Slap

In mining, the term `` cut '' is used to describe the manner in which an attacked mining thrust is won . Decisive factors in slicing are the type and direction of slicing. The individual mining processes can also be better described with the respective cutting .

Basics

A mineral in the underground mining degrade , there are different mining methods . Depending on the mining method, there are again different options for tackling the mining front, i.e. working on it. A basic distinction is made between manual cutting and machine cutting. In today's modern mining industry, cutting by hand is very rare. The cutting by hand is carried out by means of various manual processes and work steps, the mechanical cutting is carried out by cutting, peeling, hydromechanical , drilling or ramming processes. The working face can be worked on in different ways. The miner can work it from top to bottom or from bottom to top. If the roof is cut in a mining chamber , the miner speaks of a roof-like cut. However, if the sole is worked on, it is called a penis-like cut .

The miner can attack the mining joint in its entire width evenly or with individual steps. He can attack the excavation thrust floating, stroking or sloping . He can work the excavation front in parallel or at a certain angle. The miner differentiates between the type of mining and the direction of mining. Depending on the excavation method, the excavation joint can be processed differently by means of the selected cutting type and direction. Which type of excavation and which direction is selected depends on various parameters such as the thickness and type of the deposit , faults , storage (flat, semi-steep, steep) and the mineral to be mined. The cutting progress serves as a measure of the work result achieved in a unit of time. This indicator is determined daily or monthly and serves as a comparison value for the individual mining operations . Another key figure is the area chopping.

Sling type

The miner uses the type of traverse to describe exactly how a section of the deposit to be extracted should be tackled. The type of removal is independent of the incidence of the deposit. Especially when mining coal, the course of the bad is a decisive factor for the use of the respective type of mining .

Underground mining

In underground mining , four different types of excavation have developed over the years. These are referred to as scarce chopping, cheek-like chopping, saw-blade-like chopping or chopping with incursions. How the excavation pile is ultimately processed and which type of excavation the miner decides on depends on various factors. In the case of scarce chopping, the mining joint is hit in one or more sections, the knobs, from top to bottom. If the mountains are benign , up to four knaps will be beaten. The cutting runs parallel to the working face. The cutting type is based on the striking longwall with falling cutting. The advantage of this type of chopping is the good extraction rate, the disadvantage is that only a few coal miners can work on the coal at the same time. This disadvantage can be reduced by relocating the knobs and operating multiple shifts at the same time. However, this type of transport cannot be used for large farms, as only small operating point subsidies of up to 100 tons per day can be achieved. In the ridge-like excavation, the excavation face is worked from bottom to top, with the tusks always having the deposit above them. You have the opportunity to stand on the recovered material and thus get close to the roof joints. When working, the tusks have to work out the overhanging joints regularly from the mineral mass. The advantage here is the larger number of points of attack, which in turn means that a larger number of tusks can work at one operating point. Another advantage is that with this type of sling, only a smaller hanging area is exposed and the roof can be secured with a cap and a single stamp, similar to the pre-pledge , before the final expansion has to be introduced.

In the case of saw-blade-like cutting, the excavation joint is carved out at an angle like the prongs of a saw blade. The cutting runs parallel to the excavation face. However, this type of chopping can only be used when the conditions in the bedrock are favorable. When mining with hammers , two types of cutting have proven particularly effective, cutting with break-ins and cutting by peeling off the excavation front. When digging with incursions, the mining joint is first tackled vertically at several points so that a vertical slot is created. At first, a narrow recess about 1.25 meters to 2.5 meters deep is created and expanded on each Knapp . The break-in is then made on both sides until the corresponding area is exposed. The number of break-ins varies depending on the mining progress and the number of coal miners used . When cutting by peeling off the dismantling front, the joint is gained in layers at several workplaces distributed over the entire length of the joint. However, due to the fully mechanical extraction, both types of hunting have lost their importance. Only when Workover of fractures or to be penetrated by interference , the use of mining hammers will be made.

Open pit

In open-cast mining , large machines such as bucket chain excavators , floating dredgers or cutter suction dredgers are used to extract mineral resources . In open-cast mining, the respective type of displacement results from the predominant direction of movement of the loosening tool. Over the years, three different types of hunting have developed here. These are referred to as horizontal shift, vertical shift or combined shift. With horizontal cutting, the deposit is worked in trench, strip or block form. In the case of vertical excavation, the deposit is worked in a funnel shape or by excavation. The combined traverse is a combination of vertical and horizontal traverse.

Prevention direction

The direction in which the mineral is extracted is referred to as the direction of prevention. The dismantling tactics on a small scale, i.e. on site, are determined by the direction of prevention. The direction of prevention always refers to the collapse of the deposit. Which direction of protection is chosen depends on economic and safety aspects. The direction of prevention can be stroking , floating, oblique or falling . If the direction of interception runs horizontally and transversely to the direction of strike, this direction of interception is referred to as cross-cut. Which direction is chosen depends on the extraction method and the incidence of the deposit. In order to make the extraction much easier, the direction of prevention must be chosen by taking advantage of the natural dividing surfaces present in the mineral . The direction of prevention is correct if it is directed vertically against the bad . For this reason, the mine face is placed as parallel as possible to the bad ones. In most cases, the direction of prevention is different from the direction of dismantling . In open-cast mining, the direction of the excavation is determined by the main direction of movement of the mining machine. In underground mining, the direction of prevention in fully mechanical mining, depending on the mining machine , is either vertical with the shearer loader or parallel with the coal plow .

Chopping

The area of a mining joint that is exposed on the lying surface in a certain time unit is called area cutting. The height of the area cutting is required to determine the respective planing method . The amount of chopping is determined from the cutting depth achieved and the extraction speed. It is completely independent of the seam thickness. The area chops achieved are very different. The surface chopping that can be achieved during operation depends on the maximum plow chain pulling force, the drive power of the plow drive , the set cutting depth of the plow in the respective direction of travel (uphill or downhill), the feasibility of the seam , the feed force of the return cylinders and the permissible charging current of the face conveyor .

Individual evidence

↑ Wilfried Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4
^ Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area. 5th revised and redesigned edition, Regio-Verlag, Werne 2002, ISBN 3-929158-14-0 .
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d ^e Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): Ore mining in the Rammelsberg. Self-published by the Förderverein, Druck Papierflieger Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar 2009
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining encyclopedia. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining. 1st edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 .
↑ ^a ^b Heinz Kundel: coal production. 6th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1983, ISBN 3-7739-0389-8
^ ^A ^b Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund: The Development of Lower Rhine-Westphalian Hard Coal Mining in the Second Half of the 19th Century. Julius Springer's publishing bookstore, Berlin 1902
^ ^A ^b ^c Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering handbook mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5 .

Remarks

↑ In mining, the working face is also known as the working face. (Source: Walter Bischoff, Heinz Bramann: Das kleine Bergbaulexikon .)
↑ The direction opposite to the dip is called floating. The way of working is overhead. (Source: Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area. )
↑ In some other mountain areas, this direction is also referred to as " led upwards ". (Source: Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): Ore mining in Rammelsberg. )

[Ließm.-1] Wilfried Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4

[Quelle_7-2] Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area. 5th revised and redesigned edition, Regio-Verlag, Werne 2002, ISBN 3-929158-14-0 .

[Quelle_8-3] A ^b ^c ^d ^e Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): Ore mining in the Rammelsberg. Self-published by the Förderverein, Druck Papierflieger Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar 2009

[Quelle_1-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962

[Quelle_2-6] A ^b ^c ^d Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining encyclopedia. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7

[Quelle_3-7] Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining. 1st edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1

[Quelle_5-8] Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908

[Quelle_10-9] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 .

[Quelle_4-11] Heinz Kundel: coal production. 6th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1983, ISBN 3-7739-0389-8

[Quelle_6-12] A ^b Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund: The Development of Lower Rhine-Westphalian Hard Coal Mining in the Second Half of the 19th Century. Julius Springer's publishing bookstore, Berlin 1902

[Quelle_9-13] A ^b ^c Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering handbook mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5 .

[Anm._Klei._Bergb.-4] In mining, the working face is also known as the working face. (Source: Walter Bischoff, Heinz Bramann: Das kleine Bergbaulexikon .)

[Anm._Cramm.-10] The direction opposite to the dip is called floating. The way of working is overhead. (Source: Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area. )

[Anm._Förderv.-14] In some other mountain areas, this direction is also referred to as " led upwards ". (Source: Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): Ore mining in Rammelsberg. )