Günther Enderlein
Günther Enderlein (born August 7, 1872 in Leipzig , † August 11, 1968 in Wentorf near Hamburg ) was a German zoologist , entomologist ( entomologist ) and later manufacturer of pharmaceutical products near Hamburg .
In addition to his work on insects , Enderlein became known for his hypotheses on the concept of the pleomorphism of microorganisms and the development of cancer , which are partly based on the views of other researchers and which have now been refuted. Some of his views are still popular to a limited extent today, and several new concepts and hypotheses developed from them (see: Alfons Weber ).
The controversial alternative medical diagnostic method, the dark field microscopy according to Enderlein , is named after him.
Life
Enderlein, son of a teacher, studied in Leipzig and Berlin and received his doctorate as a zoologist in 1898. From 1900 to 1906 he was an assistant at the Zoological Museum in Berlin and then until 1919 curator of the city museum in Szczecin . In 1924 he completed his habilitation and acquired the title of professor as a service title. Nothing is known about teaching. In 1914 he registered as a volunteer in the medical department of the II Army Corps in Stettin and was hired with the rank and salary of a medical officer. From 1919 to 1937 he was curator of the Zoological Museum at the University of Berlin. After his retirement, Enderlein moved to pharmacy and was production manager at the pharmaceutical company Sanum. In 1944 he founded his own pharmaceutical company IBICA (the abbreviation stands for Immunobiologica) in Berlin, later Hamburg. Enderlein also appears as the founder and editor of four series of publications, the "Archive for Classification and Phylogenetic Entomology" (1928) in Vienna, the "Archive for the Development of Bacteria" (1931–1944) in Berlin and the "Immunobiologica" series (1946–1946). 1954) and "AKMON. Building blocks for full health and acmosophy" (1955–1959). Due to the amendment to the drug legislation in 1961, IBICA did not receive any new approval of its products in 1972 and had to stop production. The company was closed in 1974. In 1975 Heinrich Kehlbeck took over the company's production facilities and merged the IBICA of the late Enderlein with the Sanum works to form Sanum-Kehlbeck GmbH & Co KG in Hoya .
Scientific work and theories on pleomorphism
Enderlein published around 500 scientific papers, mainly on insects. He worked on the taxonomy and systematics of numerous dipteran families (two-winged, a species of insect). Numerous insects have been scientifically described and named by him, which also led to conflicts with other scientists who did not always recognize Enderlein’s taxonomy on the basis of external characteristics. (For details see Zwick 1995.) Enderlein was particularly interested in Simuliidae (Diptera).
In 1916 he published his first bacteriological studies on the diphtheria pathogen and a brief introductory summary in his main bacteriological work, Bacteria Cyclogeny , which, due to the war, could not be published until 1925.
At the same time and independently of Enderlein, the pre-publication of the bacteriological studies by the agricultural bacteriologist Felix Löhnis with the title Life Cycles of the Bacteria appeared in the USA in 1916 . Löhnis had also observed cyclical development processes within the bacteria.
His views and hypotheses on the concept of pleomorphism in bacteria, which had been hotly debated among scientists around the turn of the century and before that, until the concept of monomorphism finally gained the upper hand by the botanist Ferdinand Cohn around 1870, caused more sensation than his work on insects . This created the first bacterial classification, the basic structure of which is still valid today. With the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch , this also prevailed within medical bacteriology.
The term pleomorphism (Greek pleion = more, morph = shape) refers to the growth forms of the bacteria. Advocates of this view are of the opinion that bacteria show diverse growth, change generations and are subject to a change in shape. In France, the concept of pleomorphic growth in bacteria was widespread. Well-known representatives of this view were z. B. Felix Dujardin (1841), Charles-Philippe Robin and the chemist and physician Pierre Jacques Antoine Bechamp (1816–1908). But there were also many representatives of this direction in Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, Germany and America. In Germany, the term is also used by the doctor Ferdinand Hueppe (a student of Koch) in the 19th century.
Similar views - which, however, had already been refuted experimentally in the 18th century - existed in ancient times as concepts of abiogenesis of spontaneous generation .
Enderlein developed his pleomorphism hypothesis based on his comparative morphological studies on bacteria during the First World War. According to this, all bacteria would go through a development cycle that he called the cyclode.
Bechamp had previously expressed the idea that all animal and plant cells contain tiny granules, which he called microzymes (microzymas) or granulations molecules . Under certain circumstances, pathogenic bacteria could develop from these granules . Louis Pasteur opposed this idea; the French physiologist Claude Bernard (1813–1878) also took part in the discussions at the time.
The various stages of development of the malaria- causing plasmodia were possibly another starting point for Enderlein’s beginning of pleomorphism studies around the time of the First World War.
In 1925 Enderlein published his main bacteriological work, Bacteria Cyclogeny. Prolegomena (scientific introduction) to investigate the structure, sexual and asexual reproduction and development of bacteria . It was an attempt to create a new bacterial classification on a comparative morphological basis. In his investigations, Enderlein was able to show that bacteria have core equivalents and have sexual reproductive mechanisms. Due to the observation of the shrinkage of the dyeable core substance of the bacteria in the "hunger experiment in the hanging drop" and the provoked loss of the germination capacity of the bacteria as well as the subsequent recovery of the germination capacity by introducing the material into a liquid nutrient solution, Enderlein came up with the idea of a "primordial core" (Mych) the bacteria. This “original core”, he said, was made of pure protein material. Filtrates of bacteria through bacteria-proof filters resulted in the representation of cell plasma-less tiny protein grains, which he called "Symprotite". Depending on the nutrient medium, complete bacteria could be regenerated from the symprotites. The observation of the decay of the Symprotite led Enderlein to the assumption that they were composed of even smaller building blocks, which he called "Protite" and whose size he estimated at 10 to 20 nanometers.
According to Enderlein, the core protein building blocks are primary life. These core proteins would multiply by themselves and have a substrate metabolism. The precursors of the core units of bacteria and molds would arise through the accumulation of these core proteins. Enderlein does not describe the direct transformation of bacteria into molds. The connection found concerned the common "small granule stage" (chondrite stage).
Enderlein also found precursors of bacteria and mold in the “small grain stage” in the blood and tissue of healthy and sick people. In his studies on the cancer problem , which he carried out from 1931 to 1937 together with the Danzig oncologist Egbert Frick , he described a diverse microorganism in the blood that he made responsible for the development of cancer. This strangely changeable microorganism in the blood is said to be harmless in its primitive phase and would even have symbiotic properties and fulfill a number of physiological functions in the organism. In the course of life - and triggered by a number of factors - this microorganism can acquire parasitic properties and attack previously damaged tissues and organs. The potential "cancerous pathogen" would multiply and develop in the red blood cells. The primary metabolic product of the pathogen is lactic acid.
The primordial plant germs are already present in the egg and sperm cells, so there is no need for diaplacental transmission. The pathogen accompanies people from “cradle to grave”, so to speak. The endobionts are ultimately after death for the decay and putrefaction of importance.
The endogenous microorganisms in the blood, known by Enderlein as endobionts, are harmless in their primitive forms, multiply in the course of life to amounts of astronomical numbers, and develop into highly valued (high-quality / high-energy) forms in the course of life, and they would mate with other species that lived on neighboring erythrocytes, join together to form colonies and in this way cause blood clusters (thromboses) and, since the blood flows through all organs and limbs, could cause disorders of the affected organs everywhere, leading to a complete paralysis of the functions of the organs concerned could. In this way the most diverse diseases would arise, all of which had their cause in the same process - in that quasi nationalization of primitive forms to higher forms.
According to Enderlein, the microorganisms in the blood are subject to a regulatory mechanism: For example, the units called “spermites” could break them down by copulating with the nuclei of the more highly developed virulent forms. The breakdown products would eventually be excreted through the skin , intestines , lungs or kidneys .
A disturbance of the symbiotic, so to speak peaceful coexistence between the lower growth form microbes and the human organism is caused by a multitude of factors. This includes, in the first place, overeating, especially with meat, but also a number of stimulants such as B. alcohol and tobacco, chemicals, physical effects such. B. radioactive radiation and stress could lead to a pathogenic upward development of the endobionts.
According to Enderlein, the development of bacteria takes place in a three-fold coordinate system, consisting of:
- the increasing development through continuous division into two parts (auxanogeny)
- the gradual build-up to the climax of the development (culminating) and the dismantling to the morphological unit (probaenogeny)
- the structure of the core value (dynamogeny)
With “Mochlose” (locking), Enderlein referred to the sole rule of “auxanogeny” with the elimination or inhibition of “probaenogeny” and “dynamogeny”. This means that a bacterial species can persist in a certain developmental state and only multiply by dividing into two parts without further developing as long as the culture conditions remain constant. Enderlein described the lifting of the developmental obstacles with mochlolysis (unlocking). Enderlein does not use this term in relation to “endobionts”, as this pathogen belongs to the strongly “isobic” species. Strongly isobic species would have a large number of growth forms under the same external living conditions. In contrast to most other microorganisms, the endobiont can cause diseases in all of its developmental stages.
In vitro experiments with the microorganisms isolated from the blood had shown that the pathological upward development of the "endobionts" was accompanied by a falling pH value of the nutrient solution. Enderlein referred to this with the term "anartatic constitution". He was of the opinion that chronic hyperacidity of the blood was the cause of a large number of complaints. Since the blood pH value is strictly regulated by the organism and only minor deviations around an average pH value of 7.4 are tolerated, this view was not tenable even during Enderlein’s lifetime. Since the chronic acidosis of the organism played a central role in the understanding of the disease of naturopathic doctors, from the beginning of the 1950s one spoke in this context only of a "latent acidosis " (cf. Friedrich F. Sander) and assumed the depot for the Acids from the blood could be the connective tissue (cf. Alfred Pischinger).
According to Enderlein, the endobiont is a complex "chondrite-bacterial mold organism" whose highest possible stage of development is the Mucor racemosus Fresen (a zygomycete / yoke fungus ). He regarded the Mucor racemosus as the “original symbiont” of all vertebrates, which penetrated the precursor organism of vertebrates hundreds of millions of years ago and made the development of mammals possible in the first place. Because the fibrin and also the platelets represent, according to Enderlein, phases of the development of the endobiont.
Enderlein generally understands the primitive forms of bacteria (chondrites), to which he also counts viruses, bacteria and fungi not as separate kingdoms of organisms, but as an evolutionary unit. As in a building block model, the living nuclear protein colloids would assemble into one-dimensional threads (filites) and three-dimensional grains (symprotite). At the symprotites, the nucleus and cell structure take place into increasingly complex nucleus and cell units. The development progresses over a number of bacterial development stages and generations in which more and more nuclear material is accumulated and organized, until finally the highest possible development stage (culminating) is reached, which in some types of bacteria reaches its climax with the formation of a mold. According to Enderlein, the gradual enrichment of the energies, the valences of the core units, triggers the quantum biological leap into the next stage of development. While the quantum enrichments that preceded the erratic processes are not accessible to the senses, the quantum biological processes show themselves through their temporal shifts and reveal themselves in the rhythmic alternation of two growth forms of a cyclostate.
Enderlein first established the developmental relationship between chondrite-bacterium-mold in 1931 using the example of Koch's tuberculosis pathogen ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis ), the culmination of which is the mold Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. The starting point for the investigations was the Aspergillus mold, which had regularly formed on the older tuberculosis bacteria cultures.
Independently of Enderlein, the botanist Hugo Schanderl confirmed the development series of chondrite-bacteria-fungus.
Enderlein and Schanderl came to the same conclusion: the cell is not the last biological unit of living matter, it is already a state structure consisting of autonomously viable individuals who would develop into independent microorganisms, bacteria, yeasts and molds after the cell died .
In his studies on the cancer problem, Enderlein checked the cancer research of the Cologne gynecologist Otto Schmidt, who died in 1926. In 1903 he reported about a changeable polymorphic microorganism in the blood, which he held responsible for the development of cancer. Schmidt had also developed a "cancer vaccine" called immunobiologically and isopathically effective, which he produced from molds of the genus Mucor racemosus that had grown on tumor cell cultures. Schmidt had assumed that the potential "cancer pathogen" would multiply in the mold as a kind of symbiotic partner.
Enderlein began in 1939 with the production of his own "cancer remedy", which according to his statements contained the units of the Mucor racemosus called spermites, which are able to break down the higher valent (higher-energy) forms of the endobionts.
The endobiont can be bred, but the tender colonies in the primitive stage would only show up after weeks and a temperature of 25 ° C was required.
Enderlein introduced many new technical terms that make reading his texts more difficult in today's times, as many of these terms are no longer used. Some text passages are de facto incomprehensible from a critical point of view.
Further followers of pleomorphism were or are: Wilhelm von Brehmer , Wilhelm Reich with his concept of Bion in 1936 and Royal Rife and Gaston Naessens . At present, these theories are also being adopted by Hulda Regehr Clark and Tamara Lebedewa in a modified form or in parts and are being used in the alternative medicine field.
Therapy Concepts
Enderlein called his medicinal preparations isopathic remedies , because they should contain the same symbionts that humans depend on and that they are involved in the process of converting higher-valent growth forms back to the chondrite form. The disease should be cured by the same pathogens that caused it. An antibiotic in scientific medicine he not consider it useful because it also harms the harmless symbionts.
Darkfield microscopy according to Enderlein
In his humoral pathology research laboratory, Enderlein carried out his comparative morphological blood tests for the gradual determination of the endobiosis complex. Enderlein called endobiosis the diseases that, in his opinion, are caused by the body's own endobionts in all their developmental stages. The examination included the medically customary haematological examination on colored blood smear preparations as well as an examination of untreated blood by means of phase contrast microscopy and dark field microscopy . The strength of the infestation of the erythrocytes and leukocytes with the endobiont forms and the determination of the valence were assessed. With valence, or dynamo-valence, Enderlein referred to the nuclear valency, which refers to the size and number of the nuclear protein grains Symprotit and Mych. The size of these granules could be between 0.01-1 micrometer, with an increase in valence being associated with the severity of the endobiosis disease.
The native blood test in darkfield and phase contrast assessed:
- Protit-veil (protein veil, formed by colloids released in large numbers, sign of a relatively high alkalinity of the blood pH)
- Colloid thecite (cell without a nucleus, native) accumulation of colloids to more or less limited structures depending on the highest possible pH value .
- Diökothecites (correspond to the colloid thecites, differ from them by a fine, thread-like border)
- Filit phase (in the dark field) (thread-like structures of different thickness, correspond to the fibrin)
- Symprotitite phase (free refractive granules of various sizes)
- Macrosymprotite (particularly large refractive granules)
- Sporoid Symprotite (highly refractive, ring-shaped structures that grow up to a quarter of the size of the erythrocytes)
- Spermite (in the dark field) (structure consisting of symprotite head and attached filum flagellum)
- Free chondrites (symprotite, filite and spermite, which swim freely in the blood serum in association with branched tree-like and network-like structures. This is a sign of an incipient endobiosis disease, decisive for the severity of the disease is the valence, ie the relative size of the symprotite and thickness of the filite).
- Colloid symplast (agglomeration of more or less numerous colloid structures into a larger mass)
- Mychite (bacterial sphere with a core element)
- Platelets (in Enderlein morphologically correspond to thecites. The decisive factor is the number of nuclei. Platelets have a number of nuclei between 3–8 nucleus units)
- Thecite (cell-like, irregularly defined structures of various sizes with several core units)
- Ascite (bacterial stick)
- Synascite (thick, clumsy bacterial rods)
The following was assessed in the colored preparation:
- Erythrocytes:
- Anisocytosis
- Poikilocytosis and erythrocyte debris
- Strength of the involvement of the erythrocytes
- Valence of the involvement of the erythrocytes
- Vacuoles of the erythrocytes
- Leukocytes:
- Ball of granulocyte nuclei
- Infestation of the granulocyte plasma (neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic granulocytes)
- Infestation of the monocyte nuclei
- Infection of the monocyte plasma
- Infestation of the lymphocyte nuclei
- Infection of the lymphocyte plasma
- Dendroid disintegration of the leukocytes (leukocytes dissolving to form an extensive chondrite network, the branches of which increase in thickness)
- Dendroid vacuoles of the leukocytes (leukocytes that dissolve to form a chondrite network and vacuoles)
- Sclerotic parasite formations (formation of pseudocrystalline dry protein formations that arise from the colloid masses of the endobiont and assemble to form various structures, e.g. sickle-like, fly-like, moss-like or fan-like, cross-shaped, needle-shaped or tabular structures)
- Derosynascite (larger group of sclerotic structures; bacteria-like formations that are twice as large as erythrocytes, allegedly characteristic of lymphatic leukemia)
- Symplast formation (confluence of nucleated endobiont forms to form an irregularly delimited cytoplasm mass in which the free mych (core units) copulate. The agglomeration of blood platelets (thrombocytes) also denotes a symplast formation)
- Systatogenetic processes (assessment relates to the strength of the formation of the sclerotic parasite structures)
The overall rating relates to the endobiont's valence. This could be given as: low - moderately high - high - or very high.
Whether with the comparative-morphological blood test a diagnosis z. B. could be put on cancer, Enderlein answered as follows:
“It cannot, of course, be expected that this examination will allow a diagnosis (e.g. for cancer); it only allows conclusions to be drawn about Ca readiness. This question is superfluous once you have clarified the character and concept of the 'endobiosis complex'. Cancer as such can only be diagnosed in connection with histological and clinical findings, etc. The focus of the investigation is, among other things, the determination of the severity of the infestation of the erythrocytes, the leukocyte nuclei and the leukocyte plasma and at the same time the determination of the valence. " (G. Enderlein: IBICA-Information. June 1954)
In Germany, but also internationally, however, vital blood tests using dark field microscopy are used by some doctors and non-medical practitioners in the alternative medicine sector for cancer detection. A study from 2005 at the Justus Liebig University in Gießen confirmed that the method was unsuitable for cancer diagnosis. Her conclusion: “With dark field microscopy it is apparently not possible to reliably detect the presence of cancer. The method should not be used in clinical practice until further investigations are available. ”Another scientific study by Michael Teut in 2006 came to the same result.
Dark field microscopy does not play a role in medical haematological diagnostics.
Criticism of Enderlein
In 1952, Enderlein hit the headlines in connection with an investigation into the controversial cancer drug endobiont chondritin , which he marketed. Its manufacturing institute had to close temporarily.
The fact that bacteria can be found in low concentrations in the blood of a healthy person is scientifically undisputed today: A blood culture of a healthy person in an incubator always shows the presence of bacteria after some time, but also (falsifying the scientific statement) due to germs that get into the sample when blood is drawn from the skin.
With modern research methods (which, however, were only available at a time when Enderlein was already old), genetic differences between organisms can be precisely determined. This includes, for example, serology . With such methods it can be proven beyond doubt that the ( prokaryotic , nucleated) bacteria are not related to the ( eukaryotic , nucleated) fungi, for example . In addition, genes from isolated cells of a human tumor are not identical to genes from bacteria or fungi. Viruses (oncoviruses) play a role in only about 15% of all tumor diseases; however, these do not go through the cyclode cycle described above.
Enderlein’s preference for drawing his microscopic observations is also criticized, and this at the time of more objective photography .
literature
- Elke Krämer: Life and work of Prof. Dr. phil. Günther Enderlein . St. Goar 2006, ISBN 3-87667-285-6 .
- Bacteria Cyclogeny. Prolegomena to investigations into the structure, sexual and asexual reproduction and development of bacteria. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin / Leipzig 1925. (Reprint: Semmelweis-Verlag, Hoya 1980)
- S. El-Safadi et al.: Does Enderlein dark field microscopy allow the diagnosis of cancer? A prospective study. In: Forsch Komplementärmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2005; 12, pp. 148-151 doi: 10.1159 / 000085212
- M. Teut et al .: Reliability of Enderlein's darkfield analysis of live blood. In: Altern Ther Health Med. 2006 Jul-Aug; 12 (4), pp. 36-41.
- Felix Löhnis : Life Cycles of the Bacteria. Preliminary Communication. In: Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. 7, 1916, pp. 675-702.
- Günther Enderlein: Some new pathogens from the relationship of the diphtheria pathogen. In: Meeting reports of the Society of Friends of Natural Science in Berlin. Born in 1916, pp. 395-400.
- Günther Enderlein (Ed.): Akmon. Building blocks for full health and acmosophy. Ibica-Verlag, Aumühle 1955-59. (Magazine)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Günther Enderlein in the Munzinger archive , accessed on June 27, 2015 ( beginning of article freely accessible)
- ↑ Biographies of the Entomologists of the World - Günther Enderlein. In: sdei.senckenberg.de. Retrieved June 27, 2015 .
- ↑ Wolfdietrich Eichler : In memoriam Günther Enderlein. In: Dtsch. Ent. Z. Volume 16, Number 4/5, 1969, pp. 451-463.
- ↑ Günther Enderlein . In: Der Spiegel . No. 34 , 1952, pp. 24 ( online ).
Web links
- Literature by and about Günther Enderlein in the catalog of the German National Library
- Enderlein
- Sanum-Kehlbeck plant in Hoya
- Dark field microscopy study
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Enderlein, Günther |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | German zoologist, alternative medicine and pharmacist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | August 7, 1872 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Leipzig |
| DATE OF DEATH | August 11, 1968 |
| Place of death | Wentorf near Hamburg |