Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{Infobox_gene}}


The '''''SLC10A2''''' (solute carrier family 10 member 2) [[gene]] in humans encodes the [[bile acid:sodium symporter]] known as the '''apical sodium–bile acid transporter''' (ASBT) or as the '''ileal bile acid transporter''' (IBAT).<ref name="pmid8661017">{{cite journal |author1=Wong MH |author2=Rao PN |author3=Pettenati MJ |author4=Dawson PA | title = Localization of the ileal sodium-bile acid cotransporter gene (SLC10A2) to human chromosome 13q33 | journal = Genomics | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 538–40 |date=Sep 1996 | pmid = 8661017 | pmc = | doi = 10.1006/geno.1996.0233 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SLC10A2 solute carrier family 10 (sodium/bile acid cotransporter family), member 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6555| accessdate = }}</ref>
'''Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter''', also known as '''apical sodium–bile acid transporter''' ('''ASBT''') and '''ileal bile acid transporter''' ('''IBAT'''), is a [[bile acid:sodium symporter]] [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC10A2'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid8661017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wong MH, Rao PN, Pettenati MJ, Dawson PA | title = Localization of the ileal sodium-bile acid cotransporter gene (SLC10A2) to human chromosome 13q33 | journal = Genomics | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 538–40 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8661017 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1996.0233 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SLC10A2 solute carrier family 10 (sodium/bile acid cotransporter family), member 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6555}}</ref>


ASBT/IBAT is most highly expressed in the [[ileum]], where it is found on the [[brush border]] membrane of [[enterocyte]]s. It is responsible for the initial uptake of bile acids, particularly conjugated bile acids, from the intestine as part of their [[enterohepatic circulation]].<ref name="pmid21103970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dawson PA |title=Role of the intestinal bile acid transporters in bile acid and drug disposition |journal=Handb Exp Pharmacol |volume= |issue=201 |pages=169–203 |year=2011 |pmid=21103970 |pmc=3249407 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_4 |url=}}</ref>
ASBT/IBAT is most highly expressed in the [[ileum]], where it is found on the [[brush border]] membrane of [[enterocyte]]s. It is responsible for the initial uptake of [[bile acid]]s, particularly conjugated bile acids, from the intestine as part of their [[enterohepatic circulation]].<ref name="pmid21103970">{{cite book | vauthors = Dawson PA | chapter = Role of the Intestinal Bile Acid Transporters in Bile Acid and Drug Disposition | title = Drug Transporters | series = Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology | issue = 201 | pages = 169–203 | year = 2011 | volume = 201 | pmid = 21103970 | pmc = 3249407 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_4 | isbn = 978-3-642-14540-7 }}</ref>


== As a drug target ==
⚫
Several [[pharmaceutical drug|medications]] to inhibit IBAT are under [[drug development|development]]. They include [[elobixibat]], under development for the treatment of [[constipation]] and [[irritable bowel syndrome]],<ref name="pmid25057297">{{cite journal |vauthors=Acosta A, Camilleri M |title=Elobixibat and its potential role in chronic idiopathic constipation |journal=Therap Adv Gastroenterol |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=167–75 |year=2014 |pmid=25057297 |pmc=4107709 |doi=10.1177/1756283X14528269 |url=}}</ref> and [[volixibat]], under development for the treatment of [[non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]].<ref name="Chitnis_2016-08-03">{{Citation |last=Chitnis |first=Deepak |date=2016-08-03 |accessdate=2016-08-14 |title=FDA grants fast track status to volixibat |work=Internal Medicine News Digital Network |url=http://www.internalmedicinenews.com/index.php?id=514&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=529065&cHash=0318868cbd3098688c489deca5797e62 |postscript=.}}</ref>


⚫
Several [[pharmaceutical drug|medications]] to inhibit IBAT are under [[drug development|development]]. They include [[elobixibat]], under development for the treatment of [[constipation]] and [[irritable bowel syndrome]],<ref name="pmid25057297">{{cite journal | vauthors = Acosta A, Camilleri M | title = Elobixibat and its potential role in chronic idiopathic constipation | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 167–75 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25057297 | pmc = 4107709 | doi = 10.1177/1756283X14528269 }}</ref> and [[volixibat]], under development for the treatment of [[non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]].<ref name="Chitnis_2016-08-03">{{Citation |last=Chitnis |first=Deepak | name-list-style = vanc |date=2016-08-03 |access-date=2016-08-14 |title=FDA grants fast track status to volixibat |work=Internal Medicine News Digital Network |url=http://www.internalmedicinenews.com/index.php?id=514&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=529065&cHash=0318868cbd3098688c489deca5797e62 |postscript=.}}</ref>
⚫
==See also==

⚫
== See also ==
* [[Solute carrier family]]
* [[Solute carrier family]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{clear}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shneider BL | title = Intestinal bile acid transport: biology, physiology, and pathophysiology | journal = Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 407–17 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11396803 | doi = 10.1097/00005176-200104000-00002 | doi-access = free }}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Balakrishnan A, Polli JE | title = Apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2): a potential prodrug target | journal = Molecular Pharmaceutics | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 223–30 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16749855 | pmc = 2796132 | doi = 10.1021/mp060022d }}
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Shneider BL |title=Intestinal bile acid transport: biology, physiology, and pathophysiology. |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=32 |issue= 4 |pages= 407–17 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11396803 |doi=10.1097/00005176-200104000-00002 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wong MH, Oelkers P, Dawson PA | title = Identification of a mutation in the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter gene that abolishes transport activity | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 45 | pages = 27228–34 | date = November 1995 | pmid = 7592981 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.45.27228 | doi-access = free}}
*{{cite journal |author1=Balakrishnan A |author2=Polli JE |title=Apical Sodium Dependent Bile Acid Transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2): A Potential Prodrug Target |journal=Mol. Pharm. |volume=3 |issue= 3 |pages= 223–30 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16749855 |doi= 10.1021/mp060022d | pmc=2796132 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Oelkers P, Kirby LC, Heubi JE, Dawson PA | title = Primary bile acid malabsorption caused by mutations in the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter gene (SLC10A2) | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 99 | issue = 8 | pages = 1880–7 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9109432 | pmc = 508012 | doi = 10.1172/JCI119355 }}
*{{cite journal |author1=Wong MH |author2=Oelkers P |author3=Dawson PA |title=Identification of a mutation in the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter gene that abolishes transport activity |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 45 |pages= 27228–34 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7592981 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.45.27228 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Craddock AL, Love MW, Daniel RW, Kirby LC, Walters HC, Wong MH, Dawson PA | title = Expression and transport properties of the human ileal and renal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter | journal = The American Journal of Physiology | volume = 274 | issue = 1 Pt 1 | pages = G157-69 | date = January 1998 | doi = 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.1.G157 | pmid = 9458785 }}
*{{cite journal |author1=Oelkers P |author2=Kirby LC |author3=Heubi JE |author4=Dawson PA |title=Primary bile acid malabsorption caused by mutations in the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter gene (SLC10A2) |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=99 |issue= 8 |pages= 1880–7 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9109432 |doi=10.1172/JCI119355 | pmc=508012 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Montagnani M, Love MW, Rössel P, Dawson PA, Qvist P | title = Absence of dysfunctional ileal sodium-bile acid cotransporter gene mutations in patients with adult-onset idiopathic bile acid malabsorption | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 36 | issue = 10 | pages = 1077–80 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11589382 | doi = 10.1080/003655201750422693 | s2cid = 218908622 }}
⚫
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Love MW, Craddock AL, Angelin B, Brunzell JD, Duane WC, Dawson PA | title = Analysis of the ileal bile acid transporter gene, SLC10A2, in subjects with familial hypertriglyceridemia | journal = Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology | volume = 21 | issue = 12 | pages = 2039–45 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11742882 | doi = 10.1161/hq1201.100262 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Craddock AL |title=Expression and transport properties of the human ileal and renal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter |journal=Am. J. Physiol. |volume=274 |issue= 1 Pt 1 |pages= G157–69 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9458785 |doi= |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Love MW | author3=Daniel RW | display-authors=3 | last4=Kirby | first4=LC | last5=Walters | first5=HC | last6=Wong | first6=MH | last7=Dawson | first7=PA }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Jung D, Fried M, Kullak-Ublick GA | title = Human apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter gene (SLC10A2) is regulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 34 | pages = 30559–66 | date = August 2002 | pmid = 12055195 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M203511200 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Montagnani M |title=Absence of dysfunctional ileal sodium-bile acid cotransporter gene mutations in patients with adult-onset idiopathic bile acid malabsorption |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=36 |issue= 10 |pages= 1077–80 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11589382 |doi=10.1080/003655201750422693 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Love MW | author3=Rössel P | display-authors=3 | last4=Dawson | first4=PA | last5=Qvist | first5=P }}
⚫
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zelcer N, Saeki T, Bot I, Kuil A, Borst P | title = Transport of bile acids in multidrug-resistance-protein 3-overexpressing cells co-transfected with the ileal Na+-dependent bile-acid transporter | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 369 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 23–30 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12220224 | pmc = 1223054 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20021081 }}
⚫
*{{cite journal | author=Love MW |title=Analysis of the ileal bile acid transporter gene, SLC10A2, in subjects with familial hypertriglyceridemia |journal=Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. |volume=21 |issue= 12 |pages= 2039–45 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11742882 |doi=10.1161/hq1201.100262 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Craddock AL | author3=Angelin B | display-authors=3 | last4=Brunzell | first4=J. D. | last5=Duane | first5=W. C. | last6=Dawson | first6=P. A. }}
*{{cite journal |author1=Jung D |author2=Fried M |author3=Kullak-Ublick GA |title=Human apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter gene (SLC10A2) is regulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 34 |pages= 30559–66 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12055195 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M203511200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Neimark E, Chen F, Li X, Shneider BL | title = Bile acid-induced negative feedback regulation of the human ileal bile acid transporter | journal = Hepatology | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 149–56 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15239098 | doi = 10.1002/hep.20295 | doi-access = free }}
⚫
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Xia X, Roundtree M, Merikhi A, Lu X, Shentu S, Lesage G | title = Degradation of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in cholangiocytes | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 43 | pages = 44931–7 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15304498 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M400969200 | doi-access = free}}
⚫
*{{cite journal | author=Zelcer N |title=Transport of bile acids in multidrug-resistance-protein 3-overexpressing cells co-transfected with the ileal Na+-dependent bile-acid transporter |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=369 |issue= Pt 1 |pages= 23–30 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12220224 |doi= 10.1042/BJ20021081 | pmc=1223054 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Saeki T | author3=Bot I | display-authors=3 | last4=Kuil | first4=Annemieke | last5=Borst | first5=Piet }}
⚫
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang EY, Phelps MA, Banerjee A, Khantwal CM, Chang C, Helsper F, Swaan PW | title = Topology scanning and putative three-dimensional structure of the extracellular binding domains of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (SLC10A2) | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 43 | issue = 36 | pages = 11380–92 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15350125 | doi = 10.1021/bi049270a }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chumakov I |title=Genetic and physiological data implicating the new human gene G72 and the gene for d-amino acid oxidase in schizophrenia |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 21 |pages= 13675–80 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12364586 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.182412499 | pmc=129739 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Blumenfeld M | author3=Guerassimenko O | display-authors=3 | last4=Cavarec | first4=L | last5=Palicio | first5=M | last6=Abderrahim | first6=H | last7=Bougueleret | first7=L | last8=Barry | first8=C | last9=Tanaka | first9=H }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Banerjee A, Ray A, Chang C, Swaan PW | title = Site-directed mutagenesis and use of bile acid-MTS conjugates to probe the role of cysteines in the human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (SLC10A2) | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 44 | issue = 24 | pages = 8908–17 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15952798 | doi = 10.1021/bi050553s }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dunham A |title=The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13 |journal=Nature |volume=428 |issue= 6982 |pages= 522–8 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15057823 |doi= 10.1038/nature02379 | pmc=2665288 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Matthews LH | author3=Burton J | display-authors=3 | last4=Ashurst | first4=J. L. | last5=Howe | first5=K. L. | last6=Ashcroft | first6=K. J. | last7=Beare | first7=D. M. | last8=Burford | first8=D. C. | last9=Hunt | first9=S. E. }}
*{{cite journal |author1=Neimark E |author2=Chen F |author3=Li X |author4=Shneider BL |title=Bile acid-induced negative feedback regulation of the human ileal bile acid transporter |journal=Hepatology |volume=40 |issue= 1 |pages= 149–56 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15239098 |doi= 10.1002/hep.20295 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nakahara M, Furuya N, Takagaki K, Sugaya T, Hirota K, Fukamizu A, Kanda T, Fujii H, Sato R | title = Ileal bile acid-binding protein, functionally associated with the farnesoid X receptor or the ileal bile acid transporter, regulates bile acid activity in the small intestine | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 280 | issue = 51 | pages = 42283–9 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16230354 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M507454200 | doi-access = free }}
⚫
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bergheim I, Harsch S, Mueller O, Schimmel S, Fritz P, Stange EF | title = Apical sodium bile acid transporter and ileal lipid binding protein in gallstone carriers | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 42–50 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16237211 | doi = 10.1194/jlr.M500215-JLR200 | doi-access = free }}
⚫
*{{cite journal | author=Xia X |title=Degradation of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in cholangiocytes |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=279 |issue= 43 |pages= 44931–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15304498 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M400969200 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Roundtree M | author3=Merikhi A | display-authors=3 | last4=Lu | first4=X | last5=Shentu | first5=S | last6=Lesage | first6=G }}
⚫
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Banerjee A, Swaan PW | title = Membrane topology of human ASBT (SLC10A2) determined by dual label epitope insertion scanning mutagenesis. New evidence for seven transmembrane domains | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 943–53 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16411770 | pmc = 2525805 | doi = 10.1021/bi052202j }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhang EY |title=Topology scanning and putative three-dimensional structure of the extracellular binding domains of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (SLC10A2) |journal=Biochemistry |volume=43 |issue= 36 |pages= 11380–92 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15350125 |doi= 10.1021/bi049270a |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Phelps MA | author3=Banerjee A | display-authors=3 | last4=Khantwal | first4=Chandra M. | last5=Chang | first5=Cheng | last6=Helsper | first6=Freek | last7=Swaan | first7=Peter W. }}
⚫
*{{cite journal |author1=Banerjee A |author2=Ray A |author3=Chang C |author4=Swaan PW |title=Site-directed mutagenesis and use of bile acid-MTS conjugates to probe the role of cysteines in the human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (SLC10A2) |journal=Biochemistry |volume=44 |issue= 24 |pages= 8908–17 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15952798 |doi= 10.1021/bi050553s }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nakahara M |title=Ileal bile acid-binding protein, functionally associated with the farnesoid X receptor or the ileal bile acid transporter, regulates bile acid activity in the small intestine |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=280 |issue= 51 |pages= 42283–9 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16230354 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M507454200 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Furuya N | author3=Takagaki K | display-authors=3 | last4=Sugaya | first4=T | last5=Hirota | first5=K | last6=Fukamizu | first6=A | last7=Kanda | first7=T | last8=Fujii | first8=H | last9=Sato | first9=R }}
⚫
*{{cite journal | author=Bergheim I |title=Apical sodium bile acid transporter and ileal lipid binding protein in gallstone carriers |journal=J. Lipid Res. |volume=47 |issue= 1 |pages= 42–50 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16237211 |doi= 10.1194/jlr.M500215-JLR200 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Harsch S | author3=Mueller O | display-authors=3 | last4=Schimmel | first4=S | last5=Fritz | first5=P | last6=Stange | first6=EF }}
⚫
*{{cite journal |author1=Banerjee A |author2=Swaan PW |title=Membrane Topology Of Human ASBT (SLC10A2) Determined By Dual Label Epitope Insertion Scanning Mutagenesis. New Evidence For Seven Transmembrane Domains |journal=Biochemistry |volume=45 |issue= 3 |pages= 943–53 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16411770 |doi= 10.1021/bi052202j | pmc=2525805 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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{{NLM content}}
{{Membrane transport proteins}}
{{Membrane transport proteins}}
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[[Category:Solute carrier family]]
[[Category:Solute carrier family]]

Latest revision as of 18:11, 25 November 2023

SLC10A2
Identifiers
AliasesSLC10A2, ASBT, IBAT, ISBT, NTCP2, PBAM, solute carrier family 10 member 2, Ileal bile acid transporter, PBAM1
External IDsOMIM: 601295 MGI: 1201406 HomoloGene: 390 GeneCards: SLC10A2
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

6555

20494

Ensembl

ENSG00000125255

ENSMUSG00000023073

UniProt

Q12908

P70172

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000452

NM_011388

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000443

NP_035518

Location (UCSC)Chr 13: 103.04 – 103.07 MbChr 8: 5.13 – 5.16 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter, also known as apical sodium–bile acid transporter (ASBT) and ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT), is a bile acid:sodium symporter protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC10A2 gene.[5][6]

ASBT/IBAT is most highly expressed in the ileum, where it is found on the brush border membrane of enterocytes. It is responsible for the initial uptake of bile acids, particularly conjugated bile acids, from the intestine as part of their enterohepatic circulation.[7]

As a drug target[edit]

Several medications to inhibit IBAT are under development. They include elobixibat, under development for the treatment of constipation and irritable bowel syndrome,[8] and volixibat, under development for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.[9]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125255 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000023073 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Wong MH, Rao PN, Pettenati MJ, Dawson PA (May 1996). "Localization of the ileal sodium-bile acid cotransporter gene (SLC10A2) to human chromosome 13q33". Genomics. 33 (3): 538–40. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0233. PMID 8661017.
  6. ^ "Entrez Gene: SLC10A2 solute carrier family 10 (sodium/bile acid cotransporter family), member 2".
  7. ^ Dawson PA (2011). "Role of the Intestinal Bile Acid Transporters in Bile Acid and Drug Disposition". Drug Transporters. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 201. pp. 169–203. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_4. ISBN 978-3-642-14540-7. PMC 3249407. PMID 21103970.
  8. ^ Acosta A, Camilleri M (July 2014). "Elobixibat and its potential role in chronic idiopathic constipation". Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology. 7 (4): 167–75. doi:10.1177/1756283X14528269. PMC 4107709. PMID 25057297.
  9. ^ Chitnis D (2016-08-03), "FDA grants fast track status to volixibat", Internal Medicine News Digital Network, retrieved 2016-08-14.

Further reading[edit]

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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