Conflict

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Disruption is a term that is used in different contexts. It was originally used to describe a state of contrition of the heart , which was understood as the condition of the sinner's inner repentance . This meaning, which was still predominant in Pietism , gradually changed in the late 17th, but especially in the 18th century , when the term was increasingly used in secular contexts. Now one understood by disunity the conflict of the individual, a distress of the soul, an inner conflict between wishes and reality.

literature

The term was used in the phase of sensitivity , but above all in Sturm und Drang to describe people. One felt a dichotomy between feeling and understanding, spirit and urge. This conflict was a central motif in most of the dramas of this period. Although the Sturm und Drang on the one hand developed ideas of the Enlightenment , on the other hand it contradicted some of its characteristics. The Enlightenment, which emphasizes the rational with its motto Sapere aude , contrasted the Sturm und Drang with heart, feeling, hunch and drive. As Hermann August Korff put it, the attitude towards life of this epoch consisted “in a peculiar conflict between the decided feeling for the value of all finiteness, that is, reality, and the opposite feeling for the inward infinity of nature and life, before which all finitude inwardly vanishes become."

Friedrich Maximilian Klinger , who was to give the name to Sturm und Drang with his drama of the same name, exemplified the turmoil of the human being in the tragedy The Suffering Woman . He described his own turmoil: “I am torn within myself and can not pull the strings again find to tie in with life. ” Wilhelm Heinse expressed man's self-doubts in the question:“ What is man? a point decomposed and torn by fate on all sides. "

While Goethe still made use of this concept in his early work - partly related to sensitivity , partly attributable to Sturm und Drang - such as Götz von Berlichingen or the Sorrows of young Werther , a little later in his triumph of sensitivity he parodied the turmoil, although he was himself around his own, "scattered, I don't want to say torn being" knew. He and other authors also used the term to identify and define their own time in contrast to idealized antiquity . For them, in contrast to the moderns , the Greeks were not yet “dismembered” and separated in their “healthy human strength”.

For Friedrich Schlegel there was a connection in antiquity and not yet dismemberment and confusion . "The void stands before us desolate: man is torn, art and life are separate."

In his confession book Hyperion , Holderlin's criticism of the time culminated in a complaint about the presence of the Germans: “I cannot imagine a people that would be more torn than the Germans. You see craftsmen, but no people, thinkers, but no people, priests, but no people, masters and servants, boys and sedate people, but no people - isn't it like a battlefield, where hands and arms and all limbs lie dismembered one below the other, meanwhile the shed life blood melts in the sand? ”The mental development of the young, Greek idealist as the hero of the novel reflects Holderlin's rejection of the present, his hope for mental redemption through the ideal love for Diotima , his own desire to achieve a new state in where God , nature and man are reunited. The heroic act strives for a new communion, which consists in believing unity with divine nature .

The Romantics , in particular, addressed the turmoil and hoped for liberation into a new paradisiacal state of the future , in which what was separated would have to reunite.

The romantic doppelganger motif played a special role in ETA Hoffmann's work . He dealt with the problem of torn reality in a number of works. In the adventures of New Year's Eve he interlaced various narrative perspectives on several narrative levels. The fate of the traveler is reflected on the one hand in the story of the lost mirror image, on the other hand in the artist's conflict.

For Heinrich Heine , his own conflict was a symbol of the situation at the time.

philosophy

Above all, German idealism dealt with the turmoil of man and the world .

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, for example, blamed the dualistic principle of division, begun with Descartes , for the disruption of the idea and called for a new philosophy as a "means of healing for the turmoil of our time."

For Hegel, conflict was the characteristic of the Enlightenment religion of reason. In it man would become a dead machine. Christ, on the other hand, wanted to “restore man in his totality”, heal the “torn minds” and unite the “torn beings” in love , even if he had to break the ties to the old world in order to establish the kingdom of God . He developed the philosophical terms with the aim of "restoring man from himself against the breakdown of the age and preserving the totality that time has torn apart." Hegel criticized Romanticism. She pleases herself in conflict and inner dissonance . In the phenomenology of the spirit he dealt with the disruption in religion and the world of education , in which disruption becomes an alienated consciousness . This “turmoil of consciousness”, which knows about its state, can only break out in the end in “derisive laughter about existence”. It interferes with the moral concepts because it recognizes the deficient state of the world and, as “indignant self-consciousness”, knows of its “own disruption”, “and in this knowledge of it” “rose immediately above it”.

The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx followed Hegel in this direction to formulate their religious and social criticism. Religion is a "inner turmoil and alienation from oneself". But this deficiency cannot be overcome by philosophy. If it confronts the torn world as a total philosophy , its activity after Karl Marx is also a torn one. It is only the subjective form of the objective disruption of the world. Religious consciousness is an alienation of man from the world and goes back to the contradiction of religious consciousness itself, as he explained in the theses on Feuerbach . Marx saw the reason for the turmoil of reality in private property , which placed man in contradiction with himself. This contradiction can only be overcome by changing the world outside.

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Philosophy . Entry Zerrissenheit , Schwabe Verlag, Hamburg, vol. 12, p. 1305
  2. ↑ Walther Killy : Literaturlexikon , Sturm und Drang, Vol. 14, pp. 411-412
  3. ^ Herbert A. and Elisabeth Frenzel , Dates of German Poetry , Chronological Outline of German Literary History, Vol. 1 From the Beginnings to Young Germany, Sturm und Drang, p. 201. Cologne, 1982
  4. ↑ Hermann August Korff, quoted in after Herbert A. and Elisabeth Frenzel: Dates of German poetry. Cologne 1982, p. 201
  5. ^ Killy: Literature Lexicon . P. 411
  6. ↑ a b c cit. after: Historical dictionary of philosophy. Entry Brokenness , p. 1305
  7. ↑ Friedrich Hölderlin, Hyperion or the Hermit in Greece , p. 262, Hölderlin, Complete Works and Letters 1 - 4, Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin, 1995
  8. ^ Herbert A. and Elisabeth Frenzel, Dates of German Poetry , Classical, Friedrich Hölderlin, Hyperion or the Hermit in Greece, p. 271
  9. ↑ Walther Killy, authors and work dictionary , Hoffmann, ETA, vol. 5, p. 416
  10. ↑ a b Historical Dictionary of Philosophy. Entry Brokenness , p. 1306
  11. ↑ Hegel Phenomenology of Spirit , Vol. 3, p. 389, theoretical work edition by Eva Moldenhauer and Karl Markus Michel in twenty volumes, Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1860
  12. ↑ Hegel: Phenomenology of Spirit. Frankfurt am Main 1860, vol. 3, p. 399
  13. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Philosophy. Entry Tornness , p. 1307