the offset is particularly necessary, especially if the mining is from bottom to top. Since the resulting mountains serve as a base for the miners , they are already separated from the mineral underground. Often these mountains of mountains are not sufficient, so that cross-towns are excavated for mining in other departments. The mine workings created for the extraction of the adjacent rock are called mountain mills . For this purpose, these cross-towns are driven about ten to twelve laughers into the mountains. So that this transverse location remains load-bearing, it is provided with expansion or anchors . The resulting mountains are transported to the mine and filled there. If these mountains are not sufficient either, mountains from above are pumped into the pit and backfilled. The offset is introduced in layers and absorbed by the expansion. The individual layers are supported so that the weight of the offset is evenly distributed. Thus, the entire dismantled space, except for the roller holes, is gradually filled with mountains . As a result, the routes, with the exception of the basic route , keep moving upwards. However, with the downward transverse construction, there is a risk that parts of the mined mineral will get into the backfill. This can cause self-ignition fires. This danger exists particularly in hard coal mining, but such fires are also possible in ore mining.

literature

  • Emil Stöhr, Emil Treptow : Basics of mining science including processing. Spielhagen & Schurich, Vienna 1892

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871
  2. ^ Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, 4th improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 6th improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903
  5. ^ Carl Johann Bernhard Karsten, H. von Dechen (Ed.): Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. Eleventh volume, published by G. Reimer, Berlin 1838
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962
  7. ↑ a b c d e f Wilhelm Leo: Textbook of mining science. Printed and published by G Basse, Quedlinburg 1861
  8. ^ Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Hrsg.): Ore mining in the Rammelsberg. Self-published by the Förderverein, Druck Papierflieger Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar 2009