Ridge construction

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The principle of ridge construction
Forest building at the beginning of the 19th century

The stoping is a mining method which in mining at a steep upward directed deposits is applied. The ridge construction is an important mining method for steep coal seams and Ganger ore deposits. The ridge construction is so named because with this mining method the excavation moves upwards from the roof of the base section . It is one of the mining methods with offset .

Basic information on the procedure

In the ridge construction, dismantling begins in stages from bottom to top. The reduction always runs with this method on the ridges along. The overburden serves as an offset to fill in the excavated route and as a base for further excavation. In order to mine a steeply standing deposit using this method, two parallel routes are first built on top of each other . For this purpose, a hew is first created from the main lift level . The second section, the so-called ridge section, is driven out of the overhang. The part of the deposit that remains between the two levels is called suspension. The thickness of the suspension is between 50 centimeters and a few meters, depending on the strength. Both routes are connected by a so-called intermediate shaft. The mining of the ore takes place only in the upper level of the deposit, the lower level is only used to convey the ores above ground.

The dismantling can be done with one or two wings. The construction method depends on whether mining is started on one or both sides of the overhang. With the single-wing construction method, the building will continue until the next knockdown. In the two-wing construction method, the dismantling of two adjacent overhangs meet. The two-wing construction is unsuitable for jagged rock masses and narrow corridors or layers of the adjacent rock. Dismantling can only begin when a stretch of road has been passed under the building, which is worth building. A distinction is made between different methods of ridge construction, these are the simple ridge construction, the side ridge construction, the ridge joint construction and the ridge joint construction with storage (magazine removal).

Simple ridge construction

This method was the predominant method of mining on steep, low to medium thickness veins prior to the use of machine drilling. The mining is started from the deepest stretch and is laid out with one or two wings. With the two-wing method, a section joint is occupied from the middle of the construction section on both sides at the same time. Two-wing mining is the norm in ore mining. This process gives a good working concentration in the recovery of larger ore resources. With the single-wing method, only one side or the other is dismantled. If a shock is advanced sufficiently, the second, then the third and then further shock is advanced. The dismantled route will be separated from the base route by means of a box carving after the dismantling has advanced . This box room serves as a support for the mountain offset. The ore is conveyed away via so-called conveyor rollers, particularly pure pieces of ore are collected separately and conveyed away separately. If possible, the resulting mountains are installed back on the spot as an offset. The work per ridge joint is done by one or two tusks during a shift . Due to the height, the drilling work is partly carried out from small platforms, which consist of struts that are fixed across. Sometimes the tusks are also directly on the offset or on journeys .

Side ridge construction

The side ridge construction is suitable for deposits with a thickness of three to ten meters. In deposits where the corridors are more than three meters thick and where the adjacent rock is not sufficiently stable, the simple roof construction can no longer be carried out without great difficulty. The side ridge construction is used for these deposits. With this mining method, the vein is divided into two to three strips, depending on its thickness. The ore is initially mined from the horizontal by means of a 2.5 meter thick strip. The next strip is then dismantled. However, this strip will only be attacked when the first strip is sufficiently offset. With this method, the main conveyor lines are usually horizontal . Short cross passages are driven from the main conveyor lines to the aisles . There are conveyor rollers at the ends of the aisles.

Ridge construction

This mining method is a special kind of roof construction. The ridge construction is mainly used in stable, steep deposits with stable adjacent rock. For a long time this mining method was the classic method for steep ore veins with solid, usable mineral. With this method , the adjacent rock can be firm or not very firm. The method is therefore often used in veins or seams with over 44 gon inclines. In principle, the ridge joint construction is a ridge construction in which only one joint is taken into account . This makes it possible to selectively mine the deposit. So you can z. B. in ore mining leave low-grade ore parts and only mine the high-grade ore parts.

The deposit vorzurichten , the gear is first drive in its entire thickness. Then, at intervals of 60 to 200 meters, overcuts are created up to the next level. To remove the ore, roller holes are then created down to the lower section. Here, too, the dismantling can be single-leaf or double-leaf. Each ridge joint is driven individually with a length of up to 200 meters. Drilling trucks are used in today's mining to create the required blast holes . The dismantling direction is from bottom to top. The extracted mineral is conveyed away through the roller holes. In order to have a sufficient working surface, the lower mined area is filled with offset. The upper sole is used to promote the offset. As soon as the first push advances, the basic section is moved and the conveyor track is placed on the mountain offset. So the degradation progresses from the bottom up.

Ridge joint construction with magazine storage (magazine removal)

Mining block in the construction of the ridge joint with storage (magazine removal) using the example of a steep ore vein in the Ehrenfriedersdorf tin mine / Saxon Ore Mountains

In ore mining on steep corridor deposits, an upward ridge construction with storage of the raw ore is also used as a mining variant, which is sometimes also referred to as "magazine removal" or "magazine construction" in the sense of "dismantling with planned storage of the pile ". Magazine mining is mostly used when the ore vein consists of several narrow debris ( i.e. not a single mighty vein) so that selective extraction is not worthwhile. The adjacent rock must be stable because the quarry remains empty for a certain period of time. In this process, the recovered debris is stored in the mining area. It serves the working miners as a stand and work surface.

A basic requirement for this process is a deposit with a dip of at least 60 gon. The method cannot be used in deposits with less penetration, as the ore extracted then no longer slides on the surface. Gravity is used to convey the loose debris. Since the loose ore requires up to 80 percent larger space than the compact ore body due to the number of dumps, ore must be regularly extracted and conveyed from the storage facility during mining . The amount to be withdrawn can be up to 40 percent of the memory content. In the process, no cavities may arise in the debris remaining in the storage facility, as the miners working on the debris would otherwise be endangered. The miners are also not allowed to be on the pile during the withdrawal. To manriding and ventilation About hewing be created. In order to be able to extract the recovered ore, funnels with a box-shaped closure are created in the bottom area of ​​the storage facility. These funnels are between four and six meters apart. Roll holes can be dispensed with entirely.

Such a mining process was carried out, for example, from 1938 until the plant was closed in 1990 in the “Sauberg” tin mine in Ehrenfriedersdorf in the Saxon Ore Mountains. The direction of extraction and removal are the same here, i.e. H. the vein is mined in slices from a deep floor to a higher floor (mining direction floating, blocking direction stroking). A magazine dismantling block is set up by driving up a foot section (e.g. 3rd sole) and a head section (e.g. 2nd sole) as well as two overhanging boundaries. The resulting mining block is shown in the following picture. After the first disc over the footpath has been blown down (press the ridge), a working platform is made from rails and wood over the entire dismantling length. In addition, ore discharge rollers are installed at a distance of approx. 2 m. During the mining phase, the ore that has been blasted off remains in the process of mining and only the extra volume that has arisen due to the loosening is drawn off by the rollers on the basic stretch in Hunte. The dismantling is done in slices up to 5 m below the upper level, so that the head section remains drivable. In the resulting mountain fortress, offset high rises are created at intervals of 15 m. Now the “magazined” ore can be withdrawn on the basic route in Hunte. The empty excavation cavity is then backfilled with dead rock via the backfilling upheavals.

Offset

The offset plays a major role in the construction of the roof, which is why it has to be introduced as quickly as possible. The offset primarily serves as a standing area for the workers. The movement and conveyance to the roller holes take place via the offset. The offset is tipped from the top level through gaps into the excavation space. If the degradation is not enough incurred offset mountains, has the misalignment underground in mountains mills are produced or from about day be brought promoted. In the case of deposits with so-called poor ores, the miner often leaves a one to two meter wide corridor in the area of ​​the lower base section as a mountain fortress. This gear is intended to take up the mountain offset.

literature

  • Emil Stöhr, Emil Treptow : Basics of mining science including processing. Spielhagen & Schurich publishing bookstore, Vienna 1892

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f F. Freise: Alignment, installation and mining of hard coal deposits. Publishing house by Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg in Sachsen 1908
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k G. Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 2nd edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining studies. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 .
  4. ↑ a b Hans Höfer: Pocket book for miners. Second improved and increased edition, KK Bergakademische Buchhandlung Ludwig Nüssler, Loeben 1904
  5. ↑ a b c Wilfried Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .
  6. ↑ Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, fifth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1923
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Georg Spackeler, Waldemar May, main department of distance learning at the Bergakademie Freiberg (ed.): Mining studies. 8. Dismantling lesson III. 2nd Edition. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1957, pp. 8 / 40–8 / 46.
  9. ↑ a b c d Henrike Sievers: The influence of deposit properties on the sustainable use of raw materials using the example of copper. Dissertation 2005, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen
  10. ^ A b c Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871
  11. ^ A b c Emil Stöhr: Catechism of Mining Studies. Lehmann & Wentzel bookstore for technology and art, Vienna 1875
  12. ^ A b c Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering handbook mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5
  13. ↑ J. Siegert, V. Stopp: "Effects of the extraction work in connection with extensive old mining on the surface", in the series of publications "Das Markscheidewesen in der Sozialistische Länder", Volume 10, Page 214, Vysoka Skola Banska, Ostrava 1986
  14. ^ Departmental Standard TGL 2167, Pages 1–5: Mining-Terms-Mining underground, SDAG Wismut (Soviet-German Corporation), June 1967
  15. ↑ H. Meyer, U. Tägl in G. Hösel: "The tin ore deposit area Ehrenfriedersdorf / Erzgebirge", page 135; Publication series "Mining in Saxony" Volume 1, publisher Sächs. State Office f. Environment and Geology / Saxon. Oberbergamt, Freiberg 1994

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