Kuhlenbau

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Video about mining , making and the Fortuna opencast mine , 1983

The Kuhlenbau is a degradation process , the one kind of the pit is in the pre-industrial and phase of the brown coal mining in Rheinland , in the Ville in Brühl was used -Unkel. The Kuhlenbau was already in the Stone Age when flint mining applied. But the degradation of sound , the method was used. The process is a random opencast mine, which was often carried out by self-employed workers. It was practically the transition from opencast mining to underground mining , which is why it is also called "fake opencast mining". The method is suitable for deposits with thin hanging walls and little to well-durable lying areas .

The procedure

This mining method involves first digging a square or round shaft up to 16 square feet in area . The shafts are sunk through the overburden down to the deposit. A Schachtzimmerung is rarely needed because the wells remain only a short time. However, it must always be ensured that the joints of the shaft remain firm. However, if carpentry is required, this only consists of spreading. The shocks are usually cowardly created. In the case of surface courses with less stability, these dug shafts can also be created funnel-shaped. The method with sloping joints has proven itself better and was also prescribed by mining law. The slopes are created with a slope of 49.5 gons . Due to this construction, these holes have a diameter on the surface that is about four times as large as on the sole.

The cavity that has now been created, reaching up to the natural water level, is called a hollow. The starting point for the first hollow is ideally chosen on a slope so that the overburden for the first hollow does not have to be removed. The mineral (eg. As brown coal ) by means of a simple gezähe as wedge hoe and shovel in recovered . Then the mineral is conveyed up with a reel . Safety pillars remain between the individual hollows , these pillars are called hollow walls. The hollow walls have a thickness of 0.95 meters to 1.9 meters depending on the seam thickness and pressure behavior of the overburden. In this way, each hollow usually has two supports against the solid field. When the usable raw material has been mined from the pit, the spoil from the next pit is thrown into the previously mined pit. This procedure means that the overburden does not have to be removed and dumped. The process is also suitable on smaller plots.

Disadvantages of the procedure

The degradation losses in this process are up to 54 percent. If it is not possible to create the hollows down to the natural groundwater level, the mining losses can be even higher. To minimize these mining losses, the safety pillars are partially stolen by driving side niches into the pillar. Only a small niche can be dug at a time so that the overburden does not fall into the hollow during the digging. The excavated overburden is then plunged into the hollow and the remaining pillar is removed. However, this method is only suitable for brown coals that are stable and durable. A correspondingly large mine field is required so that mining can take place over several years.

The dismantling in winter is problematic because the coals do not dry then. The size of the hollows cannot be changed without problems. If the hollows were too large, dismantling would take too long and the weather conditions would weaken the safety pillars so that they could no longer withstand the lateral pressure and would collapse. If lignite contains a lot of iron and gravel, the safety pillars can self-ignite. Setting up the reel on the loose overburden is dangerous , especially when the hollow joints are deepened. Here it can easily happen that the side impacts collapse and the loose mountain masses plunge into the hollow. Due to the many disadvantages, this not very efficient method was replaced by regular opencast mining.

literature

  • Heinrich von Dechen: Description of the Kuhlen- and Tummel construction in the Brühl brown coal mining area . In: CJB Carsten (Hrsg.): Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy . tape 3 . Verlag G. Reimer, 1831, ISSN  0931-850X , p. 413-536 ( full text in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871
  2. ↑ a b Otto Hue: The miners. Historical representation of miners' conditions from the oldest to the most recent times, first volume, published by JHW Dietz Successor, Stuttgart 1910
  3. ↑ a b c d e Emil Hoffmann: Lexicon of the Stone Age. New extended edition, Verlag BoD - Books on Demand, 2012, ISBN 978-3-8448-8898-0 .
  4. ^ A b Carl Bischof: The refractory clays, their occurrence, composition, investigation, treatment and application. Third revised edition, Quadt 6 Handel bookstore, Leipzig 1904
  5. ↑ Hans Höfer: Paperback for miners. Second improved and increased edition, KK Bergakademische Buchhandlung Ludwig Nüssler, Loeben 1904
  6. ↑ a b c d Heinrich Lottner, Albert Serlo (ed.): Guide to mining science. First volume, 3rd edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1869
  7. ↑ a b c d e Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. First volume, fourth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884
  8. ↑ a b c d Carl Hartmann: Repertory of mining and metallurgy. Second volume, lithograph printed and published by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1840
  9. ↑ a b c Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 6th edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903
  10. ↑ Carl Hartmann: Conversations-Lexicon of mining, metallurgy & salt works and their auxiliary sciences. Second volume, J. Scheible bookstore, Stuttgart 1840
  11. ↑ Der Bergwerkfreund, a newspaper for miners and smelters and for trades. Thirteenth volume, printed and published by Georg Reichardt, Eisleben 1850
  12. ^ Carl Friedrich Zincken: The physiography of brown coal. Carl Rümpler Publishing House, Hanover 1867

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