Wood sandpiper
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Wood sandpiper ( Tringa ochropus ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||
| Tringa ochropus | ||||||||
| Linnaeus , 1758 |
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The wood sandpiper ( Tringa ochropus ) is a species from the family of snipe birds. No subspecies are distinguished. The wood sandpiper is a breeding bird of the boreal coniferous forest zone of Eurasia, which breeds in Central Europe in Germany and Poland, among others.
features
The wood sandpiper, 21 to 24 cm long, weighs between 50 and 80 g and has a wingspan of 41 to 46 cm. It has a plump body and a long, blackish beak. The plumage is dark brown on the upper side and shows a cream-colored speckled pattern, which is only weakly pronounced in winter. The head and neck have gray-brown dots. The broad, white base of the tail and the black banded tail tip are characteristic of the bird. In flight, the white tail with dark end bands and the dark under wing can be seen.
More precise information on mortality is not available. The highest ages proven by recaptures are 11 years, 11 years and 6 months.
Occurrence
The wood sandpiper breeds in summer in the coniferous forest zone from Scandinavia and eastern Germany to eastern Siberia . It lives in large, moist swamp forests and raised bogs . The stay in the breeding area is limited to rearing young and often only lasts two months. When birds migrate, they can be found even in the smallest, mostly covered, water places. He spends the winter partly in Central Europe , but mainly in Central Africa and southern Asia .
The wood sandpiper is a short to long-distance migrant. Its wintering quarters include Atlantic Western Europe, the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, tropical Africa, Arabia and South Asia. Wood sandpipers also overwinter regularly in Central Europe and then appear in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland. Individual forest sandpipers hibernating are also observed further east. The departure of Scandinavian breeding birds begins in June and therefore unusually early. Birds that winter in the tropical regions of Africa arrive there from the beginning of August. In September they are already very common in tropical Africa. The retreat begins in March and birds that hibernate in Central Europe also leave their wintering quarters from March or early April.
The migration takes place on a broad front through the inland areas, staying largely in fresh water. Larger accumulations at individual resting places or its wintering quarters are not observed.
habitat
The wood sandpiper breeds in tree-lined moors, damp swamp and alluvial forests as well as forest-lined banks of stagnant and slowly flowing water. Outside the breeding season, it can be found in a variety of inland water bodies. It can also be found in very small bodies of water such as cattle troughs, peat cuttings, meadow ditches and canal banks.
behavior
The twilight-active wood sandpiper constantly bobs its tail and when it flies up or on the move the call is a loud "PLÜit-tuit-tuit". It feeds on aquatic insects, crustaceans and also small fish.
Reproduction
The wood sandpiper can breed in the first year of life, but most first breeders are already in the second year of life. Wood sandpipers lead a monogamous seasonal marriage.
Unlike most plover species, it does not breed directly on the ground, but usually occupies old thrush nests. The nests of wood pigeons , crows, jays and squirrels are also used . It also very rarely breeds on or near the ground or in tree hollows. Laying begins in Central Europe from mid / end of April, in Scandinavia, on the other hand, usually in May and further north even often in June. The clutch comprises three to four eggs. These are top-shaped with a greenish to yellow basic color. The laying interval is one to a maximum of two days, the incubation period is 22 to 24 days. Both parent birds are involved in the incubation, with the male only breeding at night. The young birds hatch unusually quickly and are usually completed after 30 to 180 minutes. The egg shells are immediately removed by the parent birds.
The young birds can leave their nests an hour after hatching, but this usually does not happen until the next day. The young birds are lured to jump by the parent birds. The tour takes around 26 to 28 days.
Duration
Inventory development and current inventory
Until the 1950s, the wood sandpiper breeded almost exclusively east of the Oder. Since then there has been a significant change in the inventory situation in Central Europe. While there was a clear decline in stocks in Poland, there has been an area expansion and an increase in stocks in northern and eastern Germany since the 1960s. Breeding pairs were first observed in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony and the south of Schleswig-Holstein. The wood sandpiper has also been a breeding bird in Brandenburg, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt since the 1970s. In Austria, there have been observations of the breeding season since the 1980s. The sandpiper was first observed in Denmark in 1956, and in the mid-1990s the number of breeding pairs was fifty to sixty breeding pairs. In Finland, the wood sandpiper has expanded its breeding area to the north and now breeds in Lapland, among others, and in Russia it is also a breeding bird on Kola Island.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the European breeding population is estimated at 330,000 to 800,000 breeding pairs. The European countries with more than 10,000 breeding pairs include Russia (European part, 200,000 to 600,000 breeding pairs), Belarus, Estonia, Finland (70,000 to 100,000 breeding pairs), Latvia and Norway. About 5,700 to 11,000 breeding pairs breed in Central Europe. Despite the population decline, Poland has the largest Central European population with 5,000 to 10,000 breeding pairs. Between 650 and 1,050 breeding pairs breed in Germany.
Inventory forecasts
Like many snipe birds, the wood sandpiper is one of the species that will be particularly hard hit by climate change. A research team that, on behalf of the British Environmental Protection Agency and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, examined the future development of the distribution of European breeding birds on the basis of climate models assumes that the range of the wood sandpiper will shrink considerably by the end of the 21st century will move north. The distribution areas south of the 60th parallel will no longer offer suitable habitats for this species. According to this forecast, the wood sandpiper will disappear as a breeding bird in Central Europe . New potential distribution areas arise on the arctic coasts of Norway and Russia, in the south of Novaya Zemlya and on Svalbard . However, these area gains cannot compensate for the area losses further south.
supporting documents
literature
- Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel and Wolfgang Fiedler (eds.): The compendium of birds in Central Europe: Everything about biology, endangerment and protection. Volume 1: Nonpasseriformes - non-sparrow birds. Aula-Verlag Wiebelsheim, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-89104-647-2 .
- Peter Colston , Philip Burton: Limicolen - All European wader species, identifiers, flight images, biology, distribution. BlV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-405-13647-4
- Simon Delany, Derek Scott, Tim Dodman, David Stroud (Eds.): An Atlas of Wader Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International , Wageningen 2009, ISBN 978-90-5882-047-1 .
Web links
- Tringa ochropus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2008. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2004. Retrieved on January 18 of 2009.
- Videos, photos and sound recordings for Tringa ochropus in the Internet Bird Collection
- Age and gender characteristics (PDF; 4.0 MB) by J. Blasco-Zumeta and G.-M. Heinze (Eng.)
- Wood sandpiper's feathers
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hüppop, K & O. Hüppop: Atlas on bird ringing on Helgoland. Vogelwarte 47 (2009), p. 214
- ↑ Delany et al., P. 334
- ↑ Delany et al., P. 334
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 510
- ↑ Delany et al., P. 337
- ↑ Colston et al., P. 201
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 511
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 511
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 511
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 510
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 509
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 510
- ^ Brian Huntley, Rhys E. Green, Yvonne C. Collingham, Stephen G. Willis: A Climatic Atlas of European Breeding Birds , Durham University, The RSPB and Lynx Editions, Barcelona 2007, ISBN 978-84-96553-14-9 , P. 199