Shock construction

The Stoßbau is a landscape architectural decomposition method in which a plurality of mutually offset degradation shocks in Verhieb be taken. It is a process that is used on thick seam-like deposits . The longwall with stepped joints emerged from the butt construction . The shock construction is suitable for deposits with slightly sloping host rock and a dip of 38.5 gons to 52.8 gons.

Basics

Shock construction is one of the shock-like mining processes. It is also referred to as the “ common butt construction ” in order to better differentiate it conceptually from the other two types of buttocks, the ridge butt construction and the bench butt construction. The process was used in Western European coal mining until the beginning of the 20th century. It was also used in ore mining - especially when the deposit had a very shallow dip and the roof construction could not be used. Today this mining method is partly used in flat to moderately inclined deposits with a seam-like formation.

Procedure and direction

A basic distinction is made in ordinary shock construction between the striking shock and the floating shock. In both forms, two mining routes are initially being driven as border routes . These two routes are connected by means of a braking hill or a hacking . Instead of the second removal path, the next higher can sole be used as the second degradation route. This part of the deposit is then mined in narrow strips . The respective stripes have a width of two to four meters. The dismantling then takes place up to the upper stretch. As soon as a push has been removed, the next push is taken, mostly backwards. The excavated area is then with mountains added . The lower mining section is also partially filled and thus thrown off . Wooden boxes are used to stabilize the offset . If the resulting mountains are no longer sufficient, you leave a pillar and start the new push above this pillar. In order to have sufficient continuous ventilation , a correspondingly large channel for ventilation is always kept open at an offset. This area also serves to drain off the mine water . In this way, sometimes forwards and backwards, all shocks are reduced one after the other.

Stroking butt construction

Stroke construction has been in use since the 1880s and was the most frequently used mining method with offset during this time. In the case of painting impact construction, the mining routes are driven by painting. Two conveyor lines are required. The piles of backfill are conveyed in the upper conveyor section, the mined coal is conveyed away in the lower section. At a maximum distance of 100 meters, the mining stretches are connected with hacking. The dismantling can be operated with two wings in the striking butt construction. With two-wing dismantling, the brake mountain is placed in the middle between the two dismantling wings. The joint height and joint width are measured according to the nature of the rock, the storage and the necessary extraction. As a rule, the width of the individual joints to be removed is up to five meters. The respective impact height depends primarily on the collapse of the seam. With a shallow dip, lower impacts are selected, with a dip of over 33 gons, greater impact heights are selected. This is due to the fact that with greater incursion the mined minerals and the mountains slide on the lying surface by themselves . If the conveyance takes place mechanically, a greater joint height can also be selected with flat storage. The maximum shock height is around 30 meters. The individual bumps are broken down by stroking. The position of the shocks depends on the position of the bad .

Floating shock construction

The floating shock construction is handled differently depending on the seam inclination. The deposit is mined differently with flat seams than with steep beds. First of all, two mining stretches will be driven. The deposit part between these two routes is a blow through in individual strips floating in won . In floating joint construction in flat seams, an upward and a downward path is required for each of the floating, advancing joints. The route leading upwards serves as a driving , conveying and weather route. Depending on the progress of the mining , the downward path becomes longer and the upward path becomes shorter and shorter. Due to the construction, the weather routes are kept short. In the case of steep storage, problems arise in the case of floating impact structures if the minerals are extracted and removed at the same time. For this reason, the minerals extracted are initially left in the excavation cavity during steep storage. Since there is not enough space for all minerals extracted in the mining area due to the loosening, this proportion is initially removed. The minerals extracted from the excavation cavity are collected in a crate made of boards. A space for driving and ventilation must remain open between the wooden shed and the coal pile on the side. The shed protects the tusks from falling stones. As soon as the impact with the upper section penetrates , the minerals stored in this way are carried upwards. The offset is then introduced all at once. However, this construction leads to uneven delivery.

Special forms

If the collapse in seam-like deposits exceeds a certain size, the usual shock construction is no longer applicable. Either the upward thrust construction or the downward thrust construction are used here. The upwardly guided Stoßbau also called Firstenstoßbau , the abgewärtsgeführten Stoßbau as Strossenstoßbau . In both methods, the joints are on top of each other.

Advantages and disadvantages

One advantage of this mining method when used in hard coal mining is the high proportion of lump coal . It is also advantageous that the used mine roof in this degradation process, due to the use of offset, relatively well rob leaves. For this reason, used wooden extensions can also be used several times. The method can also be used with mountains under pressure . The use in mines at risk of firedamp is problematic , since here the weather flow has to be directed downwards. The disadvantage of this mining method is the low delivery rate. However, this can be partially compensated for by the highest possible impacts and by dividing the construction site into floating sections using partial floors.

Individual evidence

^ Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area. 5th revised and redesigned edition, Regio-Verlag, Werne 2002, ISBN 3-929158-14-0 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Emil Stöhr: Catechism of Mining Studies. Lehmann & Wentzel bookstore for technology and art, Vienna 1875
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 .
↑ Hans Höfer: Paperback for miners. Second improved and increased edition, KK Bergakademische Buchhandlung Ludwig Nüssler, Loeben 1904
↑ ^a ^b ^c Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): Ore mining in Rammelsberg. Self-published by the Förderverein, Druck Papierflieger Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar 2009
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining studies with a special focus on hard coal mining. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f F. Freise: Alignment, installation and mining of hard coal deposits. Publishing house by Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg in Sachsen 1908
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d ^e Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962
^ ^A ^b Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. First volume, fourth revised and up to the most recent edition supplemented, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884
^ Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund: The development of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian hard coal mining in the second half of the 19th century. Julius Springer's publishing bookstore, Berlin 1902
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining studies with a special focus on hard coal mining. First volume, fifth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1923
↑ Henrike Sievers: The influence of deposit properties on the sustainable use of raw materials using the example of copper. Dissertation 2005, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen

Remarks

↑ The direction opposite to the dip is called floating. The way of working is overhead. (Source: Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area. )
↑ In the case of striking impact construction, the Lower Rhine-Westphalian coal mining industry switched to the planned relocation of backfill mountains that were not extracted at the mining site since the 1880s. As a result, one was no longer dependent on enough mountains being produced at the mining site . (Source: Association for Mining Interests in the Dortmund Upper Mining District: The Development of Lower Rhine-Westphalian Hard Coal Mining in the Second Half of the 19th Century. )
↑ In some other mountain areas, this direction is also referred to as " led upwards ". (Source: Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): Ore mining in Rammelsberg. )

[Quelle_1-1] Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area. 5th revised and redesigned edition, Regio-Verlag, Werne 2002, ISBN 3-929158-14-0 .

[Quelle_3-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Emil Stöhr: Catechism of Mining Studies. Lehmann & Wentzel bookstore for technology and art, Vienna 1875

[Quelle_4-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 .

[Quelle_2-4] Hans Höfer: Paperback for miners. Second improved and increased edition, KK Bergakademische Buchhandlung Ludwig Nüssler, Loeben 1904

[Quelle_5-5] Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): Ore mining in Rammelsberg. Self-published by the Förderverein, Druck Papierflieger Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar 2009

[Quelle_6-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining studies with a special focus on hard coal mining. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908

[Quelle_7-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f F. Freise: Alignment, installation and mining of hard coal deposits. Publishing house by Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg in Sachsen 1908

[Quelle_8-9] A ^b ^c ^d ^e Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962

[Quelle_10-10] A ^b Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. First volume, fourth revised and up to the most recent edition supplemented, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884

[Quelle_11-11] Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund: The development of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian hard coal mining in the second half of the 19th century. Julius Springer's publishing bookstore, Berlin 1902

[Quelle_9-13] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining studies with a special focus on hard coal mining. First volume, fifth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1923

[Quelle_12-15] Henrike Sievers: The influence of deposit properties on the sustainable use of raw materials using the example of copper. Dissertation 2005, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen

[Anm._Cramm.-6] The direction opposite to the dip is called floating. The way of working is overhead. (Source: Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area. )

[Anm._Verein_Bergb._Inter.-12] In the case of striking impact construction, the Lower Rhine-Westphalian coal mining industry switched to the planned relocation of backfill mountains that were not extracted at the mining site since the 1880s. As a result, one was no longer dependent on enough mountains being produced at the mining site . (Source: Association for Mining Interests in the Dortmund Upper Mining District: The Development of Lower Rhine-Westphalian Hard Coal Mining in the Second Half of the 19th Century. )

[Anm._Förderv.-14] In some other mountain areas, this direction is also referred to as " led upwards ". (Source: Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): Ore mining in Rammelsberg. )