Pennywort (genus)
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Common pennywort ( Hydrocotyle vulgaris ), illustration |
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The plant genus pennywort ( Hydrocotyle ) belongs to the family of the Araliaceae (Araliaceae). The only species of these small marsh plants found in Central Europe is the common pennywort ( Hydrocotyle vulgaris ).
description
Vegetative characteristics
Pennywort species are annual or herbaceous plants . The mostly creeping and slender stems take root at the nodes . The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The undivided leaf blades are often heart-shaped. Stipules are present and membranous.
Generative characteristics
The flowers are in simple, dold-like inflorescences or in whorls , in leaf axils or apparently opposite the bract. The hermaphrodite flowers are inconspicuous. The chalice counts are small or completely absent. The petals are white, greenish or yellow and have a straight tip.
The fruit is egg-shaped or almost disc-shaped and strongly compressed on the sides. The joint area is small. The ribs are clear, the midrib of the outer surface is often winged. The oil streaks are only in the main ribs and are indistinct or completely absent. The endocarp is lignified. No fruit carrier ( carpophor ) is formed.
Systematics and distribution
The Hydrocotyle was set up by Carl von Linné .
The pennywort species (earlier also counted among the umbelliferae (Apiaceae)) occur from tropical to temperate areas. The main area of distribution is in the southern hemisphere . 14 species are native to eastern and southern China. In Central Europe only the common pennywort ( Hydrocotyle vulgaris ) is native.
According to the Flora of China , around 75 to 100 species are included in the genus Hydrocotyle , and the Angiosperm Phylogeny website includes up to 130 species (selection):
- Hydrocotyle benguetensis Elmer (Syn .: Hydrocotyle ranunculifolia Ohwi ): Home is Taiwan, Korea and the Philippines.
- Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. : The wide natural range extends from southern Africa through southern, central-western and western tropical Africa to islands of the western Indian Ocean and from the southern USA via Mexico, the Caribbean islands and Central America to large parts of South America.
- Hydrocotyle burmanica In short : Myanmar is at home.
- Hydrocotyle calcicola Y.H.Li : The home is the south of the Chinese province of Yunnan.
- Hydrocotyle changanensis X.C.Du & Y.Ren : The home is the Chinese province of Shaanxi.
- Hydrocotyle dichondroides Makino : The home is in northern Taiwan and Japan.
- Hydrocotyle dielsiana H.Wolff : The home is the central Chinese provinces of Hubei and Sichuan.
- Hydrocotyle himalaica P.K.Mukherjee : The distribution extends from southern China via Bhutan, northern India and Myanmar to Nepal.
- Hydrocotyle hookeri ( CBClarke ) Craib : It is common in southern China and Myanmar.
- Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. : The distribution area extends from eastern Asia in Japan, Korea and Taiwan via Vietnam, the Indian subcontinent, Malesia to eastern Australia and islands of the southwestern Pacific.
- Brazilian pennywort ( Hydrocotyle leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl. ): The home of the plant, also known as the white-headed pennywort , is in southern Mexico, Central America and South America.
- Hydrocotyle nepalensis Hook. (Syn .: Hydrocotyle polycephala Wight & Arn. ): The homeland is in China and the Himalayan region as far as eastern Nepal.
- Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae DC. : The home is New Zealand.
- Hydrocotyle pseudoconferta Masamune : The home is Taiwan, the Chinese province of Yunnan and Myanmar.
- Hydrocotyle ramiflora Maxim. (Syn .: Hydrocotyle maritima Honda ): The home is Taiwan, the Chinese province of Zhejiang and Japan.
- Buttercup-like pennywort ( Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. ): The distribution area is in tropical Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula in Yemen and in North and South America.
- Hydrocotyle salwinica R.H.Shan & SLLiou : The home is in China in eastern Tibet and in northeastern Yunnan.
- Hydrocotyle setulosa Hayata (Syn .: Hydrocotyle laxiflora Masam. , Hydrocotyle masamunei M. Hiroe ): The home is Taiwan.
- Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. (Syn. H. japonica , H. rotundifolia ): With a distribution from tropical Africa over islands of the West Indian Ocean, the Arabian Peninsula in Yemen, the Indian subcontinent, further over Malesia, back India, China and Taiwan to Japan.
- Hydrocotyle umbellata L .: It is widespread in the New World.
- American pennywort ( Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. ): It is widespread in the temperate and subtropical regions of North and South America.
- Common pennywort ( Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. ): The home is in the sub-Atlantic (to sub-Mediterranean) Europe; it also occurs in Central Europe. It is also common in the Caucasus region in Azerbaijan and Georgia.
- Hydrocotyle wilfordii Max .: It is common in Vietnam, southern China, Japan and Korea.
- Hydrocotyle wilsonii Diels ex RHShan & SLLiou : The home is the central Chinese provinces of Hubei and Chongqing .
use
Some species play a role in the aquarium hobby . These include the Brazilian pennywort ( Hydrocotyle leucocephala ), the common pennywort ( Hydrocotyle vulgaris ), the American pennywort ( Hydrocotyle verticillata ), the creeping pennywort ( Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides ) and other species.
swell
literature
- Siegmund Seybold (ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6
Individual evidence
- ↑ Xi-Chun Du, Yi Ren: Hydrocotyle changanensi (Araliaceae), a new species from Shaanxi, China . In: Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2010 (Ed.): Annales Botanici Fennici . tape 47 , no. 3 , 2010, ISSN 0003-3847 , p. 403-407 ( PDF file 1.21 MB online ).
- ^ Hydrocotyle in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ She Menglan, Mark F. Watson, John Cannon FM: Apiaceae through Ericaceae . In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H.Raven (eds.): Flora of China . Volume 14. Science Press et al. a., Beijing et al. a., ISBN 0-915279-24-X , Hydrocotyle , pp. 14 (English, online - text identical to the printed work).
- ↑ Christel Kasselmann (1999), p. 302.
- ^ Hans-Georg Kramer: Plant aquaristics á la Kramer. Tetra-Verlag, Berlin-Velten 2009, ISBN 978-3-89745-190-2 , p. 146 f. ( Creeping pennywort ).
- ↑ Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd, revised and expanded edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , pp. 302–306.
Web links
- Hydrocotyls in the flora of Chile (PDF file; 914 kB)