Duckelbau

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The Duckelbau is a degradation process , which for irregularly occurring, closely lying below the surface deposits of low thickness was used. The process was used centuries ago in the quarrying of flint . The method was used where it was too time-consuming to remove the top layers. However, this mining method is very inefficient, unsustainable and disadvantageous.

The procedure

Duckel building with seam

In this method, carried out extraction by means of small shafts , so-called Duckeln which up to the deposit drilled were. The humps usually had a diameter of 30 inches (approx. 75 cm). There were also ducks that were created with a diameter of up to 1.35 meters. The ducks were usually dug into the seam at intervals of about twenty meters . A special form of Duckelbau, which was used in clay and ore mining, are the so-called bell shafts. These were shafts in which the diameter widened conically with increasing depth. The depth of the Duckel was usually between four and six meters, but depths of ten meters were also reached. In order to avoid falling rocks, the shafts were often provided with a provisional expansion of brushwood. A shaft constructed in this way was then referred to as a tire shaft. Small trial sites were driven from these shafts. These were then dug radially into the deposit. The camp was exploited as far as possible around the shaft. The mining of the deposit was mostly carried out up to about six to seven meters in several directions. However, the widenings were mostly created irregularly. During Duckelbau, the dismantling always took place on one sole .

Subsequently, this front was then dismantled in a circle around the shaft until the cone broke. Some of the areas that had already been dismantled were replaced with excavated material to support the cavities. This saved the miners the need to remove the dead rock and the risk of premature collapse was reduced. If the deposit reached a height that was no longer worth building , the duck was abandoned and a new one was dug some distance away. As a result, up to 500 ducks were dug in some areas in some years. The dismantling height barely exceeded 0.5 meters. The ore was transported with buckets, sacks or wicker baskets that were pulled or pushed as far as the shaft. Although the Duckelbau is suitable for depths of up to ten meters, this mining method has even been used in some countries at depths of up to 200 meters. The ore was removed from this depth with reels and the drive was also carried out mechanically.

Problems

The Duckelbau was mostly operated by inexperienced miners . The miners were exposed to very heavy loads. They often lay on the wet and cold soles for several hours . The ore was knocked out of the mountains with a wedge pick at a cavity height of about 0.5 meters . Often the seam was only ore-bearing in the lower three to ten centimeters, but a minimum height of around 0.5 meters had to be worked out so that the miners could work at all. The insufficient ventilation of the mining sites also set limits in the Duckelbau . Despite the enormous effort, the daily extraction amounted to around two to 2.5 quintals of ore. Due to the large number of humps that were brought down, later extraction of the deeper parts of the deposit was hardly possible.

application

The mining method was used for iron ores such as Raseneisenstein , in the Eifel on Brauneisenstein and in Upper Silesia on Toneisenstein , in the Kurpie and adjacent regions also for the extraction of amber from Holocene deposits. This mining method was also used in Nubia for gold mining and for the mining of galena in Spain, as well as for the extraction of earth wax (ozerite) in eastern Galicia. In the resin was treated with this method Kupferschiefer won. Likewise, in the southern area of ​​the Kyffhäuser Mountains, a considerable amount of duck construction was carried out in order to mine copper slate. Duckelbau was also used in soap mining . Silex was extracted in the Abensberg-Arnhofen flint mine .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871
  2. ↑ a b c d Emil Hoffmann: Lexicon of the Stone Age. New extended edition, Verlag BoD - Books on Demand, 2012, ISBN 978-3-8448-8898-0 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Alexander Maass: The importance of mining and its socio-economic structures in the Neolithic. Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg 2005
  4. ↑ a b c d e Eduard Baumstark : Kameralistische Encyklopädie . Handbook of the camera sciences and their literature. Karl Groos, Heidelberg, Leipzig 1835 ( German text archive ).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Heinrich Lottner / Albert Serlo (ed.): Guide to mining science. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1869
  6. ↑ a b c d Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 6th edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903
  7. ↑ a b c Gerd Weisgerber : Mining archeology, continuation 2 . In: Association of Friends of Mining in Graubünden. (Ed.): Berg-Knappe. No. 58, Volume 15, November 1991, pp. 2-8
  8. ↑ Carl Hartmann (Ed.): Concise dictionary of the mountain, hut and Saltwork science of mineralogy and geognosy. First section A to K, printed and published by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Ilmenau 1825
  9. ^ Carl Johann Bernhard Karsten: Archives for Mining and Metallurgy. Seventh volume, published by G. Reimer, Berlin 1823
  10. ↑ a b Wolfgang Lampe : The mining on copper slate , in: Wilfried Ließmann , Kupfererzbergbau und Wasserwirtschaft, On the mining history of Bad Lauterberg / Südwestharz, Duderstadt 2001, p. 261 ff.
  11. ↑ Anna Malka: A historical overview of the mining of Baltic amber deposits. In Bursztynisko 32, Gdansk 2010
  12. ↑ Michael K. Brust: The copper slate mining in Kyffhäuser . In: German Society for Geosciences (Hrsg.): Geoscientific excursion guide and communications. No. 225, 15. Berlin / Hanover 2005, pp. 20-30

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