Amla tree
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Amla ( Phyllanthus emblica ) |
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The Amlabaum ( Phyllanthus emblica , syn. : Emblica officinalis ) is a tropical plant from the family of Phyllanthaceae . Colloquially it is also known under the names Indian gooseberry, myrobalan tree or myrobalan. Its fruit is known as either Indian gooseberry or amla for short .
description
The amla tree is deciduous and small to medium-sized, reaching a size of 8 to 23 meters. It has a crooked trunk up to 35 centimeters thick and spreading branches. The bark is brown to grayish and flakes off in larger pieces with age. The branches are bare or finely hairy, 10 to 20 centimeters long and for the most part covered with leaves.
The small, thick leaves are almost sessile, elongated, entire and glabrous. They are up to 1.5–2.5 centimeters long, 4–5 millimeters wide and lighter on the underside, as well as rounded to pointed or with a minimal, reddish spike tip. They sit alternately, individually and close together on the branch. This creates the impression of pinnate leaves. There are small stipules present.
The Amlabaum is monoecious mixed sex monoecious . The unisexual flowers with a simple flower cover are threefold and greenish-yellow to reddish-white. There are six sepals each in two circles. The female flowers are solitary, higher up and the male are in larger groups, further down, axillary on the branches or at the attachment points of fallen branches. The stalked male flowers have three completely fused stamens . In the nearly seated female flowers of the draft tube is ovary upper constant, overgrown with three half, bifurcated styluses , each with two-lobed scars on the branches. And there is a discus .
The stone fruit is spherical, greenish-yellow, rather smooth and hard in appearance, with six vertical stripes or ribs. It is up to 2.5–4 centimeters in size and the yellowish, rounded, up to 1.2 centimeters large and ribbed stone core contains three compartments, each with two smooth, brown and elongated, semicircular, up to 4-6 millimeter large seeds . The fruits reach their full ripeness in autumn and are traditionally harvested by hand. The taste is sour, bitter, and astringent, and they are quite fibrous.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 52.
Occurrence
The amla tree is originally from India, but grows in various tropical, subtropical and temperate areas.
use
The Indian gooseberry is one of the three ingredients in Triphala .
In India, it is customary to soak the gooseberries in salted water with turmeric for eating in order to give the sour fruits a pleasant taste. The amla fruit is also used to straighten hair.
Names in other languages
The most important foreign language names are:
- aanla in Oriya
- aamla (આમળા) in Gujarati
- aavalaa (आवळा) (or awla ) in Marathi
- avaaLo (आवाळो) in Konkani
- aamla (आँवला) in Hindi
- amala in Nepali
- amalaka | amlaki | aamlaki in Sanskrit
- amloki (আমলকী) in Bengali
- amlakhi in Assamese
- haliilaj or ihliilaj in Arabic was derived from ihliilaji , which means something like 'elliptical' and most likely refers to the shape of the fruit
- heikru in Manipuri
- nelli (නෙල්ලි) in Sinhala
- nellikka (നെല്ലിക്ക) in Malayalam
- nellikkai (நெல்லிக்காய் / ನೆಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಯಿ / ಗುಡ್ದದ ನೆಲ್ಲಿ) (or nellikkaai , nellikaayi ) in Tamil and Kannada
- mak kham bom in Lao
- ma kham pom (มะขามป้อม) in Thai
- olay in Punjabi
- usiri (ఉసిరి కాయ) (or usirikai ) in Telugu
- Anmole (庵 摩勒) in Chinese
Medical importance
The Indian gooseberry has been very well researched and is said to have antiviral and antimicrobial properties in vitro .
In 2009, D. Chakraborty and R. Verma were able to show in an experiment that the sperm quality of mice poisoned with ochratoxin and treated with Emblica officinalis extract improved compared to control mice poisoned with ochratoxin. This reduction in ochratoxin-caused damage by Emblica officinalis could be explained by a possible antioxidant effect of Emblica .
In 2011, Luo and colleagues were able to show that the tested phenolic components of Emblica officinalis had radical scavenging activity.
In isoproterenol- induced myocardial infarction in rats, Ojha et al. Discovered in 2011 that higher doses of amla extract increased the systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure , the average arterial blood pressure and the heart rate compared to the control mice induced only with isoproterenol .
An ex vivo test by Shashidhara and colleagues with goat eyes in 2012 showed reduced lens opacity when the eyes are in a solution of glucose and triphala extract - compared to the glucose solution.
In an in vitro experiment in 2012, Philip and co-workers showed that the amla extract inhibited growth in Salmonella in high concentrations and inhibited growth in Shigella in low concentrations .
In 2012, Muthuraman et al. Showed in an acute inflammation model in rats that high concentrations of free or bound phenolic compounds led to a reduction in edema .
At low doses of the amla extract, mice show an improvement in the forced swim test and the tail suspension test , which indicates an antidepressant effect.
literature
- D. Cardon, PCM Jansen: Dyes and Tannins. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 3, PROTA, 2005, ISBN 90-5782-159-1 , pp. 121-124.
Web links
- Phyllanthus emblica in Ayurveda medicinal plants.
- Phyllanthus emblica at Useful Tropical Plants.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Phyllanthus emblica at Pitchandikulam Forest Virtual Herbarium, accessed on April 29, 2019 (with a selection in the menu on the right).
- ↑ Phyllanthus emblica at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Ernst Schrott: Ayurveda for every day. Mosaik, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-576-11616-8 .
- ^ S. Saeed, P. Tariq: Antibacterial activities of Emblica officinalis and Coriandrum sativum against Gram negative urinary pathogens . In: Pak J Pharm Sci . tape 20 , no. 1 , January 2007, p. 32-35 , PMID 17337425 .
- ↑ D. Chakraborty, R. Verma: Spermatotoxic effect of ochratoxin and its amelioration by Emblica officinalis aqueous extract. In: Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research . 66 (6), 2009, pp. 689-695, PMID 20050533 .
- ↑ W. Luo, M. Zhao, B. Yang, J. Ren, G. Shen, G. Rao: Antioxidant and Antiproliferative capacities of phenolic purifided from Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit. In: Food Chemistry . 126 (1), 2011, pp. 277-282, doi: 10.1016 / j.foodchem.2010.11.018 .
- ↑ S. Ojha, M. Golechha, S. Kumari, D. S. Arya: Protective effect of Emblica officinalis (amla) on isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. In: Toxicology and Industrial Health . 28 (5), 2011, pp. 399-411, doi: 10.1177 / 0748233711413798 .
- ↑ S. C. Shashidhara, K. C. Bharath Raj, B. J. Aswathanarayanha: A comparative study of anti-cataract activity of Triphala and its constituents. In: International Research journal of Pharmacy. 3 (5), 2012, pp. 407-410.
- ↑ J. Philip, S. John, P. Iyer: Antimicrobial Activity of Aloevera berbedensis, Daucus carota, Emblica officinalis, Honey and Punica granatum and Formulation of a Health Drink and Salad. In: Malaysian Journal of Microbiology. 8 (3), 2012, pp. 141-147.
- ↑ A. Muthuraman, S. Sood, SK Singla: The antiinflammatory potential of phenolic compounds from Emblica officinalis L. in rats In: Inflammopharmacol. 19 (6), 2010, pp. 327-334, doi: 10.1007 / s10787-010-0041-9 .
- ↑ D. Dhingra, P. Joshi, A. Gupta, R. Chhillar: Possible Involvemend of Monoaminergic Neutransmission in Antidepressent-like Activity of Emblica Officinalis Fruit in Mice. In: CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics. 18 (5), 2012, pp. 419-425, doi: 10.1111 / j.1755-5949.2011.00256.x .