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{{short description|Extinct genus of reptiles from the early Jurassic of South Africa}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
⚫
|name = ''Litargosuchus''
|fossil_range = [[Early Jurassic]]
| fossil_range = [[Early Jurassic]]
⚫
| image = Litargosuchus leptorhynchus.jpg
|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image_caption = Life restoration of ''Litargosuchus leptorhynchus''
|phylum = [[Chordata]]
⚫
| taxon = Litargosuchus
|classis = [[Sauropsid]]a
| authority = Clark and Sues [[2002 in paleontology|2002]]
|superordo = [[Crocodylomorpha]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''L. leptorhynchus'''''
|unranked_familia = [[Sphenosuchia]]
⚫
| type_species_authority = Clark and Sues 2002
|familia = [[Sphenosuchidae]]
|genus = '''''Litargosuchus'''''
⚫
|binomial = ''Litargosuchus leptorhynchus''
⚫
|binomial_authority = Clark & Sues, 2002
}}
}}


'''''Litargosuchus''''' is a [[sphenosuchia]]n [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorph]], a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member of the [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorph]] [[clade]] from the Early [[Jurassic]] of [[South Africa]]. Its [[genus]] name ''Litargosuchus'' is derived from Greek meaning "fast running crocodile" and its species name ''leptorhynchus'' refers to its [[Gracility|gracile]] [[snout]]. ''Litargosuchus'', along with all of South Africa's [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorph]] [[Taxon|taxa]], are confined to the upper [[Elliot Formation]] (UEF) in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brusatte |first1=Stephen L. |last2=Benton |first2=Michael J. |last3=Lloyd |first3=Graeme T. |last4=Ruta |first4=Marcello |last5=Wang |first5=Steve C. |title=Macroevolutionary patterns in the evolutionary radiation of archosaurs (Tetrapoda: Diapsida) |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=2010 |volume=101 |issue=3–4 |pages=367–382 |doi=10.1017/S1755691011020056 |hdl=20.500.11820/f20f7461-d1c5-45b4-98e5-537bd1499512 |s2cid=15027613 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259408664 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brusatte |first1=Stephen L. |last2=Benton |first2=Michael J. |last3=Desojo |first3=Julia B. |last4=Langer |first4=Max C. |title=The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2010 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=3–47 |doi=10.1080/14772010903537732 |s2cid=59148006|hdl=20.500.11820/24322ff3-e80e-45f2-8d53-d35fd104195c |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Norell|first1=Mark A.|last2=Yi|first2=Hong-yu|last3=Montanari|first3=Shaena|last4=Brusatte|first4=Stephen L.|date=2011-02-01|title=Phylogenetic corrections for morphological disparity analysis: new methodology and case studies |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/paleobiol/article-abstract/37/1/1/86524/phylogenetic-corrections-for-morphological |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.1666/09057.1|s2cid=56434400 }}</ref>
'''''Litargosuchus''''' ("fast running crocodile") was a [[genus]] of [[Sphenosuchia|sphenosuchian]] [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorph]] from the [[Early Jurassic]] of [[South Africa]]. Its remains were originally described by Gow and [[James Kitching]] in 1988 as belonging to [[Pedeticosaurus|''Pedeticosaurus'' sp.]] . The fossils was re-described in 2002 by [[James Clark]] and [[Hans-Dieter Sues]], who erected a new generic name for the specimen.


==History of discovery==
The type species is ''L. leptorhynchus'', for its thin and delicate muzzle.


In 1988 [[James Kitching]] found the [[holotype]] [[fossil]] of ''Litargosuchus'' in a field expedition in Eagles Crag, a farm near [[Barkly East]] in the [[Eastern Cape]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dollman |first1=K. N. |last2=Viglietti |first2=P. A. |last3=Choiniere |first3=J. N. |title=A new specimen of ''Orthosuchus stormbergi'' (Nash 1968) and a review of the distribution of Southern African Lower Jurassic crocodylomorphs |journal=Historical Biology |date=2019 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=653–664 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2017.1387110 |s2cid=134134524 }}</ref> The material recovered consisted of a near-complete skull with its [[mandible]] and several bones belonging to the [[postcrania]]l skeleton. At the time, [[James Kitching|Kitching]] was the director of the [[Evolutionary Studies Institute]] (previously the Bernard Price Institute) of the [[University of the Witwatersrand]] in [[Johannesburg]]. [[James Kitching|Kitching]] brought the [[holotype]] [[fossil]] back to the institute where he described it with fellow researcher, Christopher Gow.<ref>Gow, C.E. and Kitching, J.W., 1988. Early Jurassic crocodilomorphs from the Stormberg of South Africa. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 1988, pp.517-536.<br /></ref> Together [[James Kitching|Kitching]] and Gow misidentified this new species of [[sphenosuchia]]n [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorph]] and assigned the fossils to an existing crocodylomorph species, ''[[Pedeticosaurus|Pedeticosaurus leviseuri]]''. Over a decade later in 2002, two researchers visiting from abroad, Jim Clark and Hans-Dieter Sues, re-described the [[fossil]]s. After their analysis, Clark and Sues discovered that the fossils belonged to a new species of [[sphenosuchia]]n [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorph]] and coined the current name for the [[species]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sues|first1=Hans-Dieter|last2=Clark|first2=James M.|date=2002-09-01|title=Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=136|issue=1|pages=77–95|doi=10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00026.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ''Litargosuchus'' [[fossil]] is [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] and is the only known [[fossil]] of this [[species]] that has been found to date.
== Material ==


[[File:Barkly East, South Africa - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|350 px| Landscape outside Barkly East, Eastern Cape, South Africa]]
The [[holotype]] for ''Litargosuchus'' was found by James Kitching, of the [[University of the Witwatersrand]] in [[Johannesburg]], on strata belonging to the lower part of the [[Elliot Formation]], just 2 meters above the [[Clarens Formation]]. It was given the number BP/1/5237, and assigned by Gow and Kitching to ''Pedeticosaurus'' sp. The material consists of a skull, mandible and part of the postcranial skeleton.


The skull material of the ''Litargosuchus'' [[holotype]] was lost and no new [[fossil]]s have yet been yielded from the [[Elliot Formation]]. However, new ''Litargosuchus'' fossils may be found in the future. A dedicated research lab based at the [[Evolutionary Studies Institute]] has led several field expeditions to localities where [[Elliot Formation]] rocks are exposed with the hope of finding more [[fossil]] material. Jonah Choiniere, an old PhD student of Clark, leads this research lab. The remains of the [[holotype]] currently remain stored at the [[Evolutionary Studies Institute]].
== Systematics ==

==Description==
''Litargosuchus'' was a small, [[Gracility|gracile]] non-[[Crocodyliformes|crocodyliform]] [[Sphenosuchia|spheosuchid]] [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorph]] restricted to the [[Sinemurian]] of the lower [[Jurassic]]. Unlike modern [[crocodile]]s, ''Litargosuchus'' was a [[cursorial]], [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] [[Predation|predator]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parrish|first=J. Michael|date=1987|title=The origin of crocodilian locomotion|journal=Paleobiology|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=396–414|doi=10.1017/S0094837300009003 |s2cid=85804935 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16737/files/PAL_E3569.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parrish |first1=J. Michael |title=A new specimen of an early crocodylomorph (cf. ''Sphenosuchus'' sp.) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=1991 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=198–212 |doi=10.1080/02724634.1991.10011387}}</ref> It had unusually elongated limbs with its hind limbs slightly longer than its front. All [[sphenosuchia]]n [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorphs]] were lightly built, but ''Litargosuchus'' was especially so. It is thought that ''Litargosuchus'' pursued its prey much like a [[wolf]]; however, ''Litargosuchus'' were likely [[Solitary animal|solitary]].<ref>Randall, B., Sterling, J. and Sues, H.D., 2013. Early Crocodylomorpha. Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and Their Kin, (379), p.275.</ref> A [[cursorial]] body type is a key character trait of sphenosuchid crocodylomorphs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zanno|first1=Lindsay E.|last2=Drymala|first2=Susan M.|date=2016-06-15|title=Osteology of ''Carnufex carolinensis'' (Archosauria: Psuedosuchia) from the Pekin Formation of North Carolina and Its Implications for Early Crocodylomorph Evolution|journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=6 |page=e0157528 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0157528 |pmc=4909254 |pmid=27304665 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1157528D |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author-link1=Richard J. Butler|last1=Butler|first1=Richard J.|last2=Sullivan|first2=Corwin|last3=Ezcurra|first3=Martín D.|last4=Liu|first4=Jun|last5=Lecuona|first5=Agustina|last6=Sookias|first6=Roland B.|date=2014-06-10|title=New clade of enigmatic early archosaurs yields insights into early pseudosuchian phylogeny and the biogeography of the archosaur radiation |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=14|issue=1|page=128|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-128 |pmc=4061117|pmid=24916124 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Specimens==
The holotype specimen, BP/1/523 is the only documented ''Litargosuchus'' specimen recovered to date.

==Classification==
:''See [[Sphenosuchia]] for details on sphenosuchian phylogeny''
:''See [[Sphenosuchia]] for details on sphenosuchian phylogeny''


According to its description, ''Litargosuchus'' belongs to the Sphenosuchidae. However, phylogenetic relationships within the Sphenosuchia are poorly understood, so its status within this clade is uncertain.
''Litargosuchus'' is currently positioned within [[Sphenosuchia|Sphenosuchidae]], a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[clade]] of non-[[Crocodyliformes|crocodyliform]] [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorphs]]. However, [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] relationships within the [[Sphenosuchia]] are poorly understood so its status within this [[clade]] is uncertain. In addition, only one specimen of ''Litargosuchus'' is known to science, which means that there is no other comparative fossil data with members of its own species. However, it is accepted as a member of the greater crown [[archosaur]] [[clade]].


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{Pseudosuchia|L.}}
*Clark, J. M. & Sues, H.-D., (2002). Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of Sphenosuchia. ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''136''' (1): 77-95.
{{Geology of South Africa|paleontology}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6647417}}


[[Category:Archosaurs]]
[[Category:Terrestrial crocodylomorphs]]
[[Category:Jurassic reptiles]]
[[Category:Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera]]
[[Category:Early Jurassic crocodylomorphs]]
[[Category:Jurassic reptiles of Africa]]
[[Category:Jurassic South Africa]]
[[Category:Fossils of South Africa]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2002]]

Latest revision as of 08:16, 27 December 2023

Litargosuchus
Temporal range: Early Jurassic
Life restoration of Litargosuchus leptorhynchus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauria
Clade: Pseudosuchia
Clade: Crocodylomorpha
Family: †Saltoposuchidae
Genus: †Litargosuchus
Clark and Sues 2002
Type species
†L. leptorhynchus
Clark and Sues 2002

Litargosuchus is a sphenosuchian crocodylomorph, a basal member of the crocodylomorph clade from the Early Jurassic of South Africa. Its genus name Litargosuchus is derived from Greek meaning "fast running crocodile" and its species name leptorhynchus refers to its gracile snout. Litargosuchus, along with all of South Africa's crocodylomorph taxa, are confined to the upper Elliot Formation (UEF) in South Africa.[1][2][3]

History of discovery[edit]

In 1988 James Kitching found the holotype fossil of Litargosuchus in a field expedition in Eagles Crag, a farm near Barkly East in the Eastern Cape.[4] The material recovered consisted of a near-complete skull with its mandible and several bones belonging to the postcranial skeleton. At the time, Kitching was the director of the Evolutionary Studies Institute (previously the Bernard Price Institute) of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. Kitching brought the holotype fossil back to the institute where he described it with fellow researcher, Christopher Gow.[5] Together Kitching and Gow misidentified this new species of sphenosuchian crocodylomorph and assigned the fossils to an existing crocodylomorph species, Pedeticosaurus leviseuri. Over a decade later in 2002, two researchers visiting from abroad, Jim Clark and Hans-Dieter Sues, re-described the fossils. After their analysis, Clark and Sues discovered that the fossils belonged to a new species of sphenosuchian crocodylomorph and coined the current name for the species.[6] The Litargosuchus fossil is monotypic and is the only known fossil of this species that has been found to date.

Landscape outside Barkly East, Eastern Cape, South Africa

The skull material of the Litargosuchus holotype was lost and no new fossils have yet been yielded from the Elliot Formation. However, new Litargosuchus fossils may be found in the future. A dedicated research lab based at the Evolutionary Studies Institute has led several field expeditions to localities where Elliot Formation rocks are exposed with the hope of finding more fossil material. Jonah Choiniere, an old PhD student of Clark, leads this research lab. The remains of the holotype currently remain stored at the Evolutionary Studies Institute.

Description[edit]

Litargosuchus was a small, gracile non-crocodyliform spheosuchid crocodylomorph restricted to the Sinemurian of the lower Jurassic. Unlike modern crocodiles, Litargosuchus was a cursorial, terrestrial predator.[7][8] It had unusually elongated limbs with its hind limbs slightly longer than its front. All sphenosuchian crocodylomorphs were lightly built, but Litargosuchus was especially so. It is thought that Litargosuchus pursued its prey much like a wolf; however, Litargosuchus were likely solitary.[9] A cursorial body type is a key character trait of sphenosuchid crocodylomorphs.[10][11]

Specimens[edit]

The holotype specimen, BP/1/523 is the only documented Litargosuchus specimen recovered to date.

Classification[edit]

See Sphenosuchia for details on sphenosuchian phylogeny

Litargosuchus is currently positioned within Sphenosuchidae, a basal clade of non-crocodyliform crocodylomorphs. However, phylogenetic relationships within the Sphenosuchia are poorly understood so its status within this clade is uncertain. In addition, only one specimen of Litargosuchus is known to science, which means that there is no other comparative fossil data with members of its own species. However, it is accepted as a member of the greater crown archosaur clade.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Brusatte, Stephen L.; Benton, Michael J.; Lloyd, Graeme T.; Ruta, Marcello; Wang, Steve C. (2010). "Macroevolutionary patterns in the evolutionary radiation of archosaurs (Tetrapoda: Diapsida)". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 101 (3–4): 367–382. doi:10.1017/S1755691011020056. hdl:20.500.11820/f20f7461-d1c5-45b4-98e5-537bd1499512. S2CID 15027613.
  2. ^ Brusatte, Stephen L.; Benton, Michael J.; Desojo, Julia B.; Langer, Max C. (2010). "The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (1): 3–47. doi:10.1080/14772010903537732. hdl:20.500.11820/24322ff3-e80e-45f2-8d53-d35fd104195c. S2CID 59148006.
  3. ^ Norell, Mark A.; Yi, Hong-yu; Montanari, Shaena; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2011-02-01). "Phylogenetic corrections for morphological disparity analysis: new methodology and case studies". Paleobiology. 37 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1666/09057.1. S2CID 56434400.
  4. ^ Dollman, K. N.; Viglietti, P. A.; Choiniere, J. N. (2019). "A new specimen of Orthosuchus stormbergi (Nash 1968) and a review of the distribution of Southern African Lower Jurassic crocodylomorphs". Historical Biology. 31 (5): 653–664. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1387110. S2CID 134134524.
  5. ^ Gow, C.E. and Kitching, J.W., 1988. Early Jurassic crocodilomorphs from the Stormberg of South Africa. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 1988, pp.517-536.
  6. ^ Sues, Hans-Dieter; Clark, James M. (2002-09-01). "Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 136 (1): 77–95. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00026.x.
  7. ^ Parrish, J. Michael (1987). "The origin of crocodilian locomotion" (PDF). Paleobiology. 13 (4): 396–414. doi:10.1017/S0094837300009003. S2CID 85804935.
  8. ^ Parrish, J. Michael (1991). "A new specimen of an early crocodylomorph (cf. Sphenosuchus sp.) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 11 (2): 198–212. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011387.
  9. ^ Randall, B., Sterling, J. and Sues, H.D., 2013. Early Crocodylomorpha. Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and Their Kin, (379), p.275.
  10. ^ Zanno, Lindsay E.; Drymala, Susan M. (2016-06-15). "Osteology of Carnufex carolinensis (Archosauria: Psuedosuchia) from the Pekin Formation of North Carolina and Its Implications for Early Crocodylomorph Evolution". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0157528. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157528D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157528. PMC 4909254. PMID 27304665.
  11. ^ Butler, Richard J.; Sullivan, Corwin; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Liu, Jun; Lecuona, Agustina; Sookias, Roland B. (2014-06-10). "New clade of enigmatic early archosaurs yields insights into early pseudosuchian phylogeny and the biogeography of the archosaur radiation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 128. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-128. PMC 4061117. PMID 24916124.
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