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These flies are small and their larvae grow within galls formed on the leaf, shoot or flower buds.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The galls themselves are induced by endosymbiotic nematodes in the genus ''[[Fergusobia]]'' (family [[Neotylenchidae]]) which are obligate mutualists of the flies.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/bij.12237|title=An emerging example of tritrophic coevolution between flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and nematodes (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) on Myrtaceae host plants|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=111|issue=4|pages=699–718|year=2014|last1=Nelson|first1=Leigh A.|last2=Davies|first2=Kerrie A.|last3=Scheffer|first3=Sonja J.|last4=Taylor|first4=Gary S.|last5=Purcell|first5=Matthew F.|last6=Giblin-Davis|first6=Robin M.|last7=Thornhill|first7=Andrew H.|last8=Yeates|first8=David K.|doi-access=free}}</ref> Females carry the nematode in their haemocoel, and transport them to host plants while laying their eggs.<ref name=":0" /> Most of the fly species are specific to their tree hosts but a few use more than one species of host.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1071/IS02033|title=Revision of ''Fergusonina'' Malloch gall flies (Diptera : Fergusoninidae) from ''Melaleuca'' (Myrtaceae)|journal=Invertebrate Systematics|volume=18|issue=3|pages=251|year=2004|last1=Taylor|first1=Gary S.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.023|pmid=28757445|title=Phylogenetics of Australasian gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae): Evolutionary patterns of host-shifting and gall morphology|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=115|pages=140–160|year=2017|last1=Scheffer|first1=S.J.|last2=Davies|first2=K.A.|last3=Taylor|first3=G.S.|last4=Thornhill|first4=A.H.|last5=Lewis|first5=M.L.|last6=Winkler|first6=I.S.|last7=Yeates|first7=D.K.|last8=Purcell|first8=M.F.|last9=Makinson|first9=J.|last10=Giblin-Davis|first10=R.M.|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
These flies are small and their larvae grow within galls formed on the leaf, shoot or flower buds.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The galls themselves are induced by endosymbiotic nematodes in the genus ''[[Fergusobia]]'' (family [[Neotylenchidae]]) which are obligate mutualists of the flies.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/bij.12237|title=An emerging example of tritrophic coevolution between flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and nematodes (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) on Myrtaceae host plants|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=111|issue=4|pages=699–718|year=2014|last1=Nelson|first1=Leigh A.|last2=Davies|first2=Kerrie A.|last3=Scheffer|first3=Sonja J.|last4=Taylor|first4=Gary S.|last5=Purcell|first5=Matthew F.|last6=Giblin-Davis|first6=Robin M.|last7=Thornhill|first7=Andrew H.|last8=Yeates|first8=David K.|doi-access=free}}</ref> Females carry the nematode in their haemocoel, and transport them to host plants while laying their eggs.<ref name=":0" /> Most of the fly species are specific to their tree hosts but a few use more than one species of host.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1071/IS02033|title=Revision of ''Fergusonina'' Malloch gall flies (Diptera : Fergusoninidae) from ''Melaleuca'' (Myrtaceae)|journal=Invertebrate Systematics|volume=18|issue=3|pages=251|year=2004|last1=Taylor|first1=Gary S.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.023|pmid=28757445|title=Phylogenetics of Australasian gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae): Evolutionary patterns of host-shifting and gall morphology|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=115|pages=140–160|year=2017|last1=Scheffer|first1=S.J.|last2=Davies|first2=K.A.|last3=Taylor|first3=G.S.|last4=Thornhill|first4=A.H.|last5=Lewis|first5=M.L.|last6=Winkler|first6=I.S.|last7=Yeates|first7=D.K.|last8=Purcell|first8=M.F.|last9=Makinson|first9=J.|last10=Giblin-Davis|first10=R.M.|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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The taxonomic placement of Fergusoninidae is disputed. While formerly in the superfamily [[Opomyzoidea]], a 2020 study places it within superfamily [[Nerioidea]] based on morphology,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lonsdale |first=Owen |date=2020-02-17 |title=Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora)—Definition, history and relationships |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4735.1.1 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4735 |issue=1 |pages=1–177 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4735.1.1 |issn=1175-5334}}</ref> while a 2021 study using [[transcriptome]] data places it in a group along with [[Agromyzidae]] and other families<ref>{{Cite journal | |
The taxonomic placement of Fergusoninidae is disputed. While formerly in the superfamily [[Opomyzoidea]], a 2020 study places it within superfamily [[Nerioidea]] based on morphology,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lonsdale |first=Owen |date=2020-02-17 |title=Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora)—Definition, history and relationships |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4735.1.1 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4735 |issue=1 |pages=1–177 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4735.1.1 |issn=1175-5334|doi-access=free }}</ref> while a 2021 study using [[transcriptome]] data places it in a group along with [[Agromyzidae]] and other families<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bayless |first1=Keith M. |last2=Trautwein |first2=Michelle D. |last3=Meusemann |first3=Karen |last4=Shin |first4=Seunggwan |last5=Petersen |first5=Malte |last6=Donath |first6=Alexander |last7=Podsiadlowski |first7=Lars |last8=Mayer |first8=Christoph |last9=Niehuis |first9=Oliver |last10=Peters |first10=Ralph S. |last11=Meier |first11=Rudolf |date=2021-02-08 |title=Beyond Drosophila: resolving the rapid radiation of schizophoran flies with phylotranscriptomics |journal=BMC Biology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=23 |doi=10.1186/s12915-020-00944-8 |issn=1741-7007 |pmc=7871583 |pmid=33557827 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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{{Gallery|Fergusonina_fly_ARS_K9402-1.jpg|A ''Fergusonina'' species}} |
{{Gallery|Fergusonina_fly_ARS_K9402-1.jpg|A ''Fergusonina'' species}} |
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Latest revision as of 08:54, 3 December 2023
| Fergusonina | |
|---|---|
| |
| Outline | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Fergusoninidae |
| Genus: | Fergusonina Malloch, 1924[1] |
| Type species | |
| Fergusonina microcera Malloch, 1924
| |
Fergusonina, the sole genus in the family of Fergusoninidae, are gall-forming flies. There are about 40 species in the genus, all of them producing galls on Eucalyptus, Melaleuca, Corymbia, and Metrosideros[2] species (all in the family Myrtaceae) in Australia and New Zealand.
These flies are small and their larvae grow within galls formed on the leaf, shoot or flower buds.[3][4][5] The galls themselves are induced by endosymbiotic nematodes in the genus Fergusobia (family Neotylenchidae) which are obligate mutualists of the flies.[3] Females carry the nematode in their haemocoel, and transport them to host plants while laying their eggs.[3] Most of the fly species are specific to their tree hosts but a few use more than one species of host.[3][4][5]
The taxonomic placement of Fergusoninidae is disputed. While formerly in the superfamily Opomyzoidea, a 2020 study places it within superfamily Nerioidea based on morphology,[6] while a 2021 study using transcriptome data places it in a group along with Agromyzidae and other families[7]
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A Fergusonina species
References[edit]
- ^ Malloch, John Russel (1924). "Notes on Australian Diptera. No. III". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 49 (3). The Linnean Society of New South Wales: 329–338.
- ^ Taylor, Gary; Davies, Kerrie; Martin, Nicholas; Crosby, Trevor (2007). "First record of Fergusonina (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and associated Fergusobia (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) forming galls on Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) from New Zealand". Systematic Entomology. 32 (3): 548–557. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00383.x. S2CID 84323543.
- ^ a b c d Nelson, Leigh A.; Davies, Kerrie A.; Scheffer, Sonja J.; Taylor, Gary S.; Purcell, Matthew F.; Giblin-Davis, Robin M.; Thornhill, Andrew H.; Yeates, David K. (2014). "An emerging example of tritrophic coevolution between flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and nematodes (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) on Myrtaceae host plants". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 111 (4): 699–718. doi:10.1111/bij.12237.
- ^ a b Taylor, Gary S. (2004). "Revision of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera : Fergusoninidae) from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 18 (3): 251. doi:10.1071/IS02033.
- ^ a b Scheffer, S.J.; Davies, K.A.; Taylor, G.S.; Thornhill, A.H.; Lewis, M.L.; Winkler, I.S.; Yeates, D.K.; Purcell, M.F.; Makinson, J.; Giblin-Davis, R.M. (2017). "Phylogenetics of Australasian gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae): Evolutionary patterns of host-shifting and gall morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 115: 140–160. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.023. PMID 28757445.
- ^ Lonsdale, Owen (2020-02-17). "Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora)—Definition, history and relationships". Zootaxa. 4735 (1): 1–177. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4735.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ Bayless, Keith M.; Trautwein, Michelle D.; Meusemann, Karen; Shin, Seunggwan; Petersen, Malte; Donath, Alexander; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Niehuis, Oliver; Peters, Ralph S.; Meier, Rudolf (2021-02-08). "Beyond Drosophila: resolving the rapid radiation of schizophoran flies with phylotranscriptomics". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00944-8. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 7871583. PMID 33557827.
Further reading[edit]
- Purcell, Michaela Fay Elizabeth. 2017. Phylogeny and host relationships of the Australian gall-inducing fly Fergusonina Malloch (Diptera: Fergusoninidae). Australian National University. PhD thesis.
- Head, Elise. 2008. Ecology of the Fergusonina fly and Fergusobia nematode gall association in South Australia. University of Adelaide. MSc thesis.