Tummelbau

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Tummel- or cube is is an old mining method which, in particular in the stone and brown coal mining has been applied. In Germany the process was up to the middle of the 19th century in various mountain districts used when the overburden - thickness for an extraction in open pit too high was. The Tummelbau is an irregular Örterbau . From an economic point of view, it is the most uneconomical mining method for lignite.

Basics

The mining of the minerals is quite problematic in some deposits. This is partly due to the fact that these camps are not fully developed, but that the available usable raw materials such as B. Lignite are deposited with many interruptions. If there is also a thickness of more than five meters, such deposits can no longer be mined using simple open-cast mining methods such as hollow mining . For such deposits, mining by means of drum mining was suitable. Here, one follows the deposit without any prior planned development.

The procedure

For the digestion of the deposit first two were wells up into the seam geteuft . The two shafts were sunk at a distance of 8.3 to 10.4 meters. So that the shafts had sufficient stability, they were provided with a simple shaft extension made of wood . Tummel construction was also carried out with only one shaft. Here it was necessary that the ventilation side a tunnel in the seam ascended was. The shafts, also known as pipes , were designed for single- pipe , partly also two- pipe reel conveyance and had a depth between 16 and 60 meters, the clear width was approx. 1.70 m × 0.85 m. A main section was first driven from one of the shafts . This stretch was driven to the field boundaries. It also served to ventilate the mine workings . In order to mine the coal in the Tummelbau, crossing points, so-called split ends , were first driven from this main route . At the end of the cross towns, the coal was mined by hewing out ridges and joints in a circular and arched manner . The resulting honeycomb cavities are the tummels . The aim was to design the dismantling so that the hanging wall did not collapse. For this was allowed between two stubs each one coal leg -called security pillar from 0.6 to 2 meters thickness are. The so-called cultivated coal was also left standing in the roof when the overburden was used . These measures resulted in a degradation loss of 44 to 60 percent.

The extension of the fields around the shafts was no more than 84 meters. The driveways were kept very small and generally only had a cross-section of up to four square meters. For safety reasons, the next one was only tackled when the first one was exhausted. The mining usually only took place on a sole, directly above the natural water level. Seams between 6.2 and 12.5 meters were extracted in one pass, thicker seams were extracted in two passes. In this two- pane dismantling , the upper pane was pre-assembled. A double tumble construction was also used when the water level was very low.

May reports on the early mining processes on the Planitzer Kohlberg , that the deep Planitzer seam , which was in two banks, was also mined in two runs. First, the approximately 2 meter thick upper division was dismantled to obtain a four fingers wide layer of coal on the roof grew (= left standing), since the roof blättrig was. After dismantling the upper section of the well was to footwall of the lower division tiefergeteuft and these approached querschlägig. The advantage of the Tummel building is that there is little need for finishing material, since the Tummel itself was not built.

The frenzy

The tub had a round, vault-like shape. Its appearance resembled a beehive arched upwards, with a widening standing on the bottom of the track. The average drum diameter was three laughs , the height was mostly a little larger than the diameter. But there were also pools that had a diameter of 6 ½ laughs and a height of 3 ½ to 4 ½ laughs. The transition from the track to the Tummel is called the Tummelthür. This transition area was secured with a door frame. The coal recovered was initially left as a stand for the tusks so that they could get to the higher points of the tumble. From a certain height on, only the joints needed to be worked on, as the brown coal in the roof broke by itself due to its low strength. The Tummel collapsed when they reached the cover rocks of the deposit, after a certain time by itself, they went to break . The looser the roof coal was, the faster the coal collapsed on the roof . As a result, the cavity was filled with the fracture mass, often resulting in funnel-shaped collapse craters in the overburden. The Tummelbau was always dismantled, i.e. dismantled in the direction of the delivery shaft. When all the tummies had been dismantled, the safety pillars around the shaft to be thrown were finally won, as far as possible .

Problems

In summer in particular, the weather stagnated due to inadequate ventilation, which made the coal very dry and decomposed. The decomposition process and the resulting large amount of heat generated more frequent pit and seam fires . Due to the low thickness and load-bearing capacity of the overburden, several fatal accidents occurred in the Rhenish lignite mining area when the hanging wall collapsed . The casualties were often buried under the falling masses and suffocated because they could not be freed quickly enough. For this reason, the Mining Office initially decreed that the underground entrances to the stumps, the Tummelthür, with four to five are close together and door frames are saved had. Furthermore, there were deep day breaks even with a ten laughs mighty overburden . For this reason, had on the day the areas around the Tummel with a so-called straw wiping marked and surrounded by a barrier. These barriers had to remain in place until the hanging wall of the respective tub was broken.

Despite the dangerous nature of the tumble building, it was not initially banned entirely. In response to a rescript from the Ministry of Finance on February 5, 1840 , the mining industry was allowed to continue operating in the pits that did not have a new device . This was true until the pits built new fixtures . Since the tummel building endangered the life and health of the miners and was also uneconomical, it was prohibited in the second half of the 19th century. This was done by an ordinance of the royal Prussian Mining Office in Bonn of April 9, 1866, whereby the building of the Tummel was prohibited with a period of 3 years. The Royal Revier officials should provide the trades with advice on the use of new mining methods. However, the three-year period was exceeded by many pits by several years, so that even in the 1870s, tummel construction was still carried out. This happened even though the royal mining authority for the Lower Rhine provinces had already classified the Tummelbau years before as overexploitation .

distribution

Tummelbau was mainly used for lignite mining in the Rhenish lignite district , especially on the right bank of the Rhine on the northern edge of the Siebengebirge and in the Brühl district . Here it was introduced around the year 1765. Tummelbau was also widespread in the Central German lignite mining areas, but was replaced by broken piers so early that the process was almost forgotten. In the commemorative publication for the 75th anniversary of the Riebeckschen Montanwerke it is mentioned that in the 1920s an old tummel building was opened in the "United Ottilie-Kupferhammer" mine in Oberröblingen . In the Zwickau hard coal district , the Tummelbau has been demonstrable since 1765 and was used until the beginning of industrialization.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ JA Romberg: The sciences in the nineteenth century, their standpoint and the results of their research. First volume, Romberg's Verlag, Leipzig 1856.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. First volume, fourth revised and up to the most recent edition supplemented. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884.
  3. ↑ a b Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer (Ed.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . Volume 20, 2nd edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-11-017164-3 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Matthias Kaever: Non-renewable energy sources between Maas and Rur. 1st edition. LIT Verlag Münster, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7424-9 .
  5. ↑ a b c May, Stutzer, Eckardt; District group of Saxony of the Zwickau hard coal mining group (publisher): 75 years of joint work by the Saxon hard coal mines. Overview of the geological structure of the Ore Mountains coal basin, Zwickau, June 1936, pp. 205–206.
  6. ↑ Explanatory dictionary of the technical terms and foreign words that occur in mining in metallurgy and in salt works and technical articulations that occur in salt works. Falkenberg'schen Buchhandlung publishing house, Burgsteinfurt 1869.
  7. ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. 6th edition. Published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903.
  8. ↑ a b Fritz Heise, Fr. Herbst: Textbook of Mining Studies with Special Consideration of Coal Mining, 5th Edition. Volume 1, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1923, p. 339.
  9. ^ A b c Heinrich Lottner, Albert Serlo (ed.): Guide to mining science. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1869.
  10. ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Carl Hartmann: Repertory of mining and metallurgy. Second volume, lithograph printed and published by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1840.
  12. ↑ a b c d Heinrich von Dechen: Description of the Kuhlen- and Tummel construction in the Brühl brown coal mining area . In: CJB Carsten (Hrsg.): Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy . tape 3 . Verlag G. Reimer, 1831, ISSN  0931-850X , p. 413-536 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  13. ↑ JSC Schweigger, W. Schweigger - Seidel: Journal for Chemistry and Physics. Volume 49, Association for the Dissemination of Knowledge of Nature, Halle 1827.
  14. ^ A b c d e Heinrich Achenbach: The mountain police regulations of the Rhenish main mountain district. Royal Court Book and Art Bookshop FC Eisen, Cologne 1859.
  15. ^ Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 2nd Edition. Published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887, p. 293.
  16. ↑ P. Franke et al .: 25 years of Carl Adolph Riebeck 50 years of A. Riebeck'sche Montanwerke Aktiengesellschaft 1858–1933 . Munich 1933.

Remarks

  1. ↑ The direction that runs horizontally across the longitudinal axis of the deposit is referred to as cross-cutting . (Source: Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): Ore mining in Rammelsberg. )