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{{Short description|Family of flies}}
{{unreferenced|date=May 2010}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Pyrgotidae
| taxon = Pyrgotidae
| image = Pyrgotella chagnoni.jpg
| image = Pyrgotella chagnoni.jpg
| image_caption = ''Pyrgotella chagnoni''
| image_caption = ''Pyrgotella chagnoni''
| display_parents = 3
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| authority = [[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1868<ref name="Pape et al. 2011"/>
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| subordo = [[Brachycera]]
| infraordo = [[Muscomorpha]]
| zoosectio = [[Schizophora]]
| zoosubsectio = [[Acalyptratae]]
| superfamilia = [[Tephritoidea]]
| familia = '''Pyrgotidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Ignaz Rudolph Schiner|Schiner]], 1868
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = see the text
| subdivision = see text
}}
}}
The '''Pyrgotidae''' are an unusual family of flies ([[Diptera]]), one of only two families of [[Cyclorrhapha]] that lack [[ocelli]]. Most species are "picture-winged" (i.e, have patterns of bands or spots on the wings), as is typical among the [[Tephritoidea]], but unlike other tephritoids, they are [[endoparasitoid]]s; the females pursue [[Scarabaeidae|scarab beetles]] in flight, laying an egg on the beetle's back under the [[elytra]] where the beetle cannot reach it. The egg hatches and the fly larva enters the body cavity of the beetle, feeding and eventually killing the host before [[pupa]]ting. In the [[United States]], some species of ''[[Pyrgota]]'' and ''[[Sphecomyiella]]'' can be quite common in areas where their host beetles (typically the genus ''[[Phyllophaga (genus)|Phyllophaga]]'', or "June beetles") are abundant. Like their host beetles, these flies are primarily [[nocturnal]], and are often attracted to artificial lights.


The '''Pyrgotidae''' are an unusual family of [[Fly|flies]] (Diptera), one of only two families of [[Cyclorrhapha]] that lack [[ocelli]]. Most species are "picture-winged" (i.e., have patterns of bands or spots on the wings), as is typical among the [[Tephritoidea]], but unlike other tephritoids, they are [[endoparasitoid]]s; the females pursue [[Scarabaeidae|scarab beetles]] in flight, laying an egg on the beetle's back under the [[elytra]] where the beetle cannot reach it. The egg hatches and the fly larva enters the body cavity of the beetle, feeding and eventually killing the host before [[pupa]]ting. In the [[United States]], some species of ''[[Pyrgota]]'' and ''[[Sphecomyiella]]'' can be quite common in areas where their host beetles (typically the genus ''[[Phyllophaga]]'', or "June beetles") are abundant. Like their host beetles, these flies are primarily [[nocturnal]], and are often attracted to artificial lights.<ref name="Korneyev2012">{{cite journal|last1=Korneyev|first1=V. A.|title=Revision of the genus ''Pyrgotomyia'' Hendel (Diptera: Pyrgotidae)|journal=[[African Invertebrates]]|date=2012|volume=53|issue=1|pages=187–203|url=http://africaninvertebrates.org/ojs/index.php/AI/article/viewFile/33/34|access-date=16 April 2017 |doi=10.5733/afin.053.0112|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Korneyev2004">{{cite journal|last1=Korneyev|first1=V.A.|title=Genera of Palaearctic Pyrgotidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata), with nomenclatural notes and a key|journal=Vestnik Zoologii|date=2004|volume=38|issue=1|pages=19–46|url=http://www.v-zool.kiev.ua/pdfs/2004/1/02.pdf|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>
==List of genera==

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
[[File:Pyrgotidae Diptera lateral Johan Heyns.jpg|thumb|left|Female of species of Pyrgotidae, showing the prominent [[ovipositor]]]]
*''[[Acropyrgota]]''
[[File:Pyrgotidae Diptera Dorsal Johan Heyns.jpg|thumb|left|Dorsal aspect of same fly; note the absence of the [[Simple eye in invertebrates|ocelli]]]]
*''[[Adapsila]]''

*''[[Adapsilia]]''
==Genera==
*''[[Adapsona]]''
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Apyrgota]]''
*''[[Acropyrgota]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1914</small><ref name="Hendel1914">{{cite journal|last1=Hendel|first1=Friedrich|title=Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pyrgotinen|journal=Archiv für Naturgeschichte |series=Abteilung A: Original-Arbeiten |date=1913|volume=79|issue=11|pages=77–117, pl. 1|url=http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Archiv-Naturgeschichte_79A_11_0077-0117.pdf|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>
*''[[Austromyia]]''
*''[[Adapsilia]]'' <small>Waga, 1842</small><ref name="Waga1842">{{cite journal|last1=Waga|first1=A.|title=''Adapsilia''. Genre de Dipteres apparenant a la sous-tribu Dolichoceres de Macquart, voisin de Sepedon et Tetanocera|journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France|date=1842|volume=II|issue=1|pages=279–282}}</ref>
*''[[Boreothrinax]]''
*''[[Adapsona]]'' <small>Paramonov, 1958</small><ref name="Paramonov1958">{{cite journal|last1=Paramonov|first1=S. J.|title=A review of Australian Pyrgotidae (Diptera)|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|date=1958|volume=6|pages=89–137|doi=10.1071/zo9580089}}</ref>
*''[[Campylocera (fly)|Campylocera]]''
*''[[Afropyrgota]]'' <small>V. Korneyev, 2015</small><ref name="Korneyev2015">{{cite journal|first=V. A.|last=Korneyev|year=2015|title=Pyrgotid flies assigned to ''Apyrgota''. III. Species of ''Afropyrgota'' gen. n. and ''Tylotrypes'' (Diptera, Pyrgotidae)|url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/vzoo.2015.49.issue-1/vzoo-2015-0003/vzoo-2015-0003.xml|format=PDF|journal=Vestnik Zoologii|volume=49|issue=1|pages=25–40|doi=10.1515/vzoo-2015-0003|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''[[Cardiacera]]''
*''[[Austromyia]]'' <small>[[D. Elmo Hardy|Hardy]], 1954</small><ref name="Hardy1954">{{cite journal|last1=Hardy|first1=D. E.|title=Notes and descriptions on Australian fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)|journal=Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society|date=1954|volume=15|pages=327–333}}</ref>
*''[[Carrerapyrgota]]''
*''[[Boreothrinax]]'' <small>Steyskal, 1978</small><ref name="Steyskal1978">{{cite journal|last1=Steyskal|first1=G. C.|title=Synopsis of the North American Pyrgotidae (Diptera)|journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington|date=1978|volume=80|pages=149–155|publisher=The Entomological Society of Washington}}</ref>
*''[[Clemaxia]]''
*''[[Campylocera]]'' <small>[[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1843</small>
*''[[Commoniella]]''
*''[[Cardiacera]]'' <small>[[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1847</small>
*''[[Descoleia]]''
*''[[Carrerapyrgota]]'' <small>Aczél, 1956</small><ref name="Aczel1956">{{cite journal|last1=Aczél|first1=M. L.|title=Revisión parcial de las Pyrgotidae neotropicales y antárticas, con sinopsis de los géneros y especies (Diptera, Acalyptratae). Parte I |journal=Revista Brasileira de Entomologia |date=1956 |volume=4 |pages=161–184}}</ref>
*''[[Diasteneura]]''
*''[[Clemaxia]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942">{{cite journal |last1=Enderlein |first1=G. |title=Klassifikation der Pyrogotiden |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin |date=1942 |volume=2 |pages=98–134}}</ref>
*''[[Dicrostira]]''
*''[[Commoniella]]'' <small>Paramonov, 1958</small><ref name="Paramonov1958"/>
*''[[Epicerella]]''
*''[[Descoleia]]'' <small>Aczel, 1956</small><ref name="Aczel1956"/>
*''[[Eumorphomyia]]''
*''[[Diasteneura]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1908</small><ref name="Hendel1908">{{cite journal|last1=Hendel|first1=Friedrich|title=Acht neue Pyrgotinen (Dipt.)|journal=Wiener Entomologische Zeitung |date=1908|volume=27|pages=145–153}}</ref>
*''[[Eupyrgota]]''
*''[[Epice]]'' <small>Paramonov, 1958</small><ref name="Paramonov1958"/>
*''[[Euthioza]]''
*''[[Eumorphomyia]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1907</small><ref name="Hendel1907">{{cite journal|last1=Hendel|first1=Friedrich|title=Nomina nova fur mehrere Gattungen der acalyptraten Musciden |journal=Wiener Entomologische Zeitung|date=1907|volume=26|pages=98|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12088241#page/126/mode/1up|access-date=16 April 2017|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.5119|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''[[Facilina]]''
*''[[Eupyrgota]]'' <small>[[Daniel William Coquillett|Coquillett]], 1898</small> (Synonyms: ''Apyrgota'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1909</small>;<ref name="Hendel1909">{{cite journal|last1=Hendel|first1=Friedrich|title=Diptera. Fam. Muscaridae. Subfam. Pyrgotinae|journal=Genera Insectorum|date=1909|volume=79|pages=1–33}}</ref> ''Taeniomastix'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942"/>)<ref name="Korneyev2014a">{{cite journal|first=V. A.|last=Korneyev|year=2014|title=Pyrgotid flies assigned to ''Apyrgota''. I. New species and synonyms in ''Eupyrgota'' (s. str.) (Diptera, Pyrgotidae), with the description of a new subgenus |url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/vzoo.2014.48.issue-2/vzoo-2014-0012/vzoo-2014-0012.xml|format=PDF|journal=Vestnik Zoologii|volume=48|issue=2|pages=111–128|doi=10.2478/vzoo-2014-0012|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Korneyev2014b">{{cite journal|first=V. A.|last=Korneyev|year=2014|title=Pyrgotid flies assigned to ''Apyrgota''. II. New synonyms in ''Eupyrgota'' (Subgenus ''Taeniomastix'') (Diptera, Pyrgotidae), with key to subgenera and species|url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/vzoo.2014.48.issue-3/vzoo-2014-0024/vzoo-2014-0024.xml|format=PDF|journal=Vestnik Zoologii|volume=48|issue=3|pages=211–220|doi=10.2478/vzoo-2014-0024|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''[[Frontalia]]''
*''[[Facilina]]'' <small>Paramonov, 1958</small><ref name="Paramonov1958"/>
*''[[Geloemyia]]''
*''[[Frontalia]]'' <small>[[John Russell Malloch|Malloch]], 1929</small><ref name="Malloch1929">{{cite journal|last1=Malloch|first1=J. R.|title=Appendix, pp. 20-31. In Bezzi, M., Australian Pyrgotidae (Diptera)|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|date=1929|volume=54|pages=1–31|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35068150#page/111/mode/1up|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>
*''[[Hendelpyrgota]]''
*''[[Geloemyia]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1908</small><ref name="Hendel1908"/>
*''[[Hypotyphla]]''
*''[[Hendelpyrgota]]'' <small>Vanschuytbroeck, 1963</small><ref name="Vanschuytbroeck1963">{{cite journal|last1=Vanschuytbroeck|first1=P.|title=Pyrgotidae (Diptera Otitoidae)|journal=Exploration du Parc National de la Garamba |date=1963|volume=38|pages=1–76 |url=http://www.apncb.be/archives/publications/exploration-parc-national-de-la-garamba/mission-h-de-saeger-1954-1968/1963-fascicule-38-pyrgotidae-diptera-otitoidae/fasc38-vanschuytbroeck1963_complet.pdf}}</ref>
*''[[Leptopyrgota]]''
*''[[Hypotyphla]]'' <small>[[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1873</small>
*''[[Lochmostylia]]''
*''[[Leptopyrgota]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1914</small><ref name="Hendel1914"/>
*''[[Lopadops]]''
*''[[Lopadops]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942"/>
*''[[Lygiohypotyphala]]''
*''[[Lygiohypotyphla]]''
*''[[Lygiohypotyphla]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942"/>
*''[[Maenomenus]]'' <small>[[Mario Bezzi|Bezzi]], 1929</small><ref name="Bezzi1929">{{cite journal|last1=Bezzi|first1=Mario|title=Australian Pyrgotidae (Diptera). With an Appendix by J.R. Malloch|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|date=1929|volume=54|pages=1–31|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35068150#page/111/mode/1up|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>
*''[[Maenomenus]]''
*''[[Metropina]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942"/>
*''[[Metropina]]''
*''[[Neopyrgota]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1934</small><ref name="Hendel1934">{{cite journal|last1=Hendel|first1=Friedrich|title=Übersicht über die Gattungen der Pyrgotiden, nebst Beschreibung neuer Gattungen und Arten |journal=Encyclopédie Entomologique |series=Serie B. II. Diptera |date=1934 |volume=7 |pages=141–156}}</ref>
*''[[Musgravena]]''
*''[[Neotoxura]]'' <small>[[John Russell Malloch|Malloch]], 1929</small><ref name="Malloch1929"/>
*''[[Neopyrgota]]''
*''[[Parageloemyia]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1934</small><ref name="Hendel1934"/>
*''[[Neotoxura]]''
*''[[Platynostira]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942"/>
*''[[Oxycephala]]''
*''[[Plectrobrachis]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942"/>
*''[[Paradapsilia]]''
*''[[Porpomastix]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942"/>
*''[[Parageloemyia]]''
*''[[Prodalmannia]]'' <small>[[Mario Bezzi|Bezzi]], 1929</small><ref name="Bezzi1929"/>
*''[[Paratoxura]]''
*''[[Prohypotyphla]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1934</small><ref name="Hendel1934"/>
*''[[Parepicerella]]''
*''[[Pyrgota]]'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small>
*''[[Platynostira]]''
*''[[Pyrgotella]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1934</small><ref name="Curran1934">{{cite book|last1=Curran|first1=Charles Howard|title=The families and genera of North American Diptera|date=1934|publisher=Ballou Press|location=New York|pages=512 pp. 2 pls}}</ref>
*''[[Plectrobrachis]]''
*''[[Pyrgotina]]'' <small>[[John Russell Malloch|Malloch]], 1929</small><ref name="Malloch1929"/>
*''[[Porpedrum]]''
*''[[Pyrgotomyia]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1934</small><ref name="Hendel1934"/>
*''[[Porpomastix]]''
*''[[Pyrgotosoma]]'' <small>[[John Russell Malloch|Malloch]], 1933</small><ref name="Hendel1934"/>
*''[[Prodalmannia]]''
*''[[Siridapha]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942"/>
*''[[Prohypotyphala]]''
*''[[Stirothrinax]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942"/>
*''[[Prohypotyphla]]''
*''[[Tephritohypotyphla]]'' <small>Vanschuytbroeck, 1963</small><ref name="Vanschuytbroeck1963"/>
*''[[Prosyrogaster]]''
*''[[Tephritopyrgota]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1914</small><ref name="Hendel1914"/>
*''[[Pyrgella]]''
*''[[Toxopyrgota]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1914</small><ref name="Hendel1914"/>
*''[[Pyrgota]]''
*''[[Toxura]]'' <small>[[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1851</small>
*''[[Pyrgotina]]''
*''[[Trichempodia]]'' <small>[[John Russell Malloch|Malloch]], 1930</small><ref name="Malloch1930">{{cite journal|last1=Malloch|first1=John Russell|title=Exotic Muscaridae (Diptera). XXIX|journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History|date=1930|volume=10|issue=5|pages=465–484|doi=10.1080/00222933008673157}}</ref>
*''[[Pyrgotomyia]]''
*''[[Tropidothrinax]]'' <small>[[Günther Enderlein|Enderlein]], 1942</small><ref name="Enderlein1942"/>
*''[[Pyrgotosoma]]''
*''[[Tylotrypes]]'' <small>[[Mario Bezzi|Bezzi]], 1914</small><ref name="Bezzi1914">{{cite journal|last1=Bezzi|first1=Mario|title=Indian Pyrgotinae (Diptera)|journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History|date=1914|volume=8|issue=14|pages=153–163|doi=10.1080/00222931408693560}}</ref>
*''[[Ramuliseta]]''
*''[[Rhagostira]]''
*''[[Sinolochmostylia]]''
*''[[Siridapha]]''
*''[[Sphecomyiella]]''
*''[[Stirothrinax]]''
*''[[Taeniomastix]]''
*''[[Tauroscypson]]''
*''[[Teliophleps]]''
*''[[Tephritohypotyphla]]''
*''[[Tephritopygrota]]''
*''[[Tephritopyrgota]]''
*''[[Toxopyrgota]]''
*''[[Toxura]]''
*''[[Trichempodia]]''
*''[[Trichopeltia]]''
*''[[Tropidothrinax]]''
*''[[Tylotrypes]]''
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
* {{aut|Korneyev, V.A.}} 2012. Revision of the genus ''Pyrgotomyia'' Hendel (Diptera: Pyrgotidae). ''[[African Invertebrates]]'' '''53''' (1): 187-203. [http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Korneyev_2012_53_1_556.aspx]
<ref name="Pape et al. 2011">{{Cite journal | title = Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758. ''In'': Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness | date = 2011 | last1 = Pape | first1 = Thomas | last2 = Blagoderov | first2 = Vladimir | last3 = Mostovski | first3 = Mikhail B. |name-list-style=amp | editor-last1 = Zhang | editor-first1 = Zhi-Qiang | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3148 | pages = 222–229 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.42 | url = https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p229.pdf}}</ref>
}}


==External links==
{{wikispecies-inline}}
*{{cite web |title=''Pyrgotidae'': Pyrgotid Flies |work=Atlas of Living Australia |url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:93a58f39-a457-4acd-bd13-8e4f97efd49a}}


{{Diptera|2}}
{{Diptera|30em}}


{{taxonbar|from1=Q4584118}}
[[Category:Diptera families]]
[[Category:Diptera of North America]]
[[Category:Diptera of Africa]]
[[Category:Tephritoidea]]


[[Category:Pyrgotidae| ]]
{{fly-stub}}
[[Category:Tephritoidea]]
[[Category:Brachycera families]]
[[Category:Diptera of Africa]]
[[Category:Diptera of Asia]]
[[Category:Diptera of Australasia]]
[[Category:Diptera of North America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Hermann Loew]]

Latest revision as of 18:07, 3 December 2023

Pyrgotidae
Pyrgotella chagnoni
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Section: Schizophora
Subsection: Acalyptratae
Superfamily: Tephritoidea
Family: Pyrgotidae
Loew, 1868[1]
Genera

see text

The Pyrgotidae are an unusual family of flies (Diptera), one of only two families of Cyclorrhapha that lack ocelli. Most species are "picture-winged" (i.e., have patterns of bands or spots on the wings), as is typical among the Tephritoidea, but unlike other tephritoids, they are endoparasitoids; the females pursue scarab beetles in flight, laying an egg on the beetle's back under the elytra where the beetle cannot reach it. The egg hatches and the fly larva enters the body cavity of the beetle, feeding and eventually killing the host before pupating. In the United States, some species of Pyrgota and Sphecomyiella can be quite common in areas where their host beetles (typically the genus Phyllophaga, or "June beetles") are abundant. Like their host beetles, these flies are primarily nocturnal, and are often attracted to artificial lights.[2][3]

Female of species of Pyrgotidae, showing the prominent ovipositor
Dorsal aspect of same fly; note the absence of the ocelli

Genera[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Pape, Thomas; Blagoderov, Vladimir & Mostovski, Mikhail B. (2011). Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (ed.). "Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 222–229. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.42.
  2. ^ Korneyev, V. A. (2012). "Revision of the genus Pyrgotomyia Hendel (Diptera: Pyrgotidae)". African Invertebrates. 53 (1): 187–203. doi:10.5733/afin.053.0112. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  3. ^ Korneyev, V.A. (2004). "Genera of Palaearctic Pyrgotidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata), with nomenclatural notes and a key" (PDF). Vestnik Zoologii. 38 (1): 19–46. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Hendel, Friedrich (1913). "Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pyrgotinen" (PDF). Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Abteilung A: Original-Arbeiten. 79 (11): 77–117, pl. 1. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  5. ^ Waga, A. (1842). "Adapsilia. Genre de Dipteres apparenant a la sous-tribu Dolichoceres de Macquart, voisin de Sepedon et Tetanocera". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. II (1): 279–282.
  6. ^ a b c d Paramonov, S. J. (1958). "A review of Australian Pyrgotidae (Diptera)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 6: 89–137. doi:10.1071/zo9580089.
  7. ^ Korneyev, V. A. (2015). "Pyrgotid flies assigned to Apyrgota. III. Species of Afropyrgota gen. n. and Tylotrypes (Diptera, Pyrgotidae)" (PDF). Vestnik Zoologii. 49 (1): 25–40. doi:10.1515/vzoo-2015-0003.
  8. ^ Hardy, D. E. (1954). "Notes and descriptions on Australian fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)". Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 15: 327–333.
  9. ^ Steyskal, G. C. (1978). "Synopsis of the North American Pyrgotidae (Diptera)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 80. The Entomological Society of Washington: 149–155.
  10. ^ a b Aczél, M. L. (1956). "Revisión parcial de las Pyrgotidae neotropicales y antárticas, con sinopsis de los géneros y especies (Diptera, Acalyptratae). Parte I". Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 4: 161–184.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Enderlein, G. (1942). "Klassifikation der Pyrogotiden". Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 2: 98–134.
  12. ^ a b Hendel, Friedrich (1908). "Acht neue Pyrgotinen (Dipt.)". Wiener Entomologische Zeitung. 27: 145–153.
  13. ^ Hendel, Friedrich (1907). "Nomina nova fur mehrere Gattungen der acalyptraten Musciden". Wiener Entomologische Zeitung. 26: 98. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.5119. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  14. ^ Hendel, Friedrich (1909). "Diptera. Fam. Muscaridae. Subfam. Pyrgotinae". Genera Insectorum. 79: 1–33.
  15. ^ Korneyev, V. A. (2014). "Pyrgotid flies assigned to Apyrgota. I. New species and synonyms in Eupyrgota (s. str.) (Diptera, Pyrgotidae), with the description of a new subgenus" (PDF). Vestnik Zoologii. 48 (2): 111–128. doi:10.2478/vzoo-2014-0012.
  16. ^ Korneyev, V. A. (2014). "Pyrgotid flies assigned to Apyrgota. II. New synonyms in Eupyrgota (Subgenus Taeniomastix) (Diptera, Pyrgotidae), with key to subgenera and species" (PDF). Vestnik Zoologii. 48 (3): 211–220. doi:10.2478/vzoo-2014-0024.
  17. ^ a b c Malloch, J. R. (1929). "Appendix, pp. 20-31. In Bezzi, M., Australian Pyrgotidae (Diptera)". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 54: 1–31. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  18. ^ a b Vanschuytbroeck, P. (1963). "Pyrgotidae (Diptera Otitoidae)" (PDF). Exploration du Parc National de la Garamba. 38: 1–76.
  19. ^ a b Bezzi, Mario (1929). "Australian Pyrgotidae (Diptera). With an Appendix by J.R. Malloch". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 54: 1–31. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  20. ^ a b c d e Hendel, Friedrich (1934). "Übersicht über die Gattungen der Pyrgotiden, nebst Beschreibung neuer Gattungen und Arten". Encyclopédie Entomologique. Serie B. II. Diptera. 7: 141–156.
  21. ^ Curran, Charles Howard (1934). The families and genera of North American Diptera. New York: Ballou Press. pp. 512 pp. 2 pls.
  22. ^ Malloch, John Russell (1930). "Exotic Muscaridae (Diptera). XXIX". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 10 (5): 465–484. doi:10.1080/00222933008673157.
  23. ^ Bezzi, Mario (1914). "Indian Pyrgotinae (Diptera)". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 8 (14): 153–163. doi:10.1080/00222931408693560.

External links[edit]

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