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{{short description|Periodic comet with 155 year orbit}}
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{{short description|Periodic comet with 155 year orbit}}
{{Short description|Periodic comet with 155 year orbit}}
{{Infobox Comet
{{Infobox comet
| name=35P/Herschel–Rigollet
| name=35P/Herschel–Rigollet
| image=
| image=
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| inclination= 64.207°
| inclination= 64.207°
| last_p=1939-08-09<ref name=jpldata/>
| last_p=1939-08-09<ref name=jpldata/>
| next_p=2092-Feb-13 (MPC)<ref name=mpc/><br/>2092-Feb-17 (JPL)<ref name=horizons/><br/>2092 Mar. 16<ref name=NK1225/><!-- Solar System is not a two-body system. The previous or the next comet return cannot be calculated simply from current value of orbital period. Semi-major axis and orbital period will change during one revolution due to gravitational perturbations from planets. -->
| next_p=2092-Feb-13 {{small|(MPC)}}<ref name=mpc/><br/>2092-Feb-17 {{small|(JPL)}}<ref name="Horizons2092"/><br/>2092 Mar. 16<ref name=NK1225/><!-- Solar System is not a two-body system. The previous or the next comet return cannot be calculated simply from current value of orbital period. Semi-major axis and orbital period will change during one revolution due to gravitational perturbations from planets. -->
}}
}}

'''35P/Herschel–Rigollet''' is a [[List of periodic comets|periodic]] [[comet]] with an [[orbital period]] of 155 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < [[orbital period|period]] < 200 years).<ref name=jpldata/> It was discovered by [[Caroline Herschel]] ([[Slough]], [[United Kingdom]]) on 1788-12-21. Given that the comet takes 155 years to orbit the Sun,<ref name=jpldata/> predictions for the next [[perihelion]] passage in 2092 vary by about a month.
'''35P/Herschel–Rigollet''' is a [[List of periodic comets|periodic]] [[comet]] with an [[orbital period]] of 155 years and an [[orbital inclination]] of 64 degrees. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < [[orbital period|period]] < 200 years).<ref name=jpldata/> It was discovered by [[Caroline Herschel]] ([[Slough]], [[United Kingdom]]) on 21 December 1788. Given that the comet has a 155-year orbit<ref name=jpldata/> involving asymmetric outgassing, and [[astrometry|astrometric]] observations in 1939 were not as precise as modern observations, predictions for the next [[perihelion]] passage in 2092 vary by about a month.


==1789 apparition==
==1789 apparition==
Caroline Herschel first observed the comet on 21 December 1788 and it was observed later that night by her brother [[William Herschel]] who described it as looking like a bright [[nebula]] and about 5-6 [[minute]]s in diameter, and much larger than the [[planetary nebula]] [[Messier 57|M57]].
Caroline Herschel first observed the comet on 21 December 1788 and it was observed later that night by her brother [[William Herschel]] who described it as looking like a bright [[nebula]] and about 5–6 [[minute]]s in diameter, and much larger than the [[planetary nebula]] [[Messier 57|M57]].


Through December and January the comet was observed by [[Nevil Maskelyne]] at the [[Greenwich Observatory]] and by [[Charles Messier]] at the [[Paris Observatory]]. Maskelyne was the last observer of the comet, his final observation taking place on 1789-02-05.
Through December and January the comet was observed by [[Nevil Maskelyne]] at the [[Greenwich Observatory]] and by [[Charles Messier]] at the [[Paris Observatory]]. Maskelyne was the last observer of the comet, his final observation taking place on 5 February 1789.


Similar possible [[orbit]]s for the comet were calculated in 1789 by [[Pierre Méchain]] and in 1922 by [[Margaretta Palmer]]. Palmer considered that the orbit which best fitted the observations was an elliptical one with a [[orbital period|period]] of 1,066 years.
Similar possible [[orbit]]s for the comet were calculated in 1789 by [[Pierre Méchain]] and in 1922 by [[Margaretta Palmer]]. Palmer considered that the orbit which best fitted the observations was an elliptical one with a [[orbital period|period]] of 1,066 years.


==1939 apparition==
==1939 apparition==
Roger Rigollet ([[Lagny, Oise|Lagny]], [[France]]) rediscovered the comet on 1939-07-28; it was described as diffuse and with a [[Apparent magnitude|magnitude]] of 8.0. The sighting was confirmed the next day by [[Alfonso Fresa]] of the [[Observatory of Turin]] ([[Italy]]) and [[George van Biesbroeck]] of the [[Yerkes Observatory]]. The comet steadily faded after August, final (photographic) observations being obtained on 1940-01-16.
Roger Rigollet ([[Lagny, Oise|Lagny]], [[France]]) rediscovered the comet on 28 July 1939; it was described as diffuse and with a [[Apparent magnitude|magnitude]] of 8.0. The sighting was confirmed the next day by [[Alfonso Fresa]] of the [[Observatory of Turin]] ([[Italy]]) and [[George van Biesbroeck]] of the [[Yerkes Observatory]]. The comet steadily faded after August, final (photographic) observations being obtained on 16 January 1940.


Following the 1939 rediscovery, the comet's orbit was calculated by [[Jens P. Möller]] ([[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]]), and [[Katherine P. Kaster]] and [[Thomas Bartlett (astronomer)|Thomas Bartlett]] ([[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], USA). A [[perihelion]] date of 1939-08-09 was indicated. Based on these early orbits, [[Leland E. Cunningham]] of the [[Harvard College Observatory]] suggested that the comet was likely identical with Herschel's comet of 1788.
Following the 1939 rediscovery, the comet's orbit was calculated by [[Jens P. Möller]] ([[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]]), and [[Katherine P. Kaster]] and [[Thomas Bartlett (astronomer)|Thomas Bartlett]] ([[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], USA). A [[perihelion]] date of 9 August 1939 was indicated. Based on these early orbits, [[Leland E. Cunningham]] of the [[Harvard College Observatory]] suggested that the comet was likely identical with Herschel's comet of 1788.


The final calculation of the orbit, by [[Brian G. Marsden]] in 1974, used 75 positions from both apparitions of the comet in 1788 and 1939–40 in addition to perturbations by planets, and linked the two sightings, with a perihelion date of 1939-08-09 and a period of 155 years.
The final calculation of the orbit, by [[Brian G. Marsden]] in 1974, used 75 positions from both apparitions of the comet in 1788 and 1939–40 in addition to perturbations by planets, and linked the two sightings, with a perihelion date of 9 August 1939 and a period of 155 years.


==Closest approaches to Earth==
==Closest approaches to Earth==
* 1788-11-04 – 0.80 AU from Earth<ref name=Kronk/>
* 4 November 1788 – 0.80 AU from Earth<ref name=Kronk/>
* 1939-07-30 – 0.82 AU from Earth<ref name=Kronk/>
* 30 July 1939 – 0.82 AU from Earth<ref name=Kronk/>


==References==
==References==
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|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=35P
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=35P
|publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate=2010-03-01}}</ref>
|access-date=2010-03-01}}</ref>


<ref name=NK1225>{{cite web
<ref name=NK1225>{{cite web
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|author-link=Shuichi Nakano
|author-link=Shuichi Nakano
|url=http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/nk/nk1225.htm
|url=http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/nk/nk1225.htm
|accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref>
|access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref>


<ref name=horizons>{{cite web
<ref name="Horizons2092">{{cite web
|title=Horizons Batch for 35P/Herschel–Rigollet (90000442) on 2092-Feb-17
|author=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|Horizons]] output
|publisher=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|JPL Horizons]]
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=35P
|type=Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive
|title=Observer Table for Comet 35P/Herschel-Rigollet (1939)
|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%2790000442%27&START_TIME=%272092-Feb-10%27&STOP_TIME=%272092-Feb-25%27&STEP_SIZE=%274hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27
⚫
|accessdate=2012-02-19}} (Observer Location:@sun)</ref>
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411205849/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%2790000442%27&START_TIME=%272092-Feb-10%27&STOP_TIME=%272092-Feb-25%27&STEP_SIZE=%274hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27
|archive-date=2021-04-11
|url-status=live
⚫
|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref>


<ref name=mpc>{{cite web
<ref name=mpc>{{cite web
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|url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=35P
|url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=35P
|publisher=[[Minor Planet Center]]
|publisher=[[Minor Planet Center]]
|accessdate=2014-06-16}}</ref>
|access-date=2014-06-16}}</ref>


<ref name=Kronk>{{cite web | last = Kronk | first = Gary | authorlink = Gary W. Kronk | title = 35P/Herschel-Rigollet | work = Gary W. Kronk's Cometography | url = http://cometography.com/pcomets/035p.html | accessdate = 2008-02-02| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071220022529/http://cometography.com/pcomets/035p.html| archive-date= 20 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name=Kronk>{{cite web | last = Kronk | first = Gary | author-link = Gary W. Kronk | title = 35P/Herschel-Rigollet | work = Gary W. Kronk's Cometography | url = http://cometography.com/pcomets/035p.html | access-date = 2008-02-02| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071220022529/http://cometography.com/pcomets/035p.html| archive-date= 20 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>


}} <!-- end of reflist-->
}}


==External links==
==External links==
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* [http://www.aerith.net/comet/catalog/0035P/index.html 35P/Herschel-Rigollet] – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
* [http://www.aerith.net/comet/catalog/0035P/index.html 35P/Herschel-Rigollet] – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net


⚫
{{Comets}}
{{PeriodicComets Navigator|34D/Gale|36P/Whipple}}
{{PeriodicComets Navigator|34D/Gale|36P/Whipple}}
⚫
{{Comets}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Herschel-Rigollet, 035P}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Herschel-Rigollet, 035P}}
[[Category:Periodic comets]]
[[Category:Periodic comets]]
[[Category:Halley-type comets]]
[[Category:Halley-type comets]]
[[Category:Numbered comets|0035]]
[[Category:Near-Earth comets|035P]]
[[Category:Near-Earth comets|035P]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1788|17881221]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1788|17881221]]

Latest revision as of 16:17, 24 December 2023

35P/Herschel–Rigollet
Discovery
Discovered byCaroline Herschel & Roger Rigollet
Discovery date1788-12-21 & 1939-07-28
Designations
35P/1788 Y1, 1788II Herschel;
1939 O1, 1939 IX
Orbital characteristics
Epoch1939-08-05
Aphelion56.9 AU[1]
Perihelion0.74 AU
Semi-major axis28.843 AU
Eccentricity0.974
Orbital period155 yr[1]
Inclination64.207°
Last perihelion1939-08-09[1]
Next perihelion2092-Feb-13 (MPC)[2]
2092-Feb-17 (JPL)[3]
2092 Mar. 16[4]

35P/Herschel–Rigollet is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 155 years and an orbital inclination of 64 degrees. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years).[1] It was discovered by Caroline Herschel (Slough, United Kingdom) on 21 December 1788. Given that the comet has a 155-year orbit[1] involving asymmetric outgassing, and astrometric observations in 1939 were not as precise as modern observations, predictions for the next perihelion passage in 2092 vary by about a month.

1789 apparition[edit]

Caroline Herschel first observed the comet on 21 December 1788 and it was observed later that night by her brother William Herschel who described it as looking like a bright nebula and about 5–6 minutes in diameter, and much larger than the planetary nebula M57.

Through December and January the comet was observed by Nevil Maskelyne at the Greenwich Observatory and by Charles Messier at the Paris Observatory. Maskelyne was the last observer of the comet, his final observation taking place on 5 February 1789.

Similar possible orbits for the comet were calculated in 1789 by Pierre Méchain and in 1922 by Margaretta Palmer. Palmer considered that the orbit which best fitted the observations was an elliptical one with a period of 1,066 years.

1939 apparition[edit]

Roger Rigollet (Lagny, France) rediscovered the comet on 28 July 1939; it was described as diffuse and with a magnitude of 8.0. The sighting was confirmed the next day by Alfonso Fresa of the Observatory of Turin (Italy) and George van Biesbroeck of the Yerkes Observatory. The comet steadily faded after August, final (photographic) observations being obtained on 16 January 1940.

Following the 1939 rediscovery, the comet's orbit was calculated by Jens P. Möller (Copenhagen, Denmark), and Katherine P. Kaster and Thomas Bartlett (Berkeley, USA). A perihelion date of 9 August 1939 was indicated. Based on these early orbits, Leland E. Cunningham of the Harvard College Observatory suggested that the comet was likely identical with Herschel's comet of 1788.

The final calculation of the orbit, by Brian G. Marsden in 1974, used 75 positions from both apparitions of the comet in 1788 and 1939–40 in addition to perturbations by planets, and linked the two sightings, with a perihelion date of 9 August 1939 and a period of 155 years.

Closest approaches to Earth[edit]

  • 4 November 1788 – 0.80 AU from Earth[5]
  • 30 July 1939 – 0.82 AU from Earth[5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 35P/Herschel-Rigollet". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1940. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
  2. ^ "35P/Herschel-Rigollet Orbit". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
  3. ^ "Horizons Batch for 35P/Herschel–Rigollet (90000442) on 2092-Feb-17" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  4. ^ Shuichi Nakano (2005-10-06). "35P/Herschel-Rigollet". OAA Computing and Minor Planet Sections. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
  5. ^ a b Kronk, Gary. "35P/Herschel-Rigollet". Gary W. Kronk's Cometography. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-02.

External links[edit]


Numbered comets
Previous
34D/Gale 		35P/Herschel–Rigollet Next
36P/Whipple
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