Olympiastadion Berlin

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Olympiastadion Berlin
The Berlin Olympic Stadium from the west, September 2013
The Berlin Olympic Stadium from the west, September 2013
Data
place Olympischer Platz 3 14053 Berlin , Germany
GermanyGermany
Coordinates 52 ° 30 '52.7 "  N , 13 ° 14' 22.6"  E Coordinates: 52 ° 30 '52.7 "  N , 13 ° 14' 22.6"  E
classification 4th
owner State of Berlin
operator Olympiastadion Berlin GmbH
start of building 1934
opening August 1, 1936
Renovations 2000-2004
surface Natural grass
costs € 242 million (renovation 2000-2004)
architect Werner March (construction),
gmp (conversion)
capacity 74,475 seats
Societies)
Events

The Olympiastadion Berlin is located in the Berlin district of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf in the Westend district . It is part of the Olympic site (originally: Reichssportfeld) and was used from 1934 to 1936 for the XI Games. Olympiad (August 1–16, 1936) with a capacity of 100,000 spectators built on the site of the German stadium previously located there. Today the Olympic Stadium is home to the Hertha BSC football club from the Bundesliga , which is also the main user of the stadium today. It currently offers 74,475 seats, 38,020 of which are on the lower ring and 36,455 on the upper ring.

investment

The Olympic Stadium is a central part of the axially constructed Olympic site (formerly: Reichssportfeld), which also includes the Sports Forum , the Olympic Hockey Stadium, the Olympic Equestrian Stadium, the Olympic Swimming Stadium , the Waldbühne , the Maifeld , the bell tower and the Langemarckhalle , as well as the Stadium terraces belong. The east-west axis extends from the Olympic Square, where the main entrance is located, over the stadium to the bell tower. The oval stadium, which is also laid out in an east-west direction, is interrupted to the west by an opening above the marathon gate and opens up a virtual line of sight over the Maifeld to the bell tower. In the opening is the bowl for the Olympic flame and on the walls of the two pylons at the breakthrough, the so-called marathon plateau , the names of the gold medal winners of the Olympic competitions were immortalized. The main entrance area at the east gate - also known as the Olympic gate - is highlighted by two 35 meter high towers, the Prussian tower in the northeast and the Bayern tower in the southeast, between which the Olympic rings are suspended. At the border to the Maifeld there are four more towers of this type, symmetrically arranged to the east-west axis, the Saxon tower and Friesenturm to the north and Frankenturm and Schwabenturm south of the axis. The less pronounced north-south axis runs from Flatowallee (formerly Reichssportfeldstraße) via the entrance at the south gate , through the stadium and the Olympic swimming stadium.

The stadium

The Olympic Stadium was partially designed as an earth stadium , in which only the upper ring, supported on numerous reinforced concrete pillars , protrudes above the ground level. The upper and lower ring are interrupted at the marathon gate, opposite on the east side, left in the north and right in the south, there are large display boards. All visible outer walls and pillars were clad with ashlar , mostly with Franconian shell limestone , only in some areas such as the marathon gate was the lighter Gauing travertine used. The grandstand area is located on the south side of the stadium. In its center, the "Führerloge", accessible at ground level, was housed. Two walkways were created within the pillar ring, from which passages allow access to the lower ring and the upper ring. The Olympic Stadium is 303.48 m long and (from pillar to pillar) 228.31 m wide.

  • Location of the stadium on the Olympic site

  • Line of sight marathon goal, September 2014

  • The bowl for the Olympic flame in the marathon gate, August 2015

  • Main entrance (east gate) with the five Olympic rings and the Podbielskieiche , November 2015

Outdoor area

The stadium is surrounded by a flat outdoor area. The eastern corners of the rectangular basic shape are rounded. The outdoor area is limited to the north by the Olympic swimming stadium and to the west by the Maifeld. The areas directly adjacent to the stadium, as well as the entrances from the east gate and south gate, from the Maifeld and the area on the wall to the lower-lying swimming stadium are paved. The four corners of the site are left as a meadow. Behind the Prussian Tower at the east gate is the Podbielskieiche , an approximately 200-year-old protected natural monument that took its name, reminiscent of Victor von Podbielski , from a tree of the same name in the previous stadium.

The curves in the east are characterized by sculptures and steles. From 1935 to 1937, the sculptures created discus thrower and relay runners from Karl Albiker . Of the two sculptures, which run towards the east gate, a winning stele each commemorates the German gold medal winners of the Olympic Summer and Winter Games since 1896, based on a model from ancient Greece . The memorial stones (Olympic steles ) have the architectural character of an outer ring of pillars. The transition to the Maifeld is framed by two Rosseführer sculptures by Joseph Wackerle . The four sculptures, like the cladding of the marathon gate, are made of Gauinger travertine . They were carved out of a large stone block on site. The requirement for the artists was to reflect the architecture of the Reichssportfeld in the design of the sculptures.

The Olympic bell is set up on the approach to the west of the south gate. Before the days of mobile communication, it was a popular meeting place for viewers who had lost sight of each other in the turmoil. It is the bell that was hung in the bell tower for the 1936 Olympic Games . When the burnt out bell tower was blown up in 1947, it fell to the ground and was cracked. To protect against metal theft , it was first buried in the forecourt of the bell tower, then found again in 1956 and dug up and placed in the outdoor area of ​​the Olympic Stadium.

  • Vertical aerial view of the stadium with the Olympic site, June 2013

  • Podbielski oak at the main entrance of the Olympic Stadium, August 2016

  • Relay runner (relay runner) by Karl Albiker , June 2008

  • Rosseführer by Joseph Wackerle , October 2009

history

prehistory

In 1912 the 1916 Summer Olympics were awarded to Berlin. For this purpose, the German Stadium was built within 200 days inside the Grunewald racecourse, which was built in 1909, according to plans by the architect Otto March and inaugurated on June 8, 1913 for the 25th anniversary of the throne of Kaiser Wilhelm II . However, because of the First World War , the 1916 Olympic Games did not take place. After the First World War, Germany was excluded from the Olympic Games in 1920 and 1924 . With the participation of German athletes in the 1928 Games , Germany again became a possible host of the Olympic Games.

The XI. The 1936 Summer Olympics were awarded to Berlin on May 13, 1931 by the International Olympic Committee . Initially, the organizers of the games planned to convert the existing German stadium. Werner March , son of the architect of the German stadium Otto March, was commissioned with the planning . According to his plans, the large ground stadium should be sunk deeper and the swimming pool removed from the opposite stand and relocated to the east curve. In this way, additional spectator seats should be gained and the spectators brought closer to the action on the field. In addition to the southern tunnel access, they wanted to build another tunnel from the east as an access under the racecourse to the stadium.

1934-1938

Contrary to the original plan to convert the German Stadium for the Olympic Games, the new Chancellor Adolf Hitler ordered the construction of a new large stadium in October 1933 because of the propaganda effect to be expected for Germany and commissioned the previously responsible architect Werner March with the plans. Hitler visited the construction site in October 1934 and approved March's design. He suggested the use of natural stones for the facade. He also recommended March to meet the architect Albert Speer . This meeting probably took place in November / December 1934. In the opinion of Speer biographer Magnus Brechtken , the two architects apparently quickly came to an agreement. There were no “other meetings, conversations or influences from Speer” as von Speer claims in his autobiography. Furthermore, Hitler now declared the building a Reich affair and reduced the role of the previously responsible city of Berlin from the Olympic planning. The surrounding racetrack was to be given up and the landlord, the Union Club , was expropriated. This gave space to the west of the stadium for a large parade and assembly area, today's Maifeld , which Hitler attached great importance to. The Olympic construction project was the first of Hitler's major construction projects. As a result of the expansion of the existing planning, the expenses rose from the originally calculated 5.5 million to 42 million Reichsmarks (adjusted for purchasing power in today's currency: around 188 million euros). With the Olympic Games in Germany he wanted to show the world in a propagandistic way that the German Reich under his leadership was primarily a peace-loving, socially and economically aspiring country.

The stadium was opened on August 1, 1936 on the occasion of the XI. Olympic Games opened after just 28 months of construction.

  • Map of the Reichssportfeld with information on the capacity of the buildings and facilities, 1936

  • Hitler with the Olympic Committee on the opening day, August 1, 1936

  • Soccer game at the Olympic Games, August 1936

  • Night lighting on the occasion of the Olympic Games, August 1936

  • Visitors in front of the east gate, 1936. There was a swastika on the Prussian tower (right) .

1939-1945

During the Second World War , the Blaupunkt company operated a production facility for detonators in the stadium catacombs . Parts of the catacombs were also used for air defense. In the last days of the Second World War, fighting took place near the Berlin Olympic Stadium. On April 28, Hitler ordered the Reich Youth Leader Arthur Axmann from the Führerbunker to defend the Havel crossing and the Reichssportfeld with his HJ division against the Soviets advancing from the west. The action was not very successful. The information about the exact circumstances and the losses differ greatly. While Axmann estimates only around 70 dead on the German side in his justification after the war, other sources speak of thousands of Hitler Youth dead.

At the end of the war there were bomb craters on the site of the Olympic Stadium and the bell tower was destroyed by fire.

1945-2000

In the grandstand on the south side there is a hall of honor and in front of it the grandstand with the former Fiihrer's box , which in 1957 had to be shortened by two meters due to one of the last orders of the British military administration to include the area in which Hitler stayed during the Olympic Games has to remove and thus prevent a possible neo-Nazi cult site.

The bell tower was blown up in 1947 and rebuilt in 1962.

On September 26, 1969, the match between Hertha BSC and 1. FC Köln was 88,075, which was the highest number of spectators in a Bundesliga match .

The stadium was partially covered in 1974 for the soccer world championship that took place in the same year .

  • Postage stamp (1953) from the series Berlin Buildings

  • Grandstand with the former "Führerloge", which was shortened in 1957, September 2015

  • March memorial plaque from 1965 on the marathon gate, January 2011

  • Olympic Stadium with partial roofing, January 1997

  • Interior of the Olympic Stadium before the renovation

  • The Olympic Stadium from the east before the renovation, July 1999

Reconstruction 2000-2004

In the years 2000–2004, the Olympic Stadium was fundamentally rebuilt and modernized for the 2006 World Cup , while the sports operations were retained, based on designs by the architects Gerkan, Marg and Partners . Walter Bau AG was chosen to carry out the renovation, which at that time was already in financial difficulties. After completing the major renovation work, it filed for bankruptcy on February 1, 2005 .

The competition area has been lowered by a few ranks to create a denser atmosphere for football matches. During the renovation work, the conservation issues of monument protection had to be taken into account. The old natural stones were individually sandblasted; in this way, around 70 percent of the historical building fabric could be preserved. Outstanding features of the converted Olympic Stadium are the roof that now encompasses all tiers, on which continuous floodlighting ("ring of fire") was mounted, which does not create any shadows or penumbra during floodlights. A blue tartan track was applied in the club's colors at the request and expense of the Bundesliga soccer team Hertha BSC . The blue color scheme was criticized by the monument protection. The fear that water birds might end up on the runway has not been confirmed.

Due to its specifications, all installations and conversions (additional ceilings, wall cladding, etc.) have been designed to be removable, so that the condition from before 2000 could theoretically be restored. In addition, new fire holders were installed in the aisles of the stadium, which are missing in photographs from 1936. A Christian chapel has been located on the ground floor of the stadium since 2004, the walls of which are covered with gold leaf . The ringing of the bells is played by means of a tape recording that was recorded in the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church.

After completion of the construction work, the stadium now has 74,475 seats. The total cost of this conversion amounted to around 242 million euros , of which 196 million were borne by the federal government. After the renovation, the Olympic Stadium was awarded the status of a five-star stadium by UEFA .

  • View from the bell tower of the Olympic Stadium during the renovation

  • The blue running track around the field, October 2009

  • Panorama, October 2009

  • Fire holder in the lower passage or lower ring, May 2008

  • Chapel, September 2015

Since 2004

The official inauguration of the new stadium took place on July 31st and August 1st, 2004 with a large concert event, at which Nena , Pink and the conductor Daniel Barenboim performed, among others . On the second day, Hertha BSC's amateurs opened the season of the North Regional Football League against local rivals 1. FC Union Berlin , and a friendly match between Hertha BSC and Beşiktaş Istanbul was played. On September 8, 2004, the international match between Germany and Brazil was played in the Berlin Olympic Stadium (final score: 1: 1).

The stadium was the venue and the final venue for the 2006 World Cup . On January 13, 2006, FIFA announced that the opening ceremony for the football World Cup in Berlin on June 7, planned by the Austrian artist André Heller , would be canceled. The 25 million euro show was supposed to be the festive prelude to the World Cup in Germany. Possible problems with the lawn in the Berlin Olympic Stadium for the following games were named as the reason. As “compensation” for the city of Berlin, a celebration was organized on Strasse des 17. Juni . On May 12, 2006, the “World Cup turf” for the stadium was delivered directly from the Netherlands , in the same month that many exhibitors presented their products for the World Cup on the square in front of the stadium. During the 2006 World Cup, four preliminary round matches, the quarter-finals between Germany and Argentina (5-3  penit ) and the final between Italy and France (6-4 penit) took place in the stadium.

In 2007 it received the IOC / IPC / IAKS Award in gold, the only international architecture award for sports and leisure facilities that have already proven themselves in operation (new buildings, extensions or modernizations). At the same time, it was awarded the IOC / IPC / IAKS Special Prize 2007 for handicapped-accessible sports facilities, which promotes the accessibility of sports facilities and all other buildings in order to give people with disabilities the opportunity to exercise or watch sport without restriction and barrier-free .

In 2009, the World Athletics Championships were held in the Olympiastadion Berlin , and Berlin was named as the venue on December 4, 2004. During this world championship, Usain Bolt set world records in the 100-meter and 200-meter run on the track at the Berlin Olympic Stadium , which still stand today with 9.58 and 19.19 seconds.

On May 30, 2015, the goal-line technology Hawk-Eye was used for the first time in Germany at the final of the DFB-Pokal competition 2014/15 between VfL Wolfsburg and Borussia Dortmund . The game ended 3-1 for Wolfsburg.

The final of the UEFA Champions League was scheduled for June 6, 2015 in the Berlin Olympic Stadium. The FC Barcelona could with 3: 1 against Juventus prevail.

Renewed
renovation of the stadium The considerations of removing the athletics facility from the stadium by converting it into a pure football stadium in accordance with the wishes of Hertha BSC and the SPD had led to protests from the ranks of athletics in May 2017. Not only that athletics officials criticized the ban on athletics from the Olympic Stadium, but also many top German athletes spoke out against it and Usain Bolt ( Jamaica ) also got involved in the discussion about maintaining “his world record track” (100 m, 200 m) . Furthermore, the examination of a referendum was not ruled out, in order not to have unnecessarily wasted the money that was only spent in 2004 and additional millions on creating an improved atmosphere during a football match. Recently, the one-sided renovation plans no longer seem to be planned for financial and sport-logistical reasons, as the Senate's investment plan until 2021, which was presented in September 2017, does not provide any funds for this and Hertha BSC is therefore building a new stadium in Berlin on its own account should. In May 2018, the Hertha club officials made it clear that they were not interested in the renovation of the Olympic Stadium and were aiming for a new building on the Olympic site.

Todays use

Sporting use

Hertha BSC has played its home games in the Olympic Stadium since the Bundesliga was founded in 1963 and is currently the main user. Tasmania Berlin , Tennis Borussia Berlin and Blau-Weiß 90 Berlin also used the Olympic Stadium as their home ground while they were in the 1st or 2nd Bundesliga. The final of the DFB Cup has been held annually in the Olympic Stadium since 1985, and this is currently contractually agreed with the DFB until 2025. Until 2009, the final of the women's DFB Cup took place there. In 1974 and 2006 , World Cup games were played in the Olympic Stadium, and the final in 2006 . In 2011 the women's soccer world championship opened here. The stadium will host the 2024 European Football Championship . The Berlin Thunder American football team played its home games in NFL Europe in the Olympic Stadium from 2003 to 2007 . In addition, athletics competitions such as the annual ISTAF are held.

Other major events

Occasionally, the stadium is also used for major events without a sporting character, such as church days or concerts. On July 12, 2008, Mario Barth set the world record as the “live comedian with the most viewers” ​​by performing in front of 70,000 spectators in the Olympic Stadium. On September 22, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI celebrated a holy mass in the Olympic Stadium as part of his visit to Germany . Every year around 300,000 tourists visit the Olympic Stadium.

  • Seating arrangement in the Olympic Stadium, January 2015

  • The filled stadium during the Bundesliga match Hertha BSC against Borussia Dortmund , April 21, 2007

  • Interior of the Olympic Stadium, September 2015


More rooms

In the stadium complex, there are flags on the edge of the upper ring, covered seats, boxes, tribunes of honor, press stands, VIP annex, video surveillance by the police, stadium chapel, reporter pit, an underground warm-up hall with 100-meter lanes, changing rooms on the second basement floor as well as technical rooms and underground car parks .

Transport links

The Olympiastadion is to the east through the Olympia-Stadion underground station about 500 meters away (first: Stadion , later: Reichssportfeld , Olympia-Stadion Ost ) on the U2 line and to the south through the Olympiastadion S-Bahn station about 300 meters away with the S3 lines and S9 of the S-Bahn connected to the Berlin local transport network.

For events in the Olympic Stadium (for example Hertha BSC games or international football matches) and in the Olympic Park (for example at Lollapalooza Berlin ) special trains are used that stop at four head platforms of the S-Bahn station.

Awards for the renovation

  • IAKS All-Time-Award 2015
  • BDA -Architekturpreis Nike 2007 in the category best spatial effect
  • IOC / IAKS Award in Gold 2007
  • IPC / IAKS special award 2007
  • iF Gold Award 2007: Chapel in the Olympiastadion Berlin
  • red dot award 2007: Chapel in the Olympiastadion Berlin
  • Architecture Prize Berlin 2006
  • Light Architecture Prize 2005
  • German Steel Construction Award 2004

See also

literature

  • Stephan Brandt: From the Grunewald racecourse to the Olympic Stadium. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2015, ISBN 978-3-95400-494-2 .
  • Martin Kaule: Olympiastadion Berlin and Olympic Village Elstal. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86153-766-3 .
  • Volker Kluge : Olympiastadion Berlin - stones begin to talk . Parthos-Verlag, Berlin 1999. ISBN 3-932529-28-6 .
  • Werner March : Reichssportfeld building. German art publisher, 1936.
  • Dan Richter : Olympiastadion Berlin. People and stories about the big group. Zeitgeist Media, Gütersloh 2004, ISBN 3-926224-49-5 .
  • Rainer Rother (Hrsg.): The historical site of the Olympic site 1909 - 1936 - 2006. Olympiastadion Berlin. Published on behalf of the DHM. Jovis Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-936314-66-7 .
  • Wolfgang Schächen , Norbert Szymanski: The realm sports field. Architecture in the field of tension between sport and power . bebra Verlag, Berlin 2001. ISBN 3-930863-67-7 .

Web links

Commons : Olympiastadion Berlin  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : Olympiastadion Berlin  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Berlin / Olympiastadion  - travel guide

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ olympiastadion.berlin: Figures, data, facts - Olympiastadion Berlin
  2. ^ Werner March: Reichssportfeld building. Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1936, pp. 19–20. Online at digilib.tu-graz.at
  3. ^ Sculptures in the Olympic area - models, photographs, documents by Ursel Berger .
  4. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympiastadion Berlin - stones begin to talk . Parthos-Verlag, Berlin 1999. ISBN 3-932529-28-6 , p. 84.
  5. ↑ Wolfgang Schächen , Norbert Szymanski: Das Reichssportfeld. Architecture in the field of tension between sport and power . bebra Verlag, Berlin 2001. ISBN 3-930863-67-7 , pp. 52-53.
  6. ↑ Magnus Brechtken: Albert Speer. A German career . Siedler Verlag, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-8275-0040-3 , p. 79.
  7. ↑ Schächte, Szymanski 2001, pp. 55–56;
    Arnd Krüger : The Olympic Games in 1936 and world opinion: their importance in foreign policy with special consideration of the USA. Berlin: Bartels & Wernitz, 1972 (= Sports Science Papers Vol. 7). ISBN 3-87039-925-2 .
  8. ^ Schache, Szymanski 2001, p. 57.
  9. ↑ Hilmar Hoffmann: Myth Olympia. Autonomy and submission to sport and culture . Weimar 1993, p. 17
  10. ^ Schache, Szymanski 2001, p. 123.
  11. ↑ Ulrich Paul: On the catwalk across the lawn. In: Berliner Zeitung , July 30, 2011, p. 22
  12. ^ Rolf Lautenschläger: Hitler's Stadium. In: Die Tageszeitung , August 1, 2011, accessed on April 11, 2020.
  13. ↑ Ulrich Paul: On the catwalk across the lawn. In: Berliner Zeitung , July 30, 2011, p. 22
  14. ↑ herthabsc.de: The stadium chapel
  15. ↑ a b Air Berlin Magazin , Sport: The Olympic flame should burn again in Berlin , p. 78 f., September / October 2011
  16. ^ Stadium - Olympiastadion Berlin ( Memento from May 30, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 2, 2017.
  17. ↑ The blue wonder of Berlin. At: ksta.de , August 1, 2004
  18. ↑ Olympiastadion 2015: Berlin wins the Champions League final. In: Spiegel Online . May 23, 2013, accessed May 26, 2016 .
  19. ↑ Hertha will probably move out of the Olympic Stadium. On: tagesspiegel.de , August 19, 2017, accessed May 31, 2018
  20. ↑ Pamela Ruprecht, Peter Schmitt: Voices on plans for reconstruction of the Berlin Olympic Stadium. On: Leichtathletik.de , May 22, 2017, accessed on May 31, 2018
  21. ↑ a b Jan-Henner Reitze: Flash News of the Day - Conversion of the Berlin Olympic Stadium off the table? ( Memento from August 20, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) On: Leichtathletik.de , August 19, 2017, accessed on August 20, 2017
  22. ↑ Peter Schmitt: Clear criticism of the DLV President of renovation plans for the Berlin Olympic Stadium. On: Leichtathletik.de , May 22, 2017, accessed on May 31, 2018
  23. ↑ Hertha will probably move out of the Olympic Stadium. On: tagesspiegel.de , August 19, 2017, accessed May 31, 2018
  24. ↑ For Hertha the following applies from now on: new building or nothing. In: Berliner Morgenpost , August 14, 2018
  25. ↑ DFB Cup final will stay online in Berlin Berliner Zeitung until 2025 , July 3, 2020
  26. ↑ Ulrich Paul: On the catwalk across the lawn. In: Berliner Zeitung , July 30, 2011, p. 22
  27. ↑ Olympiastadion Berlin: Welcome to the new Olympiastadion Berlin. Leaflet from 2012
  28. ↑ transfermarkt.de: description of the Olympic Stadium
  29. ^ S-Bahn Berlin: S-Bahn and U-Bahn network with regional traffic
  30. ↑ Without stress to the Olympic Stadium | S-Bahn Berlin GmbH. Retrieved December 8, 2018 .
  31. ↑ S-Bahn runs every 3 minutes to the Lollapalooza Festival. Retrieved December 8, 2018 .
  32. ^ IAKS All-Time Award. In: iaks.org. Retrieved November 8, 2015 .
  33. ↑ Olympiastadion Berlin GmbH: Olympiastadion Berlin receives award as an outstanding sport and event location. (No longer available online.) In: olympiastadion-berlin.de. November 3, 2015, archived from the original on April 28, 2016 ; Retrieved November 8, 2015 .
Olympic ringsCompetition venues for the 1936 Summer Olympics
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