Risk (sport)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In sport, daring means facing demanding psychophysical challenges that are associated with dangers, but can be mastered with appropriate skills development, courage and self-confidence . The willingness to take risks is often tested in tests of courage , e.g. B. when jumping from a three-meter board into the water. The sporting risk requires self-conquest and injury tolerance, which is why, in addition to motor-technical skills, it is also assigned a certain mental strength and the ability to suffer. The risk gives the chance to break alleged performance barriers and is therefore promoted as educationally valuable in school sports and popular sports .

The risk plays an important role in research, education and the practice of sport in school and leisure. Accordingly, the term is widely used in both scientific and didactic-methodological literature.

Sports science

The Sports Science participates in the interdisciplinary risk research . Publications like those of Schleske or Neumann emerged from dissertations . The state supports scientists with research semesters , research contracts and grants. Sports science makes a factual, judgmental and conceptual distinction between dangerous, but valuable, responsible sport (venture sport) and sporting activities that are aimed at simply experiencing risk, the kick of danger ( risk sport ). Warwitz identifies them with the terms " skill sport " and " thrill sport ", which can also be used in international exchange . Serious, responsibly practiced sports such as skydiving , ski jumping or paragliding , characterized by training, exams, licenses, insurance, are accordingly considered venture sports, while activities that give too much space to unpredictable random factors, such as base jumping , free solo Climbing , facade climbing or balconing ('playing with risk') can be counted as risk sports.

Sports education

The Sportpädagogik differs between too much (recklessness), a reasonable measure (daring) and a too little (risk aversion) to risk readiness, wherein the active promotion is sought by moderate ventures. The self-experience in passing the risk, the associated increase in competence and self-esteem, as well as the resulting feelings of happiness and motivation boosts for further learning are seen as essential for personality development. Today they are part of the natural education program of every good physical education class . Apparatus gymnastics or diving , but also the fighting games offer many opportunities to prove yourself daringly with tricks such as swinging, climbing, rolling over, with partner exercises or attack and defense situations. The didactic implementation already takes place in the elementary school in attractive jungle landscapes , climbing courses, circus games and art . According to the findings of sports science, risk behavior is also critically questioned here. In the interdisciplinary learning projects anchored in the curriculum, sports pedagogy provides significant impulses for risk education relating to all subjects .

Recreational sports

In addition to established adventure sports such as horse riding , ski jumping , gliding , hang gliding , paragliding or white water rafting , recreational sports are developing new forms of sport that require a willingness to take risks, such as halfpipe skating , canyoning , skydiving or the new trend sport parkour . The German Alpine Association (DAV) pays great attention to the responsible risk in the various disciplines of mountain sports with its own conferences on the subject, with publications and training events for its members and the public. The municipalities set up adventure, forest or Robinson playgrounds for the children's leisure activities. In the alpine countries in particular, there are more and more high ropes courses, where you can shimmy across a mountain river or move from tree to tree. In the holiday camps for children and adolescents, play mobiles and entertainers offer adventurous activities.

Extreme sports

The extreme sport increases the risk to the personal performance limits and the limits of the sports. Extreme physical, technical, mental and psychological difficulties serve as the greatest possible challenge for one's own risk-taking skills. The controlled extreme risk provides science again and again with indispensable knowledge about the resilience of the organism under high motivation, for the further development of training theory or for the correction of misjudgments. It was the high risk of individual athletes that refuted the medical heresy that the human organism could not physically survive in the heights of the death zone without artificial oxygen ventilation and that irreversible mental derangement would occur. As a blatant counter-phenomenon to the general social security mentality, in the wake of the strong public attention and media impact on the fringes of venture sport, however, forms of sport often develop that tend towards risk sport due to their considerable random components. The question of meaning usually takes a back seat, the personal thrill and the spectacular (also financially beneficial) external effect are often in the foreground. The sport then becomes an excessively practiced acro sport: surfing becomes extreme surfing (surfing) , skating becomes aggressive skating , parachuting becomes base jumping . These extreme forms often determine the image of the sport in public presentations. Whether an extreme sport degenerates into a risk sport, however, depends less on a specific sport than on its mastery by the respective actor and the meaningfulness of the activity.

See also

literature

  • J. Boehnke: Adventure and experience sports . Lit, Münster 2000, ISBN 3-8258-4468-4 .
  • German Alpine Association (DAV) (Ed.): Risk - Dangers or Opportunities? Proceedings of the Ev. Bad Boll Academy. Munich 2004.
  • Iris Hadbawnik: To the limit and beyond - fascination with extreme sports. Publishing house Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2011.
  • Gerhard Hecker: Adventure and risk in sport - sense or nonsense . In: Dt. Magazine f. Sports medicine. 9 (1989), pp. 11-28.
  • Peter Neumann: The risk in sport . Schorndorf 1999, ISBN 3-7780-8301-5 .
  • Wolfram Schleske: Adventure-Risk-Risk in Sport . Schorndorf 1977, ISBN 3-7780-6581-5 .
  • Martin Scholz: Adventure-Risk-Adventure. Orientations of meaning in sport . Hofmann, Schorndorf 2005, ISBN 3-7780-0151-5 .
  • Siegbert A. Warwitz: Climbing Kilimanjaro - a worthwhile training goal or a health risk? In: Sport Practice. 4: 42-44 (1988).
  • Siegbert A. Warwitz: The fascination of delta flight - 100 years of hang gliding . In: Sport Practice. 3: 43-47 (1992).
  • Siegbert A. Warwitz: Search for meaning in risk. Life in growing rings. Explanatory models for cross-border behavior. 2., ext. Ed., Verlag Schneider, Baltmannsweiler 2016, ISBN 978-3-8340-1620-1 .
  • Siegbert A. Warwitz: From the sense of the car. Why people face dangerous challenges . In: DAV (Ed.): Berg 2006 . Munich / Innsbruck / Bozen 2006, ISBN 3-937530-10-X , pp. 96–111.
  • Siegbert A. Warwitz: Be brave . Basic item. In: thing-word-number. 107 (2010), pp. 4-10.

Web links

Wiktionary: Risk  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. a b S. Warwitz: Be brave . Basic item. In: thing-word-number. 107 (2010), pp. 3-13.
  2. risk (research)
  3. ^ W. Schleske: Adventure-Risk-Risk in Sport . Schorndorf 1977.
  4. ^ P. Neumann: The risk in sport . Schorndorf 1999.
  5. a b c S. A. Warwitz: Search for meaning in risk. Life in growing rings . 2., ext. Ed., Baltmannsweiler 2016.
  6. G. Hecker: Adventure and risk in sport - sense or nonsense . In: Dt. Magazine f. Sports medicine. 9 (1989), pp. 11-28.
  7. S. Warwitz: Faszinosum Deltaflug - 100 years of hang gliding . In: Sport Practice. 3: 43-47 (1992).
  8. German Alpine Association (DAV) (Ed.): Risk - Dangers or Opportunities? Proceedings of the Ev. Bad Boll Academy. Munich 2004.
  9. J. Boehnke: Adventure and adventure sports . Munster 2000.
  10. ^ S. Warwitz: Climbing Kilimanjaro - a worthwhile training goal or a health risk? In: Sport Practice. 4: 42-44 (1988).
  11. ^ S. Warwitz: From the sense of the car. Why people face dangerous challenges . In: DAV (Ed.): Berg 2006 . Munich / Innsbruck / Bozen 2006, pp. 96–111.