Venture (term)

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The word venture is derived from the verb dare , which means dare to have the courage to do something . Risk characterizes, on the one hand, facts and, on the other hand, actions that are associated with considerable dangers and risks . The impetus for taking risks is the chance to achieve a so-called risk gain (idiom: only those who take risks can also win). The willingness and ability to take risks are different among people.

Risk in colloquial language

In everyday linguistic usage, there is usually little or no distinction between the terms risk, risk , danger , adventure and their word fields. Expressions such as daring , risky , dangerous , adventurous, or risky appear interchangeable. 

A lack of conceptual precision, however, hinders differentiated thinking as well as nuanced statements and unmistakable communication, as is the case e.g. B. becomes clear when confusing or equating venture sports and risk sports . The synonym language impoverishes expressiveness. Linguistics speaks of a restricted language code . It is not synonymous whether someone risks their life (= puts on the line for a thrill ) like a speedster or dares their life (= uses for a higher value) like a nurse in an infected area. One can risk an accident , but not or only under very specific circumstances (research experiment ) .

The Duden, which is obliged to use colloquial language, and the popular science encyclopedias no longer have a normative mandate (also in terms of spelling) . However, they claim to reflect the usual public language usage in the media from time to time. Controversial neologisms are also included and, after some time, even incorrect use of words is legalized as "common" such as B. the Olympiad (actually a term of the ancient calendar) for the Olympic Games . The terms daring and risk are also tolerated as synonyms by Duden and Brockhaus in everyday German .

Risk in technical languages

The technical languages ​​are dependent on precise, unmistakable means of expression. In technical terms, venture and risk are not synonyms, but terms with their own clearly definable meaning: A jump into the swimming pool can be a great risk for a child (if it has to muster a lot of courage and self-conquest), but at the same time only a small or no risk (because the jump is completely harmless).

Risk is the overarching, broader term. It can include both the characterization of a (dangerous) situation and the human attitude to it. Risks are the more or less calculable parts of a venture ( risk factors , residual risk ). In contrast, there are no “risk factors” or even a “residual risk”. Every venture is fraught with risks (imponderables). But not every risk is already a risk or triggers a risky act. The word “risk” only came into the German vocabulary as a loan word in the 16th century . Today it primarily specifies the uncertainties on a mathematical-statistical basis and formulates them in probabilities, e.g. B. in stock exchange transactions (risk papers, risk investments).

The much older concept of risk first established itself in the human, human and social sciences and was significantly shaped there in its meaning that is still valid today. It is   widely used in religious studies , philosophy , human medicine , education , psychology , sports science   or politics / social science and cannot be replaced by another term in any of the book titles and books cited.

Risk as a concept of value

The concept of risk encompasses a problem area that cannot be viewed impartially, as it includes human attitudes and decisions about hazardous situations. While risk research is primarily concerned with a section of the problem area, the most objective possible recording of all isolable risk factors and the analysis of the risk potential, which should make a danger situation assessable and manageable, risk research involves the complex human being with his driving forces, emotions, motivations and values , d. H. with his inner state of mind, the focus of interest. It is an overarching interest that is aligned with the ethical awareness and responsibility of the individual. Risk gain is seen by risk research as an increase in value and a finding of meaning 

The term is defined accordingly: it is linked to psychological, educational and ethical issues in the areas of experience of danger, risk, adventure, border crossing and extreme situations to which people voluntarily expose themselves and which they existentially in their value experience and in their value orientation demand. The concentration on the experience of risk and the corresponding equation of risk and risk concepts indicates a narrowing of consciousness in the direction of thrill and a loss of value differentiation.

An essential component of the concept of risk in the humanities is the orientation of the car to high-level goals that can only be reached by risk and that are worth the risk of possible harm (a medical operation, pilot training, dare to marry). In contrast to risking, the car is an ethical term . Warwitz brings this fact into connection with the linguistically related word and concept weigh (from idg. Uegh , ahd. Wegan ) and into the picture of the scales, which after careful weighing of gain and loss values ​​must incline towards a worthwhile increase in value a risky act of risk becomes ethically and morally justifiable. In extreme cases, the commitment and sacrifice of a civic existence, health or even life in the sense of the term can be a valuable risk. Examples of this are the life plans of Jesus , Martin Luther , Albert Schweitzer and Mother Teresa .

Word field risk

The word field that emerged from the original word wagan concerns, on the one hand, the threat of danger (factual = a) and, on the other hand, the human attitude towards it (personal = b). Each of these words has its own, clearly definable, non-interchangeable meaning, which results from the different word compositions, but also from the individual word history. New word formations signal an expanded need for expression, which also enables more differentiated thinking and exchanges about the underlying problem area. In colloquial German and specialist languages , e.g. B. the following vocabulary :

Nouns
  • Risk (a / b)
  • Audacity (a / b)
Adjectives
  • risky (a)
  • daring (a)
  • daring (a / b)
  • daring (b)
  • daring (b)
  • daring (b)
  • willing to take risks (b)
  • risky (b)
  • low risk (b)
  • risk-averse (b)
Verbs
  • dare (b)
  • approach (b)
Compounds / word combinations
  • Risk situation (s) (a)
  • Wag (e) piece (a)
  • Daring (a)
  • Adventure sport (a)
  • Risk formula (a)
  • Risk scale (a)
  • Risk metaphor (n) (a)
  • Risk concept (a / b)
  • Risk research (a / b)
  • Wagnistheorie (n) (a / b)
  • Risk education (a / b)
  • Risk gain (a / b)
  • Venture Promotion (a / b)
  • Risk trigger (a / b)
  • Reasons for risk (a / b)
  • Risk scene (n) (a / b)
  • Daring athlete (b)
  • Dare (e) neck (b)
  • Daring (b)
  • Wagnistriebe (b)
  • Risk experience (b)
  • Willingness to take risks (b)
  • Risk use (b)
  • Obstacles to venture (b)
  • Risk competence (b)
  • Weakness to venture (b)
  • Daring (b)

The term venture includes the event, the process and the abandonment of the vehicle. Dare involves overcoming fears of danger and dealing with them responsibly. This requires daring and a willingness to take risks . Anyone who does not bring them up is considered to be averse to taking risks or to be weak . The daredevil is committed to demanding, even dangerous projects with enthusiasm and passion. In addition, certain inner driving forces , the Wagnerian instincts, inspire him . On the other hand, internal and external obstacles to venture slow him down . One should only cautiously to new challenges dare . The Daring or Wag (e) neck risks (too) much, namely, neck and neck ',' Breakneck '. He exaggerates his boldness into recklessness. The word meaning of venture is related to that of the scales (figurative meaning "uncertain outcome"). The car needs to be weighed accordingly , measured in terms of its value / worthlessness. Weighing / weighing stands in front of the car . Enterprises associated with dangers take on the character of a venture . The most important processes in the car can be expressed in a risk formula , the degrees of the car in a risk scale . The daring expects a risk gain in the form of a gain in value for his dangerous venture . A highly dangerous, often sensational company is called Wag (e )stück . A sport that is objectively dangerous, but subjectively manageable through a corresponding development of competencies, is called venture sport. The result of this gain in experience, the qualification of the risk expert , is called risk competence . The risk experience can be pleasurable when it is controlled. Groups of like-minded venture athletes with a common focus of interest and local get-togethers form venture scenes ("local paragliding scene " etc.). When a word is used figuratively, e.g. B. in a poetic context, one speaks of a risk metaphor . JW v. In their poetic works, Goethe and Fv Schiller very often make use of the word field risk, both in the original sense of the word and as a metaphor.

The entire practical and theoretical problem area of ​​the car is the risk complex . His scientific research is carried out by venture researchers in disciplinary and interdisciplinary venture research . They summarize their empirically gained knowledge in risk theories , which are explanatory models for striving for and dealing with risk. These also determine the risk education , which deals with the car from an educational point of view. Achieving the ability to take risks is an essential goal of human education .

See also

literature

  • Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (Hrsg.): Dictionary of German contemporary language (WDG) . Berlin 2006.
  • Brockhaus Encyclopedia: The Great Brockhaus . 24 vols. 21st edition 2006.
  • Cohn-Bendit, D .: The risk of multicultural democracy . Hamburg 2003.
  • Duden: Dictionary of the German language . 12 vols. Mannheim 25th edition 2009 / vol. 8: Synonym dictionary 4th edition.
  • Franke, HU (ed.): Triumph of heart surgery . Munich (Kindler) 1968.
  • Kieseritzki, Wv: Dare more democracy. Domestic and social policy 1966–1974 . Bonn 2001.
  • Johannes Messner : The risk of the Christian . Innsbruck-Vienna-Munich 1960.
  • Peter Neumann: The risk in sport. Basics and educational requirements . Schorndorf (Hofmann) 1999.
  • Hermann Röhrs (Ed.): Education as a risk and probation . Heidelberg 1966.
  • Martin Scholz: Adventure-Risk-Adventure. Orientations of meaning in sport . Schorndorf (Hofmann) 2005. ISBN 3-7780-0151-5 .
  • Difficult, J .: Experience and risk in the sport pedagogical discussion . In: Zf Erlebnispädagogik 26 (2006) 25-34.
  • Gerhard Truig : The great German dictionary . Gütersloh 1970.
  • Siegbert A. Warwitz : Search for meaning in risk. Life in growing rings. Explanatory models for cross-border behavior . 2nd, extended edition, Verlag Schneider, Baltmannsweiler 2016, ISBN 978-3-8340-1620-1 .
  • Siegbert A. Warwitz : From the sense of the car. Why people face dangerous challenges . In: DAV (Ed.): Berg 2006. Munich-Innsbruck-Bozen 2005 pp. 96–111. ISBN 3-937530-10-X .
  • Siegbert A. Warwitz : Growing in Risk. From the contribution to your own development . In: Case-Word-Number 93 (2008) 25-37.
  • Peter Wust : Uncertainty and risk. Man in philosophy . 9th edition. LIT-Verlag, Münster 2002, ISBN 3-8258-6066-3 .

Single receipts

  1. ^ SA Warwitz: Search for meaning in risk. Life in growing rings. Explanatory models for cross-border behavior . 2nd, extended edition, Verlag Schneider, Baltmannsweiler 2016, ISBN 978-3-8340-1620-1 , pp. 22-25
  2. ↑ Brockhaus Encyclopedia: The great Brockhaus . 24 vols. 21st edition
  3. ↑ Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (Ed.) (2006): Dictionary of contemporary German language (WDG). Berlin 2006
  4. ^ SA Warwitz: Search for meaning in risk. Life in growing rings . 2nd, extended edition, Verlag Schneider, Baltmannsweiler 2016, ISBN 978-3-8340-1620-1 , pp. 300-311
  5. ↑ Brockhaus-Enzyklopädie (1971) vol. 13, p. 73
  6. ↑ Duden (2009): Dictionary of the German language . 12 vols. Mannheim 25th edition / vol. 8: Synonym dictionary 4th edition
  7. ^ J. Messner (1960): The risk of the Christian . Innsbruck-Vienna-Munich
  8. ↑ a b P. Wust (1965): Uncertainty and risk. Man in philosophy . Münster (9th edition 2002)
  9. ^ HU Franke (ed.) (1968): Triumph der Herzchirurgie . Munich
  10. ↑ H. Röhrs (Ed.) (1966): Education as risk and probation . Heidelberg
  11. ↑ a b S.A. Warwitz: Searching for meaning in risk. Life in growing rings . Baltmannsweiler 2016
  12. ^ P. Neumann (1999): The risk in sport. Basics and educational requirements . Schorndorf
  13. ↑ M. Scholz (2005): Adventure-Risk-Adventure. Orientations of meaning in sport . Schorndorf
  14. ↑ D.Cohn-Bendit: The Risk of multicultural democracy . Hamburg 2003
  15. ^ Wv Kieseritzki: Dare to dare more democracy. Domestic and social policy 1966–1974 . Bonn 2001
  16. ^ A b M. Scholz (2005): Adventure-Risk-Adventure. Orientations of meaning in sport . Schorndorf
  17. ↑ a b S. Warwitz (2005): From the sense of the car. Why people face dangerous challenges . In: DAV (Ed.): Berg 2006 . Munich-Innsbruck-Bozen. Pp. 96-111
  18. ↑ H.Röhrs (Ed.) (1966): Education as risk and probation . Heidelberg
  19. ^ HU Franke (ed.) (1968): Triumph der Herzchirurgie . Munich (Kindler)
  20. ^ SA Warwitz: Search for meaning in risk. Life in growing rings . 2nd, expanded edition, Verlag Schneider, Baltmannsweiler 2016, p. 10
  21. ^ SA Warwitz (2001): Searching for meaning in risk. Life in growing rings . Pp. 13-25
  22. ↑ RM Rilke (1899): Book of Hours . 1st book. Inselverlag 1962
  23. ↑ M. Frisch: Stiller . Frankfurt 1954 p. 238 f
  24. ↑ risk (research)
  25. ^ SA Warwitz (2008): Growing in Risk. From the contribution to your own development . In: Case-Word-Number 93. pp. 25–37