Vulpes
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A red fox ( Vulpes vulpes schrencki , Kita kitsune ) from Hokkaidō , the northernmost main island of Japan |
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| Fresh , 1775 |
Vulpes is a genus of the canine familythat includes most, but not all, of theanimals knownas foxes .
features
The animals of this genus are characterized by a slender body with short legs, a pointed snout, large, pointed ears and a long, bushy tail, which in some species can be as long as the body. They reach a head body length of 35 to 90 centimeters, including a 18 to 55 centimeter long tail, and a weight of 1 to 14 kilograms. The fur can be colored white, yellow, reddish or gray, depending on the species, → see red fox fur .
Occurrence
The natural range of the genus Vulpes includes Eurasia , Africa and North America ; the red fox was introduced to Australia by humans .
Systematics
External system
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Phylogenetic systematics of dogs
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In a system of dogs by Lindblad-Toh et al. In 2005, which was based on molecular genetic studies, the genus Vulpes was compared as a sister taxon to the raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ). Were compared while about 15 kilobases of exon - and intron - sequences . The scoop dog ( Otocyon megalotis ) has been identified as the sister species of these two genera . Together these three genera were grouped together as the red fox clade. This corresponds to parts of the group originally summarized as real foxes (Vulpini), which, however, did not include the raccoon dog and which also contained the gray foxes ( Urocyon ), which are now regarded as the basic sister group of all dogs.
Internal system
Vulpes is a separate genus within the dogs (Canidae), the 1775 by Johann Leonhard fresh in his work, "The nature of the system quadrupeds" with the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) as a type species described and compared to the genus Canis was deferred.
The genus Vulpes includes 12 recent species :
- Bengal fox ( Vulpes bengalensis )
- Afghan fox ( Vulpes cana )
- Cape fox ( Vulpes chama )
- Steppe fox ( Vulpes corsac )
- Tibetan fox ( Vulpes ferrilata )
- Arctic fox ( vulpes lagopus )
- Kit fox ( Vulpes macrotis )
- Pale fox ( Vulpes pallida )
- Rüppellfuchs ( Vulpes rueppelli )
- Swift fox ( Vulpes velox )
- Red fox ( Vulpes vulpes )
- Fennec or desert fox ( Vulpes zerda )
There are also about as many species that have been described using fossils and that have become extinct. These are the following types:
- Vulpes alopecoides
- Vulpes beihaiensis
- Vulpes chikushanensis
- Vulpes galauticus
- Vulpes Hassini
- Vulpes kernensis
- Vulpes mathisoni
- Vulpes pattisoni
- Vulpes praecorsac
- Vulpes praeglacialis
- Vulpes pulcher
- Vulpes qiuzhudingi
- Vulpes riffautae
- Vulpes skinneri
- Vulpes stenognathus
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Phylogenetic classification of the genus Vulpes
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The arctic fox is in newer classifications in the genus Vulpes rather than a monotypic genus Alopex filed, which is consistent with the findings of DNA studies that classify him as a sister species of Swift fox. Due to its small size and the other morphological peculiarities of the Fennecus, many authors put this species in its own genus Fennecus . From the 1990s onwards, many taxonomists and also DNA studies contradicted this, which placed the Fennec within the genus Vulpes . Since then, the fennec has been listed as Vulpes zerda by all taxonomic authorities . The fennec represents a more basic representative of the genus Vulpes , its sister species is the Afghan fox ( Vulpes cana ).
supporting documents
- ↑ a b c d Kerstin Lindblad-Toh et al .: "Resolving canid phylogeny." Section in: Kerstin Lindblad-Toh et al .: Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature 438, December 2005; Page 803–819.
- ↑ Vulpes ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Don E. Wilson , DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 volumes. 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
- ↑ Denis Geraads: A revision of the fossil Canidae (Mammalia) of north-western Africa. Palaeontology 54 (2), 2011, pp. 429-446
- ↑ Denis Geraads, Michelle SM Drapeau, RenéBobe and John G. Fleagle : Vulpes mathisoni, sp. nov., a New Fox from the Pliocene Mursi Formation of Southern Ethiopia and Its Contribution to the Origin of African Foxes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (4), 2015, e943765 doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.2014.943765
- ↑ Xiaoming Wang, Zhijie Jack Tseng, Qiang Li, Gary T. Takeuchi and Guangpu Xie: From 'third pole' to north pole: a Himalayan origin for the arctic fox. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281, 2014 doi : 10.1098 / rspb.2014.0893
- ↑ Louis de Bonis, Stéphane Peigné, Andossa Likius, Hassane Taïsso Mackaye, Patrick Vignaud and Michel Brunet: The oldest African fox (Vulpes riffautae n. Sp., Canidae, Carnivora) recovered in late Miocene deposits of the Djurab desert, Chad. Natural Sciences 94, 2007, pp. 575-580 doi : 10.1007 / s00114-007-0230-6
- ^ Adam Hartstone-Rose, Brian F. Kuhn, Shahed Nalla, Lars Werdelin and Lee R. Berger: A New Species of Fox from the Australopithecus sediba Type Locality, Malapa, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 68 (1), 2013 doi : 10.1080 / 0035919X.2012.748698
- ↑ a b Jan Zrzavý, Věra Řičánková: Phylogeny of Recent Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): Relative Reliability and Utility of Morphological and Molecular datasets. Zoologica Scripta 33 (4), 2004, pp. 311-333, doi : 10.1111 / j.0300-3256.2004.00152.x
literature
- Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 (English).
