User:Mickeyinchina/Nuo Opera and UNI-Dome: Difference between pages
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image = [[image:UNI Dome.jpg|250px]]| |
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stadium_name = UNI-Dome| |
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|title = Nuo Opera |
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location = [[Cedar Falls, Iowa]]| |
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|image = [[Image:Nuo_opera_performance.jpg|270px]] |
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opened = February 7, 1976 | |
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|caption = People performing Nuo opera |
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owner = [[University of Northern Iowa]] | |
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surface = [[Astroturf]] | |
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construction_cost = $7 million [[United States dollar|USD]]| |
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tenants = [[UNI Panthers]] ([[Division I]] [[Missouri Valley Conference]]) (1993-Present) | |
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|header1 = What is Nuo opera? |
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seating_capacity = 16,300 (Football) | |
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|data1 = Nuo opera is a traditional folk opera in southwestern China |
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'''UNI-Dome''' (pronounced "you-knih-dome") is a multi-purpose [[stadium]] on the campus of the [[University of Northern Iowa]] in [[Cedar Falls, Iowa]]. It opened in 1976 as the home of the UNI Panthers [[basketball]] and [[American football|football]] teams. The facility's [[Seating capacity|capacity]] for football is 16,300. For basketball, its official capacity is 10,000; however, it has seated as many as 22,000 for that sport for events such as the 1990 [[The Summit League|Mid-Continent Conference]] men’s basketball tournament and the 1997 Division I National Wrestling Championships. It has been the home of the Iowa State High School football championships since 1976 and has hosted junior college football bowl games, wrestling, track and field, softball, concerts and conventions. In 1998, the [[air-supported structure|air-supported roof]] collapsed in a snowstorm. Since this had occurred on numerous occasions before, it was replaced by a more permanent metal roof. On [[November 18]], [[2006]], the [[McLeod Center]] opened for basketball, volleyball, and wrestling. The UNI-Dome attendance record is 17,074, which was set on October 13, 2007 during a Panthers (ranked 2nd and undefeated) 30 - 24 homecoming victory against Southern Illinois (ranked 7th and also undefeated). |
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'''Nuo Opera''' or '''Nuo Drama''' ({{zh-stp|s=傩戏|t=儺戲|p=nuo2xi4}}), deemed as "living fossil of opera", is one of the most popular folk operas in southwestern China and has a long history. Characterized by its special features - such as the ferocious masks, unique dresses and adornments, the strange language used in the performance, and mysterious scenes, '''nuo opera''' has been selected as one of China's non-material cultural legacies. The opera integrates religious and dramatic culture. The most unique symbol of '''nuo opera''', the masks, can be considered as a treasure of Chinese folk ark.<ref>Zhang, Tianlin 张天林: ''Nuoxi: mysterious Chinese Opera and Its Masks (神秘的傩文化——傩戏与傩面具)''. '''Page 49, Women in China (01/2007)'''</ref> The masks of '''nuo opera''' are also believed to be the origin of the facial painting used in another famous Chinese opera - [[Beijing opera]]. |
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<br />In ancient times, '''nuo opera''' was very popular in the [[Yangtze River]], [[Yellow River]] and Nenjiang River valleys. However, with the development, the opera's popularity waned in those river valley areas. Nowadays, it still remains popular among the rural areas in southwestern China, such as [[Guizhou]], [[Anhui]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]] provinces and [[Guangxi|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]. It is especially popular in the regions inhabited by some ethnic minorities, such as [[Miao people|Miao]], [[Dong people|Dong]] and [[Yao people|Yao]].<ref>Zhang, Tianlin 张天林: ''Nuoxi: mysterious Chinese Opera and Its Masks (神秘的傩文化——傩戏与傩面具)''. '''Page 49, Women in China (01/2007)'''</ref> |
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==Basic Introduction== |
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Nuo opera is the the most direct and important expressive media of nuo culture.<ref>http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/nuo-drama.htm</ref> Other forms of representation of the nuo culture include Nuowu (傩舞 儺舞 Nuo dance), Nuoge (傩歌 儺歌 Nuo song) and Nuoyi (傩仪 儺儀 Nuo ceremony) and so on. The purpose of Nuo opera is to drive away devils, disease and evil influences, and also to petition for blessings from the gods. |
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==Etimology== |
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Nuo opera is the English translation of the art form. similar to [[Beijing opera]], nuo opera is totally different from the typical western opera or drama. The Chinese character for "nuo" is "傩" in simplified Chinese or "儺" in traditional Chinese, which is a very uncommon character in modern Chinese language. The meaning of the character "nuo" is a patterned step to drive away devil during the last month of the Chinese lunar new year.<ref>http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/nuo-drama.htm</ref> And later, Nuo evolved into a type of opera that composed of singing and dancing. |
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==History== |
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The Nuo opera, commonly referred as the "living fossile of opera", is a kind of folk dramatic arts that was originated from primitative religion. The origin or formation of the Nuo opera has a derivative relationship with its local Chinese historical-cultural contexts, while its development correlates with a set of specific social factors. Being transformed from religious performance to dramatic art, the Nuo opera itself dramatized a culturally and historically based vitality of folk art in the process of its development.<ref>Wu Jingxia 吴靖霞: ''Dramatic Art as Cultural-historical Sediment---The Origin, Development, and Artistic Substance of the Nuo Opera (历史文化的积淀——从傩戏的起源和发展探傩戏的本质)''. '''Page 93, No.5, 2006, Guizhou Ethnic Studies (贵州民族研究）'''</ref> In the Chapter "Village" of [[Analects]] by [[Confucius]] (论语-乡党 論語-鄉黨), "villager nuo" (or village nuo) was mentioned. In the book "Spring and Autumn of Master Lv", there also existed such a saying that whenever there was an celebration, grand Nuo (or royal Nuo) would be a necessity.<ref>http://apps.ah.gov.cn/Character/mainmenu.asp?newsid=646&title=Chizhou%20Nuo%20Opera</ref> |
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===Origin=== |
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The primitive form of nuo opera is ''Nuoji'' (傩祭 儺祭), a special sarificial ceremony. It dates back to antiquity. While performing religious rites, people prayed to ward off disasters and receive good luck. Therefore, ''Nuoji'' was formed as an sacrificial activity or ceremony to worship gods and ancestors. The exact date when ''Nuoji'' was formed is hard to discover. However, the nuo ceremony was first recorded on bones and tortoise shells during the [[Shang Dynasty]] (16th-17th century BC), and flourished in the [[Zhou Dynasty]] (11th century-256BC). |
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<br />In [[Zhou Dynasty]] which is the very subsequent dynasty after [[Shang Dynasty]], ''Nuoji'' was already very popular within the central parts of the territory of [[Zhou Dynasty]]. ''Nuoji'' was performed during festivals and holidays at that time with the purpose to drive away devils and plague. ''Nuoji'' was a very important social, political and religious event and even a specific government department was established to be in charge of ''Nuoji''. As the number of its participants increased from 100 to 1,000, the ceremony became more and more magnificent. At the time, besides the grand nuo ceremony held by the royal court, the folk nuo ceremony also appeared in the countryside.<ref>http://www.nikerchina.com/english/chinaculture/art/Drama/Nuo-Culture-Legacy-of-Chinese-Ancient-Drama.htm</ref> |
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===Development=== |
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The ''Nuoji'' gradually developed into a dance drama and became more of a recreation than a ritual during and after the [[Tang Dynasty]] (618-907). It is a masked drama enacted by a priest performing an exorcism, also known as "theater with a presentational aspect, a festival, and the idea of gatherings to establish ties and norms". The rituals have been incorporated into people's lives and are seen as commentaries on Chinese life.<ref>http://www.nikerchina.com/english/chinaculture/art/Drama/Nuo-Culture-Legacy-of-Chinese-Ancient-Drama.htm</ref> |
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<br />Around the [[Song Dynasty]] (420-479), people started to perform with masks during ''Nuoji'', thus Nuo opera was basically formed. During [[Qing Dynasty]] (1644-1911), Nuo opera, which had separated from ''Nuoji'', had become a unique performing art. During the 1930s and 1940s, Nuo opera began to be shown in some busy cities and towns.<ref>Zhang, Tianlin 张天林: ''Nuoxi: mysterious Chinese Opera and Its Masks (神秘的傩文化——傩戏与傩面具)''. '''Page 49, Women in China (01/2007)'''</ref> |
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<br />Today, with the development of science and technology, the Nuo opera gradually declined and it can only be seen during the Spring Festival and some other importance [[traditional Chinese holidays]] in remote mountainous areas, such as [[Guizhou]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Yunnan]], [[Sichuan]] and [[Anhui]] provinces, inhabited mostly by minority ethnic groups.<ref>http://www.nikerchina.com/english/chinaculture/art/Drama/Nuo-Culture-Legacy-of-Chinese-Ancient-Drama.htm</ref> |
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==Varieties== |
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Nuo opera varies much from place to place and this because that local culture and customs has a great influence on the forms, masks, costumes and conventions of Nuo opera. Generally, Nuo opera can be categorized as follows. |
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===[[Guizhou]] Nuo=== |
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[[Guizhou]] is the center of Nuo Drama in southwestern China dut to its long Nuo opera history and abundant repertoire. In [[Anshun]], a city in [[Guizhou]], Nuo opera is the primary entertainment activity. Musical instruments include one [[gong]] and one [[drum]]. The drummer is a very important role during a performance. A patch of land serves as a stage. As a result, Guizhou Nuo is also called Dixi (ground opera). |
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<br />The only two occasions for the performance of Nuo opera are at Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) and at the middle of the 7th moon when rice tassels. The religious meaning is obvious. People hope the Nuo opera can drive away bad luck and bring good harvest. Year after year, numerous locals are attracted to this performance. Sometimes a drama can last a dozen days. As is true in most other areas, Nuo Drama in Tunbu is the privilege of men. The moment a dancer puts on his mask, he will not speak or act casually since putting on a mask means the spirit is on him already.<ref>http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/nuo-drama.htm</ref> |
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===[[Jiangxi]] Nuo=== |
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Jiangxi Nuo is usually called Gan Nuo as [[Gan]] (赣 贛) is the abbreviation of [[Jiangxi]] Province. Nuo opera is most popular in the counties of [[Nanfeng]] and Shangli in Jiangxi. From late [[Qing Dynasty]] to now, there were about 150 Nuo opera performing groups. A temple for Nuo god which was built in [[Ming Dynasty]] is still in good function today for people to worship Nuo god. About 80 Nuo opera programs date from past still exist today. The number of Nuo opera masks in Jiangxi is over 2000 and there are approximately 2000 professional Nuo opera performing folk artists. In Shangli county, a popular says that in ancient time, there is a Nuo god every 5 kilometers. Therefore, Shangli county conserves over 20 Nuo god temples.<ref>Bai Mu 白木: ''Historical Nuo culture in China (我国历史悠远的傩文化)''. '''Page 52, No. 8, 2006, Wenshichunqiu (文史春秋)'''</ref> |
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<br />Nuo dancing, one of the most ancient arts and a necessary element in Nuo opera, has been existing in [[Jiangxi]] [[Nanfeng]] for over two thousand years. The movements of Nanfeng Nuo dancing are simple but powerful, remaining their ancient characters.<ref>http://www.fourp.org/2007/08/nuo-dancing/</ref> Nanfeng Nuo dancing was even regarded as "The Active fossil of Chinese dancing Art".<ref>"The collection of Chinese National and folk dancing from Jiangxi"</ref> In 1996, Nanfeng county was called "The village of Chinese folk Art-Nuo Art" by National Culture Department of [[China]].<ref>http://www.fourp.org/2007/08/nuo-dancing/</ref> |
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===[[Anhui]] Nuo=== |
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Anhui Nuo is special because it is performed on a clan basis not by a troupe as in other places. Chizhou Nuo is the most well-known Nuo opera of [[Anhui]] Nuo. The origins of Nuo culture in Chizhou areas is one of the most ancient and can be traced back over thousands of years to the neolithic period that has been recently included in the Nation’s First Catalogue of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Chizhou Nuo Opera is divided into three performing formats: Nuo Ritual. Nuo Dancing and Nuo Drama. The complete stage performance must be mixed with dramatic plot, performing procedure, role-playing, type of role, and qiemo (settings, scene and props). All of those should bear the theatrical characters. The performing skill can only be learned through oral instruction and the personal teachings passed on to disciples in person from generation to generation. Therefore, the performing art of Nuo opera is normally passed on within a clan from generation to generation..<ref>http://apps.ah.gov.cn/Character/mainmenu.asp?newsid=646&title=Chizhou%20Nuo%20Opera</ref> There may be two sacrificial ceremonies (in which the Nuo opera are performed as a must) a year: the "spring sacrificial ceremony" that is held sometime between the seventh day to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month and the "autumn sacrificial ceremony" that is held on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month. Except for these two ceremonies, there is no performance at all throughout the year. |
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<br />The dance remains in many villages in Guichi County of Chizhou today which has a strong local flavor. Surrounded in the mist of incense and smoke, "Nuo" dancers would dress colorfully, walk on [[stilts]] and wear masks while performing, expressing their wishes of sacrifice to their ancestors, praying for blessing and dispelling the evils. While performing in some mountainous villages, dancers have to put masks on their foreheads, letting the audiences who are standing on the surrounding slopes to see them clearly. To accompany the dancing, the music instruments range from [[drum]], [[bell]], earthen bowl, bamboo flute and [[Suona]]. There is a popular saying among Chizhou area that a village would not be considered a village without Nuo opera.<ref>http://apps.ah.gov.cn/Character/mainmenu.asp?newsid=646&title=Chizhou%20Nuo%20Opera</ref> |
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<br />When Chizhou Nuo Opera is performed, it normally has three integrative components: Nuo dancing, main Performance, and salutatory & complimentary remarks. Some of the well-known repertoire of Chizhou Nuo are "Liu Wenlong". "Meng Jiangnv". "Fan Silking" and "Zhang Wenxian" and so on.<ref>http://apps.ah.gov.cn/Character/mainmenu.asp?newsid=646&title=Chizhou%20Nuo%20Opera</ref> |
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===[[Yunnan]] Nuo=== |
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In the film ''[[Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles]]'' directed by [[Zhang Yimou]], you can see the scene of Yunnan Nuo. Leopard Nuo opera in [[Chuxiong]], [[Yunnan]], differentiates itself by the fact that all dancers are painted with a leopard pattern on their nude bodies. The ferocious and agile leopard is regarded as the most qualified to drive away devils. Leopards are played by twelve [[Yi people|Yi]] boys about 10 years old. On the morning of the performance, young dancers will have the leopard pattern painted on their backs, hands, feet, and belly in black, white, red, and yellow colors. A yue-kin, a four-stringed plucked instrument with a full-moon-shaped sound box, is painted on their chests. Their faces are covered with palm leaves, and their heads are decorated with two pheasant tails. When the make-up is finished, dancers enter the role of leopards, prohibiting further talking.<ref>http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/nuo-drama.htm</ref> |
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<br />Village rooftops connected by ladders or wood panels form the stage for the "leopards" At the climax of the dance, leopards run after young girls watching the show until the girls take them home where snacks have been prepared. Leopards eat some snacks as well as throw away some while continuing to dance. This devil-dispelling activity is performed in the rooms, kitchens and stalls of one family after another; the leopards dispel devils for all the villagers.<ref>http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/nuo-drama.htm</ref> |
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==Repertoire== |
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==Masks== |
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[[image:Nuo_opera_masks.jpg|thumb|right|Masks used when performing Nuo opera]] |
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The most distinctive feature of Nuo opera is the performers wear masks. Different roles require different masks to reveal the characters, through their changing facial features and decorations. The masks are highly aesthetic. The plastic arts, select materials, colors and applications of Nuo opera masks vary among the regions, ethnic groups, culture and aesthetic interests. That distinctiveness adds the masks' enchanting beauty. The masks are mainly made of poplar and willow since poplar is light and less prone to cracks, while willow is widely regarded as having the power to ward off evil.<ref>http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/17/content_56863_2.htm</ref> Nuo opera involves many acrobic performances, such as getting into a hot pot, holding burned stones, crossing a fiery pit, swallowing and blowing fire, and stepping on a mountain of swords. As most of the performers are specially trained, they are good at giving exciting performances.<ref>Zhang, Tianlin 张天林: ''Nuoxi: mysterious Chinese Opera and Its Masks (神秘的傩文化——傩戏与傩面具)''. '''Page 50, Women in China (01/2007)'''</ref> |
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<br />The number of masks used in one drama ranges from several dozen to two hundred. There are five kinds of masks used in Nuo Drama, namely: civilian general, military general, old general, young general and woman general with other minor roles like soldiers and Taoist monks.<ref>http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/nuo-drama.htm</ref> Each nuo mask has a fixed name, represents a certain role and has legendary stories to tell about its origins. In [[Guizhou]], a province with the largest number of nuo drama repertoires, at least 24 masks are required to perform an entire nuo drama piece. The masks can appear valiant and martial, stern and tough, orgentle and kind, and they come in various styles to represent different figures. For instance, since the responsibility of valiant gods is to emit awe and dispel ghosts and devils, their masks usually have horns and buckteeth, with a very ferocious countenance.<ref>http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/17/content_56863_2.htm</ref> |
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<br />The masks are endowed with mysterious religious and customary meanings, both in Nuoji and Nuo opera performances. People in Nuo culture circles, who regard the masks as the symbols and carriers of gods, observe various rules and conventions. For instance, the ceremony of enshrining a Buddha statue is held before making the masks; before using them, the ceremony of opening the case; and storing them, the ceremony of sealing the case. According to rules, women are not allowed to touch or wear the masks, and only men can produce, use and store masks. Once a man wears a mask, he is supposed to be possessed by a god or spirit. And therefore, he must not speak or act freely.<ref>Zhang, Tianlin 张天林: ''Nuoxi: mysterious Chinese Opera and Its Masks (神秘的傩文化——傩戏与傩面具)''. '''Page 50, Women in China (01/2007)'''</ref> |
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The dome has hosted numerous concerts over the years, including [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Who]], [[The Grateful Dead]], [[The Police]], [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Aerosmith]] and [[3 Doors Down]]. |
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<br />Nuo masks are the result of primitive religion and totem worship. And each simple and unsophisticated nuo mask, whose role has shifted from primitive totem worship to aspiration for kindness and justice, vividly interprets history. The mask has gradually shed the high shrines and entered the hearts of folk people. It is not only the incarnation and a carrier of gods, but also a mirror that reflects the lives of Chinese ancestors.<ref>http://www.nikerchina.com/english/chinaculture/art/Drama/Nuo-Culture-Legacy-of-Chinese-Ancient-Drama.htm</ref> |
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{{Missouri Valley Football Conference Venues}} |
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<br />Studies also show that the facial painting of [[Beijing opera]] and and face changing of [[Sichuan opera]] are influenced by the Nuo opera masks.<ref>http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/nuo-drama.htm</ref> |
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{{Iowa college football venues}} |
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{{coord missing|United States}} |
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==Current Situation== |
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[[Category:College basketball venues]] |
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==See Also== |
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[[Category:College football venues]] |
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* [[Chinese opera]] |
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[[Category:Sports venues in Iowa]] |
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** [[Cantonese opera]] |
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[[Category:Covered stadiums]] |
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** [[Huangmei opera]] |
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[[Category:Northern Iowa Panthers football]] |
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** [[Kunqu]] |
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[[Category:The Summit League men's basketball tournament venues]] |
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** [[Min Opera]] |
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** [[Qinqiang]] |
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** [[Shaoxing opera]] |
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** [[Beijing opera]] |
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** [[Sichuan opera]] |
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*[http://www.nuoxi.com 中国傩文化网] |
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{{Iowa-stadium-stub}} |
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==References== |
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<references/> |
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Revision as of 03:25, 13 October 2008
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| Location | Cedar Falls, Iowa |
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| Owner | University of Northern Iowa |
| Capacity | 16,300 (Football) |
| Surface | Astroturf |
| Construction | |
| Opened | February 7, 1976 |
| Construction cost | $7 million USD |
| Tenants | |
| UNI Panthers (Division I Missouri Valley Conference) (1993-Present) | |
UNI-Dome (pronounced "you-knih-dome") is a multi-purpose stadium on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls, Iowa. It opened in 1976 as the home of the UNI Panthers basketball and football teams. The facility's capacity for football is 16,300. For basketball, its official capacity is 10,000; however, it has seated as many as 22,000 for that sport for events such as the 1990 Mid-Continent Conference men’s basketball tournament and the 1997 Division I National Wrestling Championships. It has been the home of the Iowa State High School football championships since 1976 and has hosted junior college football bowl games, wrestling, track and field, softball, concerts and conventions. In 1998, the air-supported roof collapsed in a snowstorm. Since this had occurred on numerous occasions before, it was replaced by a more permanent metal roof. On November 18, 2006, the McLeod Center opened for basketball, volleyball, and wrestling. The UNI-Dome attendance record is 17,074, which was set on October 13, 2007 during a Panthers (ranked 2nd and undefeated) 30 - 24 homecoming victory against Southern Illinois (ranked 7th and also undefeated).
The dome has hosted numerous concerts over the years, including The Rolling Stones, The Who, The Grateful Dead, The Police, Fleetwood Mac, Pink Floyd, Aerosmith and 3 Doors Down.
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