Xinjiang conflict

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The Xinjiang conflict , East Turkestan conflict or Sinkiang conflict is a decades-old ethno-religious conflict between the People's Republic of China and Uighur separatists in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. According to the Uighurs , the Xinjang region, which they see as their homeland and refer to as East Turkestan , is not part of China and was conquered by China in 1949 and has been under Chinese occupation ever since. According to China's official view, the region officially known as Xinjiang ( new territory or, officially, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ) has been part of China for centuries. The separatist endeavors are supported by underground organizations , the most important of which is the Uighur independence movement .

background

The Xinjiang Wars were a series of armed conflicts that took place in Xinjiang , Republic of China during the Age of Warlords and the Chinese Civil War (early and mid-20th centuries). The wars also played an important role in the Uighur independence movement.

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch suggests that the Uighur aversion to the alleged suppression of Uighur culture during the time of the riots, some based on ethnicity People's Republic of China took place (PRC) in Xinjiang, could explain.

Conversely, Han Chinese residents of the region believe that they are treated as second-class citizens by the policies of the People's Republic of China, in which many of the policies of ethnic autonomy discriminate against them (see Autonomous Administrative Units of China ), and that previous Chinese dynasties prior to the Xinjiang were Uighur Empire owners. Independence apologists see Chinese rule in Xinjiang and political positions such as the Xinjiang Production and Development Corps as Chinese imperialism .

timeline

Beginnings

Some put the beginning of the later phase of the conflict in Xinjiang in the 1950s.

In the 1980s there was a breakup of student demonstrations and clashes against police action. The April 1990 revolt in the Baren local government district , an unsuccessful uprising, resulted in more than 50 deaths.

Late 1990s

A police arrest and execution of 30 separatism suspects during Ramadan sparked large demonstrations in February 1997, which the Chinese state media described as rioting, but which Western observers described as peaceful. These demonstrations culminated in the incident in Gulja on February 5, in which an intervention by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) against the demonstrations resulted in at least nine and possibly over 100 deaths. The February 25, 1997 bus bombing in Urumqi killed 9 and injured 68. The situation in Xinjiang was relatively calm from the late 1990s to mid-2006, although inter-ethnic tensions undoubtedly persisted.

2007 until today

In 2007, a military operation in the Pamir Plateau made the world aware of the conflict. 17 people were arrested and 18 killed in the raid . The following year there was a failed suicide attempt on a China Southern Airlines flight in 2008, and the 2008 Xinjiang attack that resulted in the deaths of 16 police officers four days before the 2008 Summer Olympics .

Other incidents include the riots in Ürümqi in July 2009 following the peaceful Uighur demonstration (according to official figures 197 people died and more than 1,600 were injured), the riots in Xinjiang in September 2009 and the 2010 bomb attack in Aksu , which is up for questioning led by 376 people. The 2011 Hotan attack in July killed 18 civilians. Although all of the attackers were Uyghurs, both Han Chinese and Uyghurs were among the victims. In 2011, six ethnic Uighur men attempted to hijack a plane to Urumqi , but failed due to resistance from the crew and passengers.

On April 24, 2013 clashes occurred between social workers and police officers near Kashgar . The outbreak of violence killed at least 21 people, including 15 police officers and officials. A municipal official said the clashes broke out after three municipal officials reported suspicious men armed with knives who were hiding in a house in Selibuya Township, outside Kashgar .

Two months later, on June 26, 2013, 27 people died in rioting in Lukqun Municipality, 17 of them from the rioters. The other ten dead were attackers shot dead.

By means of re-education camps and close monitoring, the Chinese central government is trying to stop unrest in the province and to carry out ethnic assimilation . International observers such as Human Rights Watch speak of massive human rights violations. The government officially confirmed the existence of such facilities in October 2018, but denied these allegations of ill-treatment there. At the end of June 2020, there were reports for the first time about forced sterilizations and abortions of Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities in the camps. A simultaneous analysis of Chinese statistics and government documents showed that the birth rate in Xinjiang fell by an average of 24 percent between 2015 and 2018, and by 84 percent in two prefectures .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ [1] The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur identity, Language, Policy, and Political discourse (PDF)
  2. ↑ a b c Archive link ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from March 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ^ "Xinjiang to intensify crackdown on separatists," China Daily , October 25, 2001
  5. ↑ Amnesty International Document - "China: Remember the Gulja massacre? China's crackdown on peaceful protesters", Web Action WA 003/07 AI Index: ASA 17/002/2007, Start date: 01/02/2007 Archive link
  6. ↑ [2]
  7. ↑ Hierman, Brent. "The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988-2002." Problems of Post-Communism, May / June 2007, Volume 54, Volume 54, Issue 3, Pages 48–62
  8. ↑ http://www.cctv.com/english/20070110/100828.shtml
  9. ^ Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, " China confronts its Uyghur threat ," Asia Times Online , April 18, 2008.
  10. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/world/asia/05china.html
  11. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of October 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ^ Kristin Shi-Kupfer: China - Xinjiang | bpb. Retrieved January 4, 2019 .
  13. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/17/china-prosecuted-hundreds-xinjiang-unrest
  14. ↑ Chi-yuk Choi: Ban on Islamic dress sparked Uygur attack , South China Morning Post . July 22, 2011. 
  15. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2277362.ece
  16. ↑ Chinese plane in Xinjiang hijack attempt , June 29, 2012, loaded on October 18, 2018
  17. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22276042
  18. ↑ http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/24/world/asia/china-xinjiang-violence/index.html?hpt=hp_t3
  19. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from April 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  20. ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2013/04/201342461038596954.html
  21. ↑ State media: Violence leaves 27 dead in restive minority region in far western China ( Memento from June 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  22. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/27/world/asia/ethnic-violence-in-western-china.html?_r=1&
  23. ↑ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-26/xinjiang-violence-leaves-27-dead-after-attack-on-police-stations.html
  24. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/china-riots-xinjiang-province
  25. ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2013/06/2013626522162718.html
  26. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from July 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  27. ↑ http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2013/06/27-dead-in-xinjiang-violence/
  28. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-23050288
  29. ↑ Deutschlandfunk : How China controls Muslims , October 17, 2018, loaded on October 17, 2018
  30. ↑ tagesschau.de: China: Re-education camp for Muslims now officially. Retrieved January 16, 2019 .
  31. ↑ Bernhard Zand, DER SPIEGEL: China: Uyghur women should be forced to sterilize and have an abortion - DER SPIEGEL - Politics. Retrieved July 1, 2020 .
  32. ↑ China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization. June 29, 2020, accessed July 1, 2020 .