Dublin and Chital: Difference between pages

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{{Taxobox

| name = Chital
{{Infobox Irish Place|
| status = LC
name = Dublin |
| status_system = iucn3.1
gaeilge = '''Baile Átha Cliath''' |
| image = Axis axis Kanha 4kl.jpg
crest image = Dublin_city_coa.gif |
| image_width = 200px
motto = {{lang|la|''Obedientia Civium Urbis Felicitas''}} <br/> [[Latin language|Latin]]: literally, "The citizens' obedience is the city's happiness" (rendered more loosely as "Happy the city where citizens obey" by the council itself)<ref>[http://www.dublincity.ie/your_council/history/0030_dublin_city_coat_of_arms.asp Dublin City Council ''Dublin City Coat of Arms'' (retrieved 16 February 2007]</ref>|
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
map image = Ireland map County Dublin City.png |
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
pin coords = left: 92px; top: 67px |
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
north coord = 53.3472 |
| ordo = [[Artiodactyla]]
west coord = 6.2592 |
| familia = [[Cervidae]]
area = {{convert|114.99|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |
| subfamilia = [[Cervinae]]
county = [[County Dublin]] |
| genus = ''[[Axis (deer)|Axis]]''
dailconstituency = [[Dublin Central (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dublin Central]], [[Dublin North Central (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dublin North Central]], [[Dublin North East (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dublin North East]], [[Dublin North West (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dublin North West]], [[Dublin South Central (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dublin South Central]], [[Dublin South East (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dublin South East]], [[Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown]]|
| species = '''''A. axis'''''
EU constituency = [[Dublin (European Parliament constituency)|Dublin]] |
| binomial = ''Axis axis''
IEpostcode = D1-24, D6W|
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben|Erxleben]], [[1777]])
stdcode = +353 1 |
population = <small>Dublin City:<br />505,739<br />Dublin Urban Area:<br />1,045,769<br />[[County Dublin|Dublin Region]]:<br />1,186,821<br />[[Greater Dublin Area]]:<br />1,661,185</small><ref>[http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/2006_prelim_table01.pdf Central Statistics Office 2006]</ref> |
census yr = 2006 |
province = [[Leinster]] |
web = www.dublincity.ie |
|}}
'''Dublin''' ({{pronEng|ˈdʌblɨn/, /ˈdʊblɨn}}, or {{IPA|/ˈdʊbəlɪn/}}, {{lga|Baile Átha Cliath|Town of the Hurdled Ford}},<ref>'{{lang|ga|Baile Átha Cliath}}' (or simply '{{lang|ga|Áth Cliath}}') and '{{lang|ga|Dubh Linn}}' are the two names of the city, the former being the one currently in official and common usage.</ref> {{pronounced|bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh}} or {{IPA|[bˠɫaː cliə(ɸ)]}}) is both the largest city and capital of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It is located near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the [[River Liffey]] and at the centre of the [[Dublin Region]]. Founded as a [[Viking]] settlement, the city has been Ireland's primary city for most of the island's history since [[Middle Ages|medieval]] times. Today, it is an economic, administrative and cultural centre for the island of Ireland and has one of the fastest growing populations of any European capital city.<ref name = "yjwuoo"> [http://www.talkingcities.co.uk/quick_guides/dublin_guide.htm TalkingCities]</ref><ref name = "axdqer">[http://www.irishexperience.net/ The Irish Experience]</ref>

== Name ==
The name Dublin is a [[Hiberno-English]] derivative of '{{lang|ga|Dubh Linn}}' (Irish, ''dubh'' -> black, and ''linn'' -> pool). Historically, in the traditional [[Gaelic script]] used for the Irish language, 'bh' was written with a dot over the 'b', ''viz'' 'Du{{unicode|ḃ}} Linn' or 'Du{{unicode|ḃ}}linn'. Those without a knowledge of Irish omitted the dot and spelled the name variously as 'Develyn' or 'Dublin'.

The common name for the city in Modern Irish is '{{lang|ga|Baile Átha Cliath}}' ('The Settlement of the Ford of the Reed Hurdles'). '{{lang|ga|Áth Cliath}}' is a place-name referring to a fording point of the Liffey in the vicinity of [[Heuston Station]]. '{{lang|ga|Baile Átha Cliath}}' was later applied to an early Christian monastery which is believed to have been situated in the area of Aungier Street currently occupied by [[Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church]]. Due to its length, the Irish name is sometimes abbreviated as BÁC.

The subsequent Viking settlement was on the [[River Poddle]], a tributary of the Liffey, to the East of [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|Christchurch]], in the area known as Wood Quay. The Dubh Linn was a lake used by the Vikings to moor their ships and was connected to the Liffey by the Poddle. The Dubh Linn and Poddle were covered during the early 1800s, and as the city expanded they were largely forgotten about. The Dubh Linn was situated where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the [[Chester Beatty Library]] in [[Dublin Castle]].

== History ==
{{main|History of Dublin}}

[[Image:Dublin SPOT 1023.jpg|thumb|left|226px|Dublin seen from [[SPOT (satellites)|Spot satellite]]]]The writings of the Greek astronomer and cartographer [[Ptolemy]] provide perhaps the earliest reference to human habitat in the area now known as Dublin. In around A.D. 140 he referred to a settlement he called {{lang|la|''[[Eblana|Eblana Civitas]]''}}. The settlement 'Dubh Linn' dates perhaps as far back as the first century BC and later a monastery was built there, though the town was established in about 841<ref>[http://www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in/resources/english/etext-project/history/ireland/book-2chapter2.html A Popular History of Ireland - Thomas D'Arcy McGee (1825-1868)]</ref> by the [[Norsemen|Norse]].
The modern city retains the Anglicised Irish name of the former and the original Irish name of the latter. After the [[Norman Ireland|Norman invasion of Ireland]], Dublin became the key centre of military and judicial power, with much of the power centering on [[Dublin Castle]] until independence. From the 14th to late 16th centuries Dublin and the surrounding area, known as [[the Pale]], formed the largest area of Ireland under government control. The Parliament was located in [[Drogheda]] for several centuries, but was switched permanently to Dublin after [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] conquered the [[Earldom of Kildare|County Kildare]] in 1504.

[[Image:Dublin Castle Four Court.jpg|thumb|226px|[[Dublin Castle]]<br /><small>Seat of the [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland|Lord Lieutenant]] and his court until 1922.</small>]]
Dublin also had local city administration via its [[Dublin Corporation|Corporation]] from the Middle Ages. This represented the city's guild-based [[oligarchy]] until it was reformed in the 1840s on increasingly democratic lines.

From the 17th century the city expanded rapidly, helped by the [[Wide Streets Commission]]. [[Georgian Dublin]] was, for a short time, the second city of the British Empire after London and the fifth largest European city. Much of Dublin's most notable architecture dates from this time and is considered a golden era for the city. The famous [[Guinness]] brewery was also established at this time too. In 1742 [[Handel]]'s "Messiah" was performed for the first time in New Musick Hall in Fishamble Street with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St.Patrick's]] and [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|Christ Church]] cathedrals participating.

The 1800s, with the seat of government moving to [[Westminster]], were a period of decline relative to the industrial growth of [[Belfast]]; by 1900 the population of Belfast was nearly twice as large. Whereas Belfast was prosperous and industrial, Dublin had become a city of squalor and class division, built on the remains of lost grandeur, as best described in the novel ''[[Strumpet City]]'', by [[James Plunkett]], and in the works of [[Sean O'Casey]]. Dublin was still the primary centre of administration and transport for much of Ireland, though completely bypassed by the [[Industrial revolution]]. The [[Easter Rising]] of 1916 occurred in the city centre, bringing much physical destruction. The [[Anglo-Irish War]] and [[Irish Civil War]] contributed even more destruction, leaving many of its finest buildings in ruins. The [[Irish Free State]] rebuilt many of the buildings and moved parliament to [[Leinster House]]. Through [[The Emergency (Ireland)|The Emergency]] (World War II), until the 1960s, Dublin remained a capital out of time: the city centre in particular remained at an architectural standstill. This made the city ideal for historical film production, with many productions including ''[[The Blue Max]]'', and ''[[My Left Foot (film)|My Left Foot]]'' capturing the cityscape in this period. This became the foundation of later successes in cinematography and film-making. With increasing prosperity, modern architecture was introduced to the city, though a vigorous campaign started in parallel to restore the [[Georgian Dublin|Georgian]] greatness of Dublin's streets, rather than lose the grandeur forever. Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed immensely, with enormous private and state development of housing, transport, and business. (See also [[Development and Preservation in Dublin]]). Some well-known [[Dublin street corners]] are still named for the pub or business which used to occupy the site before closure or redevelopment.

Since the beginning of [[Anglo-Norman]] rule in the 12th century, the city has served as the capital of the island of Ireland in the varying [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] entities:

* the [[Lordship of Ireland]] (1171–1541)
* the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] (1541–1800)
* the island as part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (1801–1922)
* the [[Irish Republic]] (1919–1922),<ref>It should be noted that this state was unilaterally declared and was not recognised by any other country apart from [[Russia]]. The control did not extend to all of the island, particularly Unionist areas in the north east.</ref>

From 1922, following the partition of Ireland, it became the capital of the [[Irish Free State]] (1922–1949) and now is the capital of the [[Republic of Ireland]]. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the [[Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)|Garden of Remembrance]].

In a 2003 European-wide survey by the [[BBC]], questioning 11,200 residents of 112 urban and rural areas, Dublin was the best capital city in [[Europe]] to live in.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3156680.stm BBC record of Survey]</ref>

A person from either the city or county of Dublin is often referred to as a "[[List of regional nicknames|Dub]]".

== Culture ==
[[Image:Joyce oconnell dublin.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[James Joyce]] on North Earl Street, Dublin.]]
=== Literature, theatre and the arts ===

The city has a world-famous literary history, having produced many prominent literary figures, including [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureates]] [[William Butler Yeats]], [[George Bernard Shaw]] and [[Samuel Beckett]]. Other influential writers and playwrights from Dublin include [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Jonathan Swift]] and the creator of [[Dracula]], [[Bram Stoker]]. It is arguably most famous, however, as the location of the greatest works of [[James Joyce]]. ''[[Dubliners]]'' is a collection of short stories by Joyce about incidents and characters typical of residents of the city in the early part of the 20th century. His most celebrated work, ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', is also set in Dublin and full of topical detail. Additional widely celebrated writers from the city include [[J.M. Synge]], [[Seán O'Casey]], [[Brendan Behan]], [[Maeve Binchy]], and [[Roddy Doyle]]. Ireland's biggest libraries and literary museums are found in Dublin, including the [[National Print Museum of Ireland]] and [[National Library of Ireland]].

There are several theatres within the city centre, and various world famous actors have emerged from the Dublin theatrical scene, including [[Noel Purcell (actor)|Noel Purcell]], [[Brendan Gleeson]], [[Stephen Rea]], [[Colin Farrell]], [[Colm Meaney]] and [[Gabriel Byrne]]. The best known theatres include the [[Gaiety Theatre, Dublin|Gaiety]], the [[Abbey Theatre|Abbey]], the [[Olympia Theatre|Olympia]] and the [[Gate Theatre|Gate]]. The [[Gaiety Theatre, Dublin|Gaiety]] specialises in musical and operatic productions, and is popular for opening its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films. The [[Abbey Theatre|Abbey]] was founded in 1904 by a group that included [[William Butler Yeats|Yeats]] with the aim of promoting indigenous literary talent. It went on to provide a breakthrough for some of the city's most famous writers, such as [[J.M. Synge|Synge]], Yeats himself and [[George Bernard Shaw]]. The [[Gate Theatre|Gate]] was founded in 1928 to promote European and American Avante Guarde works. The largest theatre is the Mahony Hall in [[The Helix]] at [[Dublin City University]] in [[Glasnevin]].

Dublin is also the focal point for much of Irish Art and the Irish artistic scene. The [[Book of Kells]], a world-famous manuscript produced by Celtic Monks in A.D. 800 and an example of [[Insular art]], is on display in [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]]. The [[Chester Beatty Library]] houses the famous collection of manuscripts, miniature paintings, prints, drawings, rare books and decorative arts assembled by American mining millionaire (and honorary Irish citizen) [[Sir Alfred Chester Beatty]] (1875-1968). The collections date from 2700 B.C. onwards and are drawn from Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. Work by local artists is often put on public display around [[St. Stephen's Green]], the main public park in the city centre. In addition large art galleries are found across the city, including the [[Irish Museum of Modern Art]], the [[National Gallery of Ireland|National Gallery]], the [[Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery]], [[City Arts Centre|The City Arts Centre]], [[Douglas Hyde Gallery|The Douglas Hyde Gallery]], [[Project Arts Centre|The Project Arts Centre]] and [[Royal Hibernian Academy|The Royal Hibernian Academy]].

Three centres of the [[National Museum of Ireland]] are in Dublin.

=== Nightlife and entertainment ===

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:U2crokepark05.jpg|thumb|right|U2 performing in Dublin in 2005.]] -->
There is a vibrant nightlife in Dublin and it is reputedly one of the most youthful cities in Europe - with estimates of 50% of inhabitants being younger than 25.<ref name = "yjwuoo"/><ref name = "axdqer"/> Furthermore in 2007, it was voted the friendliest city in [[Europe]].<ref>[http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=MHAUCWGBKFOJ Dublin voted friendliest European city] 13 March 2007</ref> Like the rest of Ireland, there are pubs right across the city centre. The area around [[St. Stephen's Green]] - especially Harcourt Street, Camden Street, Wexford Street and Leeson Street - is a centre for some of the most popular nightclubs and pubs in Dublin.

The internationally best-known area for nightlife is the [[Temple Bar, Dublin|Temple Bar]] area just south of the [[River Liffey]]. To some extent, the area has become a hot spot for tourists, including stag and hen parties from [[united kingdom|Britain]].<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20000711/ai_n14328511 Article on stag/hen parties in Tenby, mentioning Dublin]</ref> It was developed as Dublin's cultural quarter (an idea proposed by local politician [[Charlie Haughey]]), and does retain this spirit as a centre for small arts productions, photographic and artists' studios, and in the form of street performers and intimate small music venues.

The [[LGBT culture in Ireland|LGBT scene in Dublin]] is centred on a number of superpubs and clubs such as ''The Dragon'' and ''[[The George, Dublin|The George]]'' on South Great George's Street. The other two bars focused towards the gay scene are ''The Front Lounge'' (on Parliament street) and ''Pantibar'' (on Capel Street). There are also over 13 gay club nights ranging from ''Q&A'' (Queer & Alternative), ''Spice'', ''Glitz'', ''The Furry Glen'' (Bear night), ''Shift'', ''VIQ'', ''Bukakke'', ''Nimhneach'' (Fetish night), ''After Dark'', ''Kiss'' (Lesbian night), ''L Club'' (Lesbian night).

Live music is popularly played on streets and at venues throughout Dublin in general and the city has produced several rock bands of international success, including [[U2]], [[Hothouse Flowers]], [[Horslips]], [[The Boomtown Rats]], [[Thin Lizzy]], and [[Boyzone]]. The two best known cinemas in the city centre are the [[Savoy Cinema]] and the [[Cineworld]] Cinema, both north of the Liffey. Alternative and special-interest cinema can be found in the [[Irish Film Institute]] in Temple Bar, in the Screen Cinema on d'Olier Street and in the Lighthouse Cinema in Smithfield. Across suburban Dublin are located large modern multiscreen cinemas. Situated on the Liffey at the Eastlink tollbridge, the ''The Point Theatre'' is currently under renovation, but has housed performers including [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Aerosmith]] and is noted for being the final performance of [[iconic]] [[popstar]] [[Britney Spears]], during her [[Onyx Hotel Tour]], before her decline in publicity. Also the Point Theatre was the venue for the last performance of famous American pop punk band [[Blink-182]]

=== Sport ===
[[Image:Croke Park from the hill.jpg|thumb|left|[[Croke Park]], Europe's fifth-largest stadium and home to the Gaelic Athletic Association.]]The headquarters of almost all of Ireland's sporting organisations are in Dublin, and the most popular sports in Dublin are those that are most popular throughout Ireland: [[Gaelic football]], [[soccer]], [[rugby union]] and [[hurling]].

The city is host to the 5th largest stadium in Europe,<ref>[http://www.justreservations.com/croke-park-fixtures.asp Croke Park Fixtures - UEFA European Championship Listings] 2006]</ref> [[Croke Park]], the 82,500 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-football/10-things-that-the-gaas-new-directorgeneral-paraic-duffy-should-do-1229596.html|title=10 things that the GAA's new director-general Paraic Duffy should do|accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/article3199338.ece |title=Croke Park here we come|accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref> capacity headquarters of the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]]. It traditionally hosts [[Gaelic football]] and [[hurling]] games during the summer months, as well as [[international rules football]] in alternating years. It also hosts concerts, with acts such as [[U2]] and [[Robbie Williams]] having played there in recent years. The [[Dublin GAA|Dublin board]] of the Gaelic Athletic Association play their league games at [[Parnell Park]]. The nickname for the Dublin [[Gaelic football]] team is "[[Dublin GAA|The Dubs]]".

[[Lansdowne Road]] stadium (previously owned by the [[Irish Rugby Football Union]]) was the venue for home games of both the [[Ireland national rugby union team|Irish Rugby Team]] and the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic's national soccer team]]. Until recently, it had a mixed standing and seating capacity of 49,000. However, as part of a joint venture between the [[IRFU]] and the [[Football Association of Ireland|FAI]], it is currently being demolished and is expected to be replaced with a 50,000 all-seated stadium by 2009.<ref>[http://www.lrsdc.ie LRSDC.ie - Homepage of Lansdowne Road Development Company (IRFU and FAI JV)]</ref> Accordingly, [[rugby union]] and [[soccer]] home internationals have been temporarily moved to [[Croke Park]].

[[Donnybrook Rugby Ground]] is the home of the [[Leinster Rugby]] team, which plays in the [[Magners League]]. They also play some important league and [[Heineken Cup]] matches at Lansdowne Road and have recently played these matches in the [[Royal Dublin Society|RDS]].

Dublin is home to six [[FAI League of Ireland]] clubs, Bohemian FC, Shelbourne FC, Shamrock Rovers FC, Saint Patrick's Athletic FC, UCD AFC and Sporting Fingal FC. [[Dalymount Park]] in [[Phibsboro]], the traditional Home of Irish Soccer, is now used only for home games of local club [[Bohemian F.C.|Bohemians]]. Rivals {{fc|Shelbourne}} and {{fc|Shamrock Rovers}} play at nearby [[Tolka Park]] in [[Drumcondra, Dublin|Drumcondra]], while {{fc|St Patrick's Athletic}} play at [[Richmond Park (football ground)|Richmond Park]] in [[Inchicore]] on the south west edge of the city. The other senior soccer clubs are {{afc|University College Dublin}}, based at the [[UCD Bowl]], [[Belfield, Dublin|Belfield]], and newly-formed {{fc|Sporting Fingal}}, who play at [[Morton Stadium]], [[Santry]].

[[The National Aquatic Centre]] in Blanchardstown is the first building to open in the [[Sports Campus Ireland]]. There are several race courses in the Dublin area including Shelbourne Park ([[Greyhound racing]]) and Leopardstown ([[Horse racing]]). The world famous Dublin Horse Show takes place at the [[Royal Dublin Society|RDS]], [[Ballsbridge]], which hosted the [[Show Jumping World Championships]] in 1982. The national boxing arena is located in [[National Stadium (Ireland)|The National Stadium]] on the [[South Circular Road (Dublin)|South Circular Road]], though larger fights take place in the [[Point Theatre|Point Depot]] in the docklands area. There are also [[Basketball]], [[Gaelic Handball|Handball]], [[Field hockey|Hockey]] and [[Athletics (track and field)|Athletics]] stadia — most notably [[Morton Stadium]] in [[Santry]], which held the athletics events of the 2003 [[Special Olympics]].

The [[Dublin Marathon]] has been run since 1980, and the [[Dublin Women's Mini Marathon|Women's Mini Marathon]] has been run since 1983 and is said to be the largest all female event of its kind in the world.<ref>[http://www.womensminimarathon.ie/race/default.5.LE.asp - About The Women's Mini Marathon]</ref>

In recent years [[Rugby league in Ireland|rugby league]] as a sport in Dublin has attained limited popularity.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} The [[North Dublin Eagles]] play in Ireland's Carnegie League. Recent popularity has been increased with the Irish National Team's success in their qualifiers for the [[Rugby League World Cup]] to be held in Australia in 2008.

=== Shopping ===
[[Image:Clerys 12-10-2006.jpg|thumb|left|Clery's department store on O'Connell Street.]]

Dublin is a popular shopping spot for both Irish people and tourists.
Dublin city centre has several shopping districts, including [[Grafton Street (Dublin)|Grafton Street]], [[Henry Street (Dublin)|Henry Street]], [[Stephen's Green Shopping Centre]], [[Jervis Shopping Centre]], and the newly refurbished [[Ilac Shopping Centre]] (all popular meeting-places for decades). On Grafton Street, the most famous shops include [[Brown Thomas]] and its sister shop [[BT2]], being akin to [[Bloomingdales]] in New York City, for example. Brown Thomas also contains "mini-stores" such as [[Hermès]] and [[Chanel]] on its Wicklow Street frontage. This is Dublin's nearest equivalent to a Designer shopping street such as [[Bond Street]] in London or [[5th Avenue]] in New York City.

Dublin city is the location of large department stores, such as [[Clerys]] on O'Connell Street, [[Arnotts (Ireland)|Arnotts]] on Henry Street, [[Brown Thomas]] on Grafton Street and Debenhams (formerly Roches Stores) on Henry Street.

A major €750m development for Dublin city centre has been given the green light. The development of the so-called Northern Quarter will see the construction of 47 new shops, 175 apartments and a four-star hotel. [[Dublin City Council]] gave Arnotts planning permission for the plans to change the area bounded by Henry Street, [[O'Connell Street]], [[Abbey Street]] and [[Liffey Street]]. The redevelopment will also include 14 new cafes along with a 149-bed hotel. It is expected that work on the new area will start in the second half of 2008. Prince's Street, which runs off [[O'Connell Street]], will become a full urban street and pedestrian thoroughfare.

Since the mid 1990s, suburban Dublin has seen the completion of several modern retail centres. These include [[Dundrum Town Centre]] (on the [[Luas]] Green Line), [[Blanchardstown|Blanchardstown Centre]], [[The Square, Dublin|The Square]] in [[Tallaght]] (on the [[Luas]] Red Line), Liffey Valley Shopping Centre in [[Clondalkin]], Northside Shopping Centre in [[Coolock]], and Pavilions Shopping Centre in [[Swords]].

=== Northside and Southside ===
[[Image:Dublin riverside composite 01.jpg|thumb|left|The River Liffey divides the city into [[Northside (Dublin)|Northside]] and [[Southside (Dublin)|Southside]].]]

A north-south division has traditionally existed in Dublin for some time, with the dividing line being the [[River Liffey]]. The [[Northside (Dublin)|''Northside'']] is seen by some as working-class (with the exception of a few suburbs such as Castleknock, Howth, Malahide, Portmarnock, Clontarf and Sutton) while the ''[[Southside (Dublin)|Southside]]'' is seen as middle and upper middle class (with the exception of a few "working-class" suburbs such as Ballinteer, Sallynoggin, Crumlin, Drimnagh, Inchicore, Ballyfermot,Palmerstown, Neilstown and Tallaght). However this is not a clear divide in reality by any means and in fact it is only in recent times that the divide has taken on the present "rich and poor" badge. Traditionally it was a working class divide which began at Dublin docks in the early 1900s where, depending which side of the Liffey a boat docked, the dockers on that side got a day's work while those on the other side went home.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

A noted theory on the division dates back some centuries, certainly to the point when the [[Earl of Kildare]] built his residence on the then less-regarded Southside. When asked why he was building on the Southside, he replied "Where I go, fashion follows me", and he was promptly followed by most other [[Peerage of Ireland|Irish peers]].

[[Dublin postal districts]] have odd numbers for districts on the Northside - for example, [[Phibsboro]] is in Dublin 7 - and even numbers for the Southside - for example, [[Sandymount]] is in Dublin 4. An exception to the rule is Dublin 8, which straddles the river.

== Education and research ==
[[Image:Trinity College.jpg|thumb|right|Trinity College, Dublin]]

Dublin is the primary centre of education in Ireland, with three universities and many other higher education institutions. There are 20 third-level institutes in the city.<ref>[http://www.dublincity.ie/your_council/our_city/dublin_facts/ Dublin facts]</ref>

The [[University of Dublin]] is the oldest university in Ireland dating from the 16th century. Its sole constituent college, [[Trinity College, Dublin|Trinity College]], was established by [[Royal Charter]] under [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] and was closed to Roman Catholics until [[Catholic Emancipation]]; the Catholic hierarchy then banned Roman Catholics from attending it until 1970. It is situated in the city centre, on College Green, and has 15,000 students.

The [[National University of Ireland]] (NUI) has its seat in Dublin, which is also the location of the associated ''constituent university'' of [[University College Dublin]] (UCD), the largest university in Ireland with over 22,000 students; although it is located in [[Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown]], just outside the city boundary.
[[Image:Belfield Arts Block 1445w.jpg|thumb|left|University College Dublin]]
[[Dublin City University]] (DCU) is the most recent university and specialises in business, engineering, and science courses, particularly with relevance to industry. It has around 10,000 students.

The [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]] (RCSI) is a medical school which is a recognised college of the NUI, it is situated at [[St. Stephen's Green]] in the city centre.

The [[National University of Ireland, Maynooth]], another constituent university of the NUI, is in neighbouring [[Co. Kildare]], about {{convert|25|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the city centre.

The Irish public administration and management training centre has its base in Dublin, the Institute of Public Administration provides a range of undergraduate and post graduate awards via the National University of Ireland and in some instances, Queen's University Belfast

[[Dublin Institute of Technology]] (DIT) is a modern technical college and is the country's largest non-university third-level institution; it specialises in technical subjects but also offers many arts and humanities courses. It is soon to be relocated to a new campus at [[Grangegorman]]. Two suburbs of Dublin, [[Tallaght]] and [[Blanchardstown]] have Institutes of Technology: [[Institute of Technology, Tallaght]], and [[Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown]]. [[Portobello College Dublin]] has its degrees conferred through the [[University of Wales]].<ref>[http://www.portobello.ie/about_us/portobello_college.htm Portobello College Dublin<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:N5401371 30504992 8340.jpg|thumb|right|Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]]
The [[National College of Art and Design]] (NCAD) and [[Dun Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology]] (DLIADT) support training and research in art, design and media technology.

[[Dublin Business School]] (DBS) is Ireland's largest private third level institution with over 9,000 students. The college is located on Aungier Street.

The [[National College of Ireland]] (NCI) is also based in Dublin.

There are also various other smaller specialised colleges, including private ones, such as [[Griffith College Dublin]], [[The Gaiety School of Acting]] and the [[New Media Technology College]]

The [[Economic and Social Research Institute]], a social science research institute, is based on Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin 2. The [[Institute of European Affairs]] is also in Dublin.

== Population ==
The City of Dublin is the area administered by [[Dublin City Council]], but the term normally refers to the contiguous urban area which includes the adjacent local authority areas of [[Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown]], [[Fingal]] and [[South Dublin]]. Together the four areas form the traditional [[County Dublin]]. This area is sometimes known as 'Urban Dublin' or the '[[Dublin Metropolitan Area]]'.

The population of the administrative area controlled by the City Council was 505,739 at the census of 2006. At the same census, the [[County Dublin]] population was 1,186,159, and that of the [[Greater Dublin Area]] 1,661,185. The city's population is expanding rapidly, and it is estimated by the [[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|CSO]] that it will reach 2.1 million by 2021. Today, approximately 40% of the population of the Republic of Ireland live within a {{convert|100|km|mi|-0|abbr=on}} radius of the city centre.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0402/dublin.html Call for improved infrastructure for Dublin] 2 April 2007</ref>


=== Demographics ===
Dublin has a long history of emigration that continued into the early 1990s. Since then there has been net immigration and Dublin now has a significant population of immigrants. Foreign nationals in the city are primarily young and single<ref>[http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0712/breaking69.htm Most new immigrants young and single] 12 July 2007</ref> and the greatest numbers come from the European Union, especially [[United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]], [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]]. There is also a considerable number from outside Europe, particularly [[China]], [[Nigeria]], [[Brazil]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]]. 10% of the [[Republic of Ireland]]'s population is now made up of foreign nationals, and Dublin is home to a greater proportion of new arrivals than other parts of the country - for example, 60% of Ireland's Asian population lives in Dublin even though less than 40% of the overall population live in the [[Greater Dublin Area]].<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0726/census.html Foreign nationals now 10% of Irish population] 26 July 2007</ref>

According to the [[Central Statistics Office]], the ethnic breakdown of Dublin City and County at the 2006 census was:<ref>[http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5780 Central Statistics Office Ireland data from 2006 census for Ireland]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Ethnic group
!Percent
|-
|'''White (Irish)'''
|83.1%
|-
|'''White (Other)'''
|8.06%
|-
|'''Asian'''
|2.63% (0.9% Chinese)
|-
|'''Black'''
|1.81%
|-
|'''Mixed Race and Other'''
|1.46%
|-
|'''Irish Traveller'''
|0.4%
|}

== Economy and infrastructure ==
[[Image:Ulster Bank Dublin.jpg|right|thumb|Ulster Bank's Dublin head office at night (middle)]]
[[Image:DublinDocklands.jpg|right|thumb|The Docklands of Dublin, east of the city centre.]]
{{main|Economy of Dublin}}
=== Industry, employment and standard of living ===
Dublin has been at the centre of Ireland's phenomenal economic growth over the last 10-15 years, a period (often of double-digit growth) referred to as the [[Celtic Tiger]] years. Living standards in the city have risen dramatically, although the cost of living has also soared. In 2008, Dublin was listed as the fifth-richest city in the world<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html City Mayors - ''The world's richest cities by purchasing power in 2008'']</ref>. According to one source, Dublin is now the planet's 16th most expensive city (8th most expensive city in Europe, excluding Russian cities).<ref>[http://www.finfacts.ie/costofliving.htm Global/Worldwide Cost of Living Survey Rankings 2007/2008, Cities, International, Europe] 2007</ref> It was also listed as the third most expensive city in the world in which to live.<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/economics/expensive_cities2.html City Mayors - ''The world's most expensive cities in 2008'']</ref>However, it has the second highest wages for a city in the world, ahead of both [[New York City]] and [[London]], though behind [[Zürich]].<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html London is the most expensive city in the world while Swiss cities are home to highest earners]</ref>

Historically, [[brewing]] has probably been the industry most often associated with the city: [[Guinness]] has been brewed at the [[St. James's Gate Brewery]] since 1759. Since the advent of the Celtic Tiger years, however, a large number of global pharmaceutical, information and communications technology companies have located in Dublin and the [[Greater Dublin Area]]. For example, [[Microsoft]], [[Google]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], [[PayPal]], [[Yahoo!]] and [[Pfizer]] (among others) now have European headquarters and/or operational bases in the city and its suburbs. [[Intel]] and [[Hewlett-Packard]] have large manufacturing plants in [[Leixlip]], [[County Kildare]], {{convert|15|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} to the west.

Banking, finance and commerce are also important in the city - the [[International Financial Services Centre|IFSC]] alone handles over €1 trillion a year. Many international firms have established major headquarters in the city (eg. [[Citibank]], [[Commerzbank]]). Also located in Dublin is the [[Irish Stock Exchange]] (ISEQ), [[Internet Neutral Exchange]] (INEX) and [[Irish Enterprise Exchange]] (IEX).

The economic boom years have led to a sharp increase in construction, which is now also a major employer, though, as of 2007, unemployment is on the rise as the housing market has begun to see supply outstrip demand.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} Redevelopment is taking place in large projects such as [http://www.ddda.ie/ Dublin Docklands], [http://www.spencerdock.ie/ Spencer Dock] and others, transforming once run-down industrial areas in the city centre. Dublin City Council seems to now have loosened the former restrictions on "high-rise" structures. The tallest building, [[Liberty Hall]], is only {{convert|59.4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} tall; already under construction in the city is [http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=323 Heuston Gate], a {{convert|117|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} building (134 m including spire). The {{convert|120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} [http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=1338 Britain Quay Tower] and the {{convert|120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} [[Point Village]] Watchtower have been approved. Construction has started on the latter. Also the [[U2 Tower]] will be the tallest building on the Island of [[Ireland]] when it is finished.

In 2005, around 800,000 people were employed in the Greater Dublin Area, of whom around 600,000 were employed in the services sector and 200,000 in the industrial sector.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.dubchamber.ie/Uploads/Policy.pdf Dublin employment]|256&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 262611 bytes -->}}</ref> Dublin is one of the constituent cities in the [[Dublin-Belfast corridor]] region which has a population of just under 3 million.

Economic growth is expected to slow in the coming years, with the Irish central bank predicting medium-term growth rates of around 3–5%.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0418/economy.html Central Bank predicts less growth]</ref> While this represents a slowdown relative to the early Celtic Tiger years, it is still stronger than growth in most other wealthy countries.

=== Transport ===
{{main|Transport in Dublin}}
[[Image:IMGPortTuNorthEnt 4572w.jpg|thumb|right|December 2006, southbound entrance of the [[Dublin Port Tunnel]].]]

Dublin is also the main hub of the country's road network. The [[M50 motorway (Ireland)|M50 motorway]] (the busiest road in Ireland), a semi-[[ring road]] runs around the south, west and north of the city, connecting the most important national primary routes in the state that fan out from the capital to the regions. As of 2008, a toll of €2 applies on what is called the [[West-Link]], two adjacent concrete bridges that tower high above the River Liffey near the village of [[Lucan, Dublin|Lucan]]. The [[West-Link]] Toll Bridge was replaced by the [[eFlow]] barrier-free tolling system in August 2008, with a three-tiered charge system based on electronic tags and car pre-registration. <ref>{{cite web | title = E-Flow Website | publisher = eFlow | url = http://eflow.ie/home/default.aspx | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-26 }}</ref>

To complete the ring road, an eastern bypass is also proposed for the city of Dublin. The first half of this project is the [[Dublin Port Tunnel]] which opened in late 2006 and mainly caters to heavy vehicles. The plan to build the eastern bypass around Dublin has been effectively shelved by the Department of Transport as there are no funds available for the expected €1 billion project.
[[Image:DART Unit 8203.jpg|left|thumb|A [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit|DART]] train, forming part of the [[Dublin Suburban Rail]] network.]]
The capital is also surrounded by an inner and outer orbital route. The inner orbital route runs roughly around the heart of the Georgian city and the outer orbital route runs largely along the natural circle formed by Dublin's two canals, the [[Grand Canal of Ireland|Grand Canal]] and the [[Royal Canal of Ireland|Royal Canal]], as well as the North and South Circular Roads.

Dublin is served by an extensive network of nearly 200 routes which serve all areas of the city and suburbs. The majority of these are controlled by [[Dublin Bus]] ( Bus Átha Cliath ) which was established in 1987 , but a number of smaller companies have began operating in recent years. Dublin Bus had 3408 staff and 1067 buses providing over half a million journeys per weekday in 2004. Fares are generally calculated on a stage system based on distance travelled. There are several different levels of fares, which apply on most services. Certain routes (particularly Xpresso) use a different fare system.

The [[Dublin Suburban Rail]] network is a system of five rail lines serving mainly commuters in the [[Greater Dublin Area]], though some trains go even further to commuter towns such as [[Drogheda]] and [[Dundalk]]. One of these is an electrified line that runs along [[Dublin Bay]] and is known as the [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit]] (DART) line.
[[Image:Ireland - Dublin - Tram.jpg|[[Luas]] tram crossing the Liffey.|thumb|right]]
A two-line [[light rail]]/[[tram]] network called the [[Luas]] opened in 2004 and has proved popular in the (limited) areas it serves, although the lack of a link between the two lines is widely criticised. Five new luas lines are planned, the last of which will be opened in 2014, with the two existing lines set to be joined up by 2012.<ref>{{cite web | title = Dublin Metro North and Metro West, Republic of Ireland | publisher = Railway-technology.com | url = http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/dublin-metro/ | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-02-22 }}</ref>

There are plans to begin building work on the [[Dublin Metro]] (subway / underground) system set out in the Irish government's 2005 [[Transport 21]] plan within the next few years. Although not confirmed, it is believed that the metro will be fully segregated from all traffic which will mean it will not disrupt traffic when in operation, unlike an on-street [[Luas]] Tram or the [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit|DART]]. The ''Metro North'' will bring rail access to areas and institutions currently lacking it, such as the Mater Hospital, [[Drumcondra, Dublin|Drumcondra]] ([[Croke Park]], inter-city and suburban rail stop), [[Dublin City University]], [[Ballymun]], [[Swords]] and [[Dublin Airport]]. The ''Metro West'' will serve the large suburbs of [[Tallaght]], [[Clondalkin]] and [[Blanchardstown]].

Dublin is at the centre of [[Transport in Ireland|Ireland's transport system]]. [[Dublin Port]] is the country's busiest [[sea port]] and [[Dublin Airport]] is the busiest airport on the island.

=== Communications and media ===
Dublin is the centre of both media and communications in Ireland, with many newspapers, radio stations, television stations and telephone companies having their headquarters there. [[Radio Telefís Éireann]] (RTÉ) is Ireland's national state broadcaster, and has its main offices and studios in Donnybrook, Dublin. [[Fair City]] is the broadcaster's capital-based soap, located in the fictional Dublin suburb of ''Carraigstown''. [[TV3 Ireland|TV3]], [[Channel 6 (Ireland)|Channel 6]], [[City Channel]] and [[Setanta Sports]] are also based in Dublin. Dublin is home to national commercial radio networks [[Today FM]] and [[Newstalk]], as well as local stations. The main infrastructure and offices of [[An Post]] and telecommunications companies, such as the former state telephone company [[Eircom]], as well as mobile/cellular operators [[Meteor (mobile network)|Meteor]], [[Vodafone Ireland|Vodafone]] and [[O2 Ireland|O<sub>2</sub>]] are all located in the capital. Dublin is also the headquarters of important national newspapers such as ''[[The Irish Times]]'' and ''[[Irish Independent]]''.

== Government ==
=== City ===

[[Image:Dublin's City Hall.jpg|right|thumb|Dublin's City Hall]]

The City is governed by ''[[Dublin City Council]]'' (formerly called ''[[Dublin Corporation]]''), which is presided over by the [[Lord Mayor of Dublin]], who is elected for a yearly term and resides in the [[Mansion House, Dublin|Mansion House]]. Dublin City Council is based in two major buildings. Council meetings take place in the headquarters at [[Dublin City Hall]], the former ''Royal Exchange'' taken over for city government use in the 1850s. Many of its administrative staff are based in the ''Civic Offices'' on [[Wood Quay]].

The City Council is a unicameral assembly of 52 members, elected every five years from Local Election Areas. The party with the majority of seats (or a coalition of parties who form a majority) decides who sits on what committee, what policies are followed, and who becomes Lord Mayor. Chaired by the Lord Mayor, the Council passes an annual budget for spending on housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, planning, etc. The Dublin City Manager is responsible for the implementation of decisions of the City Council.

The current ruling coalition, after the 2004 local elections, is the ''Democratic Alliance'', made up of [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour]], [[Fine Gael]], and the [[Green Party (Ireland)|Greens]]. [[Fianna Fáil]], [[Sinn Féin]], the [[Progressive Democrats]] and three non-party councillors act as opposition. The current Lord Mayor is [[Eibhlin Byrne]], who was elected on [[30 June]], [[2008]].

In 2008, the national government announced plans for local government reform, with the biggest change being plans for an elected Mayor of Dublin with executive powers. The plan also includes local plebiscites, petition rights, participatory budgeting and city meetings.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0422/local.html?rss RTÉ News - ''Elected mayors in plans for local govt'']</ref>

=== National ===
[[Image:Leinsterhouseirl.jpg|left|thumb|[[Leinster House]]<br /><small>18th century ducal palace now the seat of parliament that houses both the [[Dáil Éireann|Dáil]] & [[Seanad Éireann|Seanad]].</small>]]

The national parliament of Ireland, the ''[[Oireachtas]]'', consists of the President of Ireland and two houses, [[Dáil Éireann]] (Chamber of Deputies) and [[Seanad Éireann]] (Senate). All three are based in Dublin. The [[President of Ireland]] lives in [[Áras an Uachtaráin]], the former residence of the [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State]] in the city's largest park, [[Phoenix Park]]. Both houses of the Oireachtas meet in [[Leinster House]], a former ducal palace on the south side. The building has been the home of Irish parliaments since the creation of the [[Irish Free State]] on 6 December 1922.

[[Image:gbuildings.jpg|right|thumb|right|[[Government Buildings]]<br /><small>Formerly the [[Royal College of Science for Ireland|Royal College of Science]].</small>]]

The Irish Government is based in the ''[[Government Buildings]]'', a large building designed by both Thomas Manly Dean and Sir [[Aston Webb]], Sir Aston Webb being the architect who created the [[Edwardian]] facade of [[Buckingham Palace]], as the [[Royal College of Science (Ireland)|''Royal College of Science'']]. In 1921 the [[House of Commons of Southern Ireland]] met here. Given its location next to Leinster House, the Irish Free State government took over part of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries. Both it and Leinster House, meant to be a temporary home of parliament, became permanent homes.

The old [[Irish Houses of Parliament]] of the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] are in [[College Green]].

== Climate ==
{{climate chart|Dublin Airport (1961-1990)
|2.5|7.6|69.4
|2.5|7.5|50.4
|3.1|9.5|53.8
|4.4|11.4|50.7
|6.8|14.2|55.1
|9.6|17.2|56.0
|11.4|18.9|49.9
|11.1|18.6|70.5
|9.6|16.6|66.7
|7.6|13.7|69.7
|4.2|9.8|64.7
|3.4|8.4|75.6
|float=right
}}
}}
The '''chital''' or '''cheetal''' (''Axis axis'')<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Grubb|id=14200344}}</ref>, also known as '''chital deer''', '''spotted deer''' or '''axis deer''' is a [[deer]] which commonly inhabits wooded regions of [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], and most of [[India]]. It is the most common deer species in Indian forests. Its coat is reddish fawn, marked with white spots, and its underparts are white. Its antlers, which it sheds annually, are usually three-pronged and curve in a [[lyre]] shape and may extend to 75 cm. It has a protracted breeding season due in part to the tropical climate, and births can occur throughout the year. For this reason, males do not have their antler cycles in synchrony and there are some fertile females at all times of the year. Males sporting hard antlers are dominant over those in velvet or those without antlers, irrespective of their size and other factors. A chital stands about 90 cm tall at the shoulder and masses about 85 kg. Lifespan is around 20-30 years.
Dublin enjoys a maritime temperate climate characterised by mild winters, cool summers, and a lack of temperature extremes with abundant rainfall. However, contrary to popular belief, Dublin does not experience as high rainfall as the west of Ireland, which receives over twice that of the capital city. Dublin has fewer rainy days, on average, than [[Climate of London|London]]. The average maximum January temperature is 8 °C, the average maximum July temperature is 19 °C. The sunniest months, on average, are May and June. The wettest months, on average, is December with 76 mm of rain. The driest month is February, with 50 mm. The total average annual rainfall (and other forms of precipitation) is 732.7 mm, lower than [[Sydney]], [[New York City]] and even [[Dallas]]. Due to Dublin's northerly latitude, it experiences long summer days (around 19 hours of daylight) and short winter days (as short as nine hours). Like the rest of Ireland it is relatively safe from common [[natural disaster]]s such as tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes and tsunamis.

Strong winds from Atlantic storm systems ("windstorms") can affect Dublin, though usually less severe than other parts of Ireland. Severe winds are most likely during mid-winter, but can occur anytime, especially between October and February. During one of the stormiest periods of recent times, a gust of {{convert|151|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} was recorded at [[Casement Aerodrome]] on 24 December 1997.


==Ecology and lifestyle==
The city is not noted for its temperature extremes due to its mild climate. Typically, the coldest months are December, January and February. Temperatures in summer in recent years have been rising to substantially above average figures, e.g. 31 °C in July 2006, over 12 °C higher than the average maximum. Recent heat waves include the [[European heat wave of 2003]] and [[European heat wave of 2006]].
[[Image:Chital herd.jpg|thumb|left|Herd of Chital in the wild]]
Chital most commonly occur in herds of ten to fifty individuals, with one or two [[stag]]s and a number of females and young. They are often fairly tolerant of approach by humans and vehicles, especially where they are accustomed to human disturbance. They do not occur at higher elevation forests where they are usually replaced by other species such as the [[Sambar deer]]. Chital eat primarily [[grass]]es and [[vegetation]], but also eat their shed antlers as a source of nutrients.


==Interspecies interaction==
The main precipitation in winter is rain. The city can experience some snow showers during the months from October to May, but lying snow is rare (on average, only 4.5 days). [[Hail]] occurs more often than snow (on average, around 9.5 days), and is most likely during the winter and spring months. Another rare type of weather is [[thunder]] and [[lightning]], most common in late summer - though still only averages 4.1 days per year.
[[Image:AxisDeer1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Chital grazing.]]
An interesting relationship has been observed between herds of chital and troops of the [[Northern Plains Grey Langur]] (''Presbytis entellus''), a widespread leaf-eating monkey taxon of South Asia. Chital apparently benefit from the langurs' good eyesight and ability to post a lookout in a treetop, helping to raise the alarm when a predator approaches. For the langurs' part, the chital's superior sense of smell would seem to assist in early predator warning, and it is common to see langurs foraging on the ground in the presence of chital. The chital also benefit from fruits dropped by the langurs from trees such as ''[[Terminalia bellerica]]'' and ''[[Phyllanthus emblica]]''.<ref>Prasad, S.; R. Chellam; J. Krishaswamy & S. P. Goyal (2004) Frugivory of ''Phyllanthus emblica'' at Rajaji National Park, northwest India. Current Science 87(9):1188-1190 [http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/nov102004/1188.pdf pdf]</ref> [[Alarm calls]] of either species can be indicative of the presence of a predator such as a [[Bengal Tiger|tiger]].{{Fact|date=September 2007}}


== Crime ==
==Miscellaneous==
Official statistics from [[An Garda Síochána]] for 2001-2005<ref>[http://www.garda.ie/statistics/report2005.html Garda Annual Reports] 1999-2006</ref> show that the overall headline crime rate for the metropolitan area per 1,000 of population is the highest in the country. During the 1980s and 1990s, a heroin epidemic swept through working class areas of the inner city and outlying suburbs. As of October 2008, there has been 16 homicides in which 13 were gang-related gun murders.


<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Tigress Spotted dear.jpg|left|thumb|180px|<div style="text-align: center;border:none">A [[Bengal tiger]] with Chital kill</div>]] -->
== Sister cities ==
* [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]] (1998)<ref name="twins">[http://www.dublincity.ie/Press/FactsAboutDublin/Pages/FactsAboutDublin.aspx Dublin City Council website - Facts about Dublin - Twinned cities]</ref>
* [[Liverpool]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]] (1997)<ref name="twins"/>
* [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[California]], [[United States|United States of America]] (1986)<ref name="twins"/>


The Chital is called ''Jinke'' in Kannada, ''Pulli Maan'' in Tamil, ''Duppi'' in Telugu, ''Phutuki Horin'' in Assamese and ''Hiran'' in Hindi (ultimately derived from ''Harini'', the Sanskrit root word for 'deer').
== Tourist attractions ==
It has been introduced to [[Queensland]], [[Australia]], [[Point Reyes National Seashore]] near [[San Francisco]], California, [[Texas]] and [[Florida]] as well as [[Hawaii]] in the [[United States]].
{{see|:Category:Visitor attractions in County Dublin}}


It is hunted for sport and its meat and hide in the United States. Axis meat is 99.8% fat free - making it the leanest meat of any mammal. The taste of the meat is very close to good beef.
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|2}}


== See also ==
==See also==
*[[Sri Lankan axis deer]]
[[Image:Nelsons Pillar Dublin.jpg|right|thumb|The former [[Nelson's Pillar]] on O'Connell Street which was destroyed by the [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|IRA]].]]
*[[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin]]
*[[Dublin Castle]]
*[[Dublin postal districts]]
*[[General Post Office (Dublin)]]
*[[Ha'penny Bridge]]
*[[Irish Houses of Parliament|Old Irish Houses of Parliament]]
*[[Kings of Dublin]]
*[[1916 Rising]]
*[[List of Dublin people]]
*[[List of Ireland-related topics]]
*[[List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland|List of towns and villages in Ireland]]
*[[Mulligan's]]
*[[Northside (Dublin)|Northside]]
*[[Southside (Dublin)|Southside]]
*[[Spire of Dublin]]
*[[St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral]]
*[[St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin]]
*[[Temple Bar, Dublin]]
*[[Theatre Royal, Dublin]]
*[[The Pale]]
*[[Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church]]
*[[List of European metropolitan areas by GRP]]
*[[Hiberno-English#Dublin English|Dublin English]]
*[[Dublin-Belfast corridor]]
*[[Dublin GAA]]


==References==
== Additional reading ==
<references />
*Pat Liddy, ''Dublin A Celebration - From the 1st to the 21st century'' (Dublin City Council, 2000) (ISBN 0-946841-50-0)
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Deer Specialist Group|year=1996|id=41783|title=Axis axis|downloaded=12 May 2006}}
*Maurice Craig, ''The Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880'' (Batsford, Paperback edition 1989) (ISBN 0-7134-2587-3)
*[[Frank McDonald]], ''Saving the City: How to Halt the Destruction of Dublin'' (Tomar Publishing, 1989) (ISBN 1-871793-03-3)
*Edward McParland, ''Public Architecture in Ireland 1680–1760'' (Yale University Press, 2001) (ISBN 0-300-09064-1
*Hanne Hem, ''Dubliners, An Anthropologist's Account'', Oslo, 1994
*John Flynn and Jerry Kelleher, ''Dublin Journeys in America'' (High Table Publishing, 2003) (ISBN 0-9544694-1-0)


== External links ==
==External links==
{{commons|Axis axis|Chital}}
{{sisterlinks|Dublin}}
*[http://www.wildlywise.com/spotted_deer.htm wildlywise.com]
*{{Wikitravel}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/647.shtml BBC Science and Nature Wildfacts]
*[http://www.visitdublin.com Dublin Tourist Board - Official website]
*[http://www.dublincity.ie Dublin City Council - Official website]
*[http://www.dublin.ie Portal for Dublin - Dublin.ie (supported by Dublin City Council)]
*[http://www.irish-architecture.com/buildings_ireland/dublin/ Architecture of Dublin - IrishArchitecture.com]
*[http://www.chaptersofdublin.com/ Chapters of Dublin - Site with original text of books on Dublin history]


{{Artiodactyla|R.1}}
{{County Dublin}}
{{IrishCities}}
{{Capital cities of the European Union}}
{{European Capital of Culture}}
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[[Category:988 establishments]]
[[Category:Deer]]
[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Fauna of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Cities in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Coastal settlements]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Dublin]]
[[Category:Megafauna of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Leinster]]
[[Category:University towns]]
[[Category:County towns in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Viking Age settlements]]


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Revision as of 19:39, 12 October 2008

Chital
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Artiodactyla
Family:
Cervidae
Subfamily:
Cervinae
Genus:
Axis
Species:
A. axis
Binomial name
Axis axis

The chital or cheetal (Axis axis)[1], also known as chital deer, spotted deer or axis deer is a deer which commonly inhabits wooded regions of Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, and most of India. It is the most common deer species in Indian forests. Its coat is reddish fawn, marked with white spots, and its underparts are white. Its antlers, which it sheds annually, are usually three-pronged and curve in a lyre shape and may extend to 75 cm. It has a protracted breeding season due in part to the tropical climate, and births can occur throughout the year. For this reason, males do not have their antler cycles in synchrony and there are some fertile females at all times of the year. Males sporting hard antlers are dominant over those in velvet or those without antlers, irrespective of their size and other factors. A chital stands about 90 cm tall at the shoulder and masses about 85 kg. Lifespan is around 20-30 years.

Ecology and lifestyle

Herd of Chital in the wild

Chital most commonly occur in herds of ten to fifty individuals, with one or two stags and a number of females and young. They are often fairly tolerant of approach by humans and vehicles, especially where they are accustomed to human disturbance. They do not occur at higher elevation forests where they are usually replaced by other species such as the Sambar deer. Chital eat primarily grasses and vegetation, but also eat their shed antlers as a source of nutrients.

Interspecies interaction

Chital grazing.

An interesting relationship has been observed between herds of chital and troops of the Northern Plains Grey Langur (Presbytis entellus), a widespread leaf-eating monkey taxon of South Asia. Chital apparently benefit from the langurs' good eyesight and ability to post a lookout in a treetop, helping to raise the alarm when a predator approaches. For the langurs' part, the chital's superior sense of smell would seem to assist in early predator warning, and it is common to see langurs foraging on the ground in the presence of chital. The chital also benefit from fruits dropped by the langurs from trees such as Terminalia bellerica and Phyllanthus emblica.[2] Alarm calls of either species can be indicative of the presence of a predator such as a tiger.[citation needed]

Miscellaneous

The Chital is called Jinke in Kannada, Pulli Maan in Tamil, Duppi in Telugu, Phutuki Horin in Assamese and Hiran in Hindi (ultimately derived from Harini, the Sanskrit root word for 'deer'). It has been introduced to Queensland, Australia, Point Reyes National Seashore near San Francisco, California, Texas and Florida as well as Hawaii in the United States.

It is hunted for sport and its meat and hide in the United States. Axis meat is 99.8% fat free - making it the leanest meat of any mammal. The taste of the meat is very close to good beef.

See also

References

  1. ^ Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Prasad, S.; R. Chellam; J. Krishaswamy & S. P. Goyal (2004) Frugivory of Phyllanthus emblica at Rajaji National Park, northwest India. Current Science 87(9):1188-1190 pdf

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chital.
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