Zhang Junmai

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Zhang Junmai

The social democratically oriented lawyer Zhang Junmai (張君勱, also "Carsun Chang", 1886 - 1969 ) was considered one of the most prominent political figures in the Republic of China .

Vita

Zhang studied in Japan from 1906 to 1910 , from 1913 to 1916 he used study visits to Germany and Great Britain , 1919 to 1921 in France and Germany and finally again from 1929 to 1931 in Germany. During his stays abroad he dealt with the British Labor Party and the Social Democratic Party of Germany as well as the Weimar Constitution . Zhang, one of the outstanding "New Confucians" who revived Confucianism in the 20th century (which is to be distinguished from Neo-Confucianism of the Song Dynasty ), was originally a follower of the state theorist, constitutionalist and former monarchist Liang Qichao . In his career, Zhang was significantly influenced by Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926), Henri Bergson (1859–1941) and Hans Driesch . As an opponent of capitalism , communism and guild socialism , he supported the socialization of key industries and favored a managed economy , as advocated by the SPD under Philipp Scheidemann . He came increasingly into opposition to the Kuomintang , which persecuted him at times. However, after 1928 he shared anti-communism with Chiang Kai-shek .

After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Zhang founded the Society of Rebirth (Zaishengshe 再生 社), which in 1932 became the National Socialist Party of China (中國 國家 社會 黨), which he chaired. After the Second World War , Zhang Junmai was one of the fathers of the 1946 constitution of the Republic of China. His National Socialist Party of China changed its name to the Social Democratic Party of China during this time , as the members use the terms "guojia" after their experience with the National Socialist German Workers' Party. (national, state-building) and "shehui" (socialist) did not want to lead together in the party name. At the same time, left-wing members left the party, but remained in the party alliance Democratic League of China , to which the National Socialist Party of China had previously belonged and which was banned because of its proximity to the Chinese Communist Party . Zhang's new party took part with its own candidates for the election of the National Assembly and the legislative court , but had only moderate success. During the constitution of the National Assembly in 1948, civil war was already raging between the armies of the Communist Party of China and the Republic of China . For this reason, Zhang and his Social Democratic Party of China agreed to the special laws to “combat communist rebellion”, which restricted civil rights and were supposed to freeze the mandates of both parliaments until the state of tension ended. With the proclamation of the People's Republic of China and the withdrawal of the state organs to Taiwan , the Chinese Social Democratic Party also moved its headquarters to the island. Zhang only stayed there briefly as party chairman. Because he did not agree with Chiang Kai-shek's repressive policies , he left Taiwan and stayed in the United States from then on. He only returned for a short stay in 1962.

family

Zhang Junmai's brother was the banker and politician Zhang Jia'ao. His sister Zhang Youyi was an educator and banker, as well as the wife of the literary man Xu Zhimo.

Publications

  • Chang, Carsun. The Third Force in China. New York: Bookman Associates, 1952.
  • Chang, Carsun. The Development of Neo-Confucian Thought. 2 vols. New York: Bookman Associates, 1957-1962.
  • Chang, Carsun. Wang Yang-ming: Idealist philosopher of sixteenth-century China . Jamaica, NY: St. John's University Press, 1962.
  • Chang, Carsun, and Rudolf Eucken. The life problem in China and in Europe. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1922.
  • Chang, Carsun, and Kalidas Nag. China and Gandhian India. Calcutta: The Book Company, 1956.
  • Zhang, Junmai, et al. (1958). A Manifesto on the Reappraisal of Chinese Culture; Our Joint Understanding of the Sinological Study Relating to World Cultural Outlook.
  • Zhang, Junmai. Guoxian yi (1921). In Xian Zheng zhi dao (Beijing: Qinghua daxue chubanshe, 2006a).
  • Zhang, Junmai. Minzu fuxing de xueshu jichu (1935). Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2006b.
  • Zhang, Junmai. Mingri zhi Zhongguo wenhua (1936). Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2006c.
  • Zhang, Junmai. Li guo zhi dao (1938). In Xian Zheng zhi dao (Beijing: Qinghua daxue chubanshe, 2006d).
  • Zhang, Junmai. Yili xue shi jiang gangyao (1955). Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2006.
  • Zhang, Junmai. Bijiao Zhong Ri Yangming xue. Taibei: Taiwan shangwu yinshu guan, 1955.
  • Zhang, Junmai. Bianzheng weiwu zhuyi bolun. Hong Kong: Youlian chubanshe, 1958.
  • Zhang, Junmai. Zhongguo zhuanzhi junzhu zhengzhi pingyi. Taibei: Hongwen guan chubanshe, 1986.
  • Zhang, Junmai. Rujia zhexue zhi fuxing. Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2006.
  • Zhang, Junmai, and Wenxi Cheng. Zhong Xi Yin zhexue wenji. 2 vols. Taibei: Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1970.
  • Zhang, Junmai, and Huayuan Xue. Yijiusijiu nian yihou Zhang Junmai yanlun ji. Taibei: Daoxiang chubanshe, 1989.

literature

  • Carsun Chang: History of New Confucian Philosophy. From the 10th century to the middle of the 19th century. Edited by Heiner Roetz and Joseph Ciaudo. Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt 2016, ISBN 978-3-465-03881-8 .
  • Edmund SK Fung: In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / UK 2000, ISBN 0-521-77124-2 .
  • Roger B. Jeans: Chinese Democratic Socialist Party. In: Fukui, Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific. Vol. 1, p. 212 ff.
  • Roger B. Jeans: Democracy and Socialism: The Politics of Zhang Junmai (Carsun Chang), 1906-1941 . Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham / Boulder / New York / Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-8476-8707-4 .
  • Eric Nelson: Chinese and Buddhist Philosophy in Early Twentieth-Century German Thought . Bloomsbury Academic, 2017, ISBN 978-1-350-00255-5 . Bloomsbury Academic
  • Eric Nelson: Zhang Junmai's Early Political Philosophy and the Paradoxes of Chinese Modernity. In: Asian Studies. Volume 8, No. 1, 2000, pp. 183-208, https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/as/article/view/8609
  • Thomas Weyrauch: China's Democratic Traditions . Longtai, Heuchelheim 2014, ISBN 978-3-938946-24-4 .
  • Thomas Weyrauch: The party landscape in East Asia . Longtai, Heuchelheim 2018, ISBN 978-3-938946-27-5 .

See also

Chinese state philosophy

Web links

Commons : Zhang Junmai  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ^ Fung, In Search of Chinese Democracy, p. 54; Weyrauch, Chinas Democratic Traditions, pp. 143, 152 f .; Weyrauch, The Party Landscape of East Asia, pp. 149, 150 f., 157 f .; Weyrauch, Politisches Lexikon Ostasien, pp. 255, 263; Jeans, Democracy and Socialism, pp. 41, 46 f., 57 ff.
personal data
SURNAME Junmai, Zhang
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Chinese politician and party leader
DATE OF BIRTH 1886
DATE OF DEATH 1969