Karolina Kózka: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (The Herald - 18146
 
(41 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
|honorific_prefix=[[Beatification|Blessed]]
|honorific_prefix=[[Beatification|Blessed]]
|name = Karolina Kózka
|name = Karolina Kózka
|image =Karolina Kózka.jpg
|image = Karolina Kózka.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|caption = Painting of Karolina Kózna, circa 2008.
|caption = Painting of Karolina Kózka, circa 2008.
|titles = [[Consecrated virgin|Virgin]] and [[Martyr]]
|titles = [[Virgin (title)|Virgin]] and [[Christian martyr|martyr]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1898|08|02}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1898|08|02}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1914|11|18|1898|08|02}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1914|11|18|1898|08|02}}
|feast_day = 18 November
|feast_day = 18 November
|major_shrine = Shrine of Blessed Karolina Kózka, [[Tarnów]], [[Poland]]
|major_shrine = Shrine of Blessed Karolina Kózka, [[Tarnów]], [[Poland]]
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|birth_place = [[Wał-Ruda]], [[Małopolskie]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
|birth_place = [[Wał-Ruda]], [[Małopolskie]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
|death_place = Wał-Ruda, Małopolskie, Austria-Hungary
|death_place = Wał-Ruda, Małopolskie, Austria-Hungary
|attributes = {{unbulleted list|Lily flowers|Martyr's palm|[[Rosary]]}}
|attributes =
|patronage = <!-- WARNING: patronages MUST CORRESPOND to a reliable secondary source, per WP:RS -->
|patronage = {{unbulleted list|Abuse victims|Youth|Farmers|Movement of Pure Hearts|[[Diocese of Rzeszów]]}}
|beatified_date = 10 June 1987
|beatified_date = 10 June 1987
|beatified_place = [[Tarnów]], [[Poland]]
|beatified_place = [[Tarnów]], [[Poland]]
Line 21: Line 21:
}}
}}


[[Beatification|Blessed]] '''Karolina Kózka''' (2 August 1898 – 18 November 1914) was a [[Polish people|Polish]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]].<ref name=SQPN>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/blessed-karoliny-kozkowny/|title=Blessed Karoliny Kózkówny|publisher=Saints SQPN|date=9 November 2016|accessdate=11 April 2017}}</ref> Her childhood was spent on her farm where she was known for her strong faith and her willingness to [[Catechism|catechize]] to neighbors and children alike; she recited [[rosaries]] and was an ardent devotee to the Mother of God which became more and more evident over time for she even recited rosaries when she should have been fast asleep. Kózka is often referred to as the "Polish [[Maria Goretti]]" due to the manner of her death.<ref name=SZ>{{cite web|url=http://sanktuariumzabawa.pl/index.php/en/home/170-the-blessed-karolina-kozka|title=The Blessed Karolina Kózka|date=|publisher=Sanktuarium Zabawa|accessdate=11 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=SQPN/><ref name=SEB>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90958|title=Beata Carolina Kózka|date=|publisher=Santi e Beati|accessdate=11 April 2017}}</ref>
'''Karolina Kózka''' (2 August 1898 – 18 November 1914) was a sixteen-year old [[Polish people|Polish]] victim of a [[Sex Crime|sex attack]] and murder.<ref name=SQPN>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/blessed-karoliny-kozkowny/|title=Blessed Karoliny Kózkówny|publisher=Saints SQPN|date=9 November 2016|accessdate=11 April 2017}}</ref> Prior to that she was known locally for her strong faith and her eagerness to [[Catechism|catechize]] her neighbours and children. Kózka is often referred to as the "Polish [[Maria Goretti]]" due to the manner of her death.<ref name=SZ>{{cite web|url=http://sanktuariumzabawa.pl/index.php/en/home/170-the-blessed-karolina-kozka|title=The Blessed Karolina Kózka|date=|publisher=Sanktuarium Zabawa|accessdate=11 April 2017|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061319/http://sanktuariumzabawa.pl/index.php/en/home/170-the-blessed-karolina-kozka|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=SQPN/><ref name=SEB>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90958|title=Beata Carolina Kózka|date=|publisher=Santi e Beati|accessdate=11 April 2017}}</ref>


Kózka's death caused great outrage against the Russians for it had been a Russian soldier who had killed the girl. Three thousand flocked to her funeral and called for her cause for sainthood to be introduced because she died to defend her virginal state. The cause commenced in the 1950s and culminated in 1987 when [[Pope John Paul II]] beatified her in [[Poland]].<ref name=SEB/>
Kózka's death caused great public outrage against Russians since a Russian soldier was believed to have attacked and killed her. Three thousand people flocked to her funeral and called for her [[canonization]] cause to be introduced as she died defending her virginity. The cause formally commenced in the 1950s and culminated in 1987 with [[Pope John Paul II]] beatifying her in independent [[Poland]].<ref name=SEB/>


==Life==
==Life==
⚫
Karolina Kózka was born on 2 August 1898 in a hamlet near the village of [[Zabawa, Tarnów County|Zabawa]], [[Lesser Poland]], at that time occupied by [[Austria-Hungary]]. She was the fourth of eleven children born to peasant farmers, Jan Kózka and Maria Borzęcka. She was [[baptized]] on 7 August at the local parish church of Saint John the Baptist.<ref name=SQPN/><ref name=SEB/>
[[File:Zabawa sanktuarium Błogosławionej Karoliny Kózkówny grób 23.04.09 p.jpg|thumb|left|185px|Her former grave in Zabawa.]]
⚫
Her childhood was spent on the family farm. From 1906 until 1912 she attended the local primary school and had further part-time schooling from 1912 to 1913.<ref name=SEB/> She would often gather neighbours and relatives and invite them to read the [[Bible]] together under a [[pear tree]] near her home. Kózka loved reciting the [[Rosary-based prayers|rosary]] using beads her mother had given her. She would fall asleep praying to Mary.<ref name=SQPN/> Kózka would pray on her long walk to [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]. Her uncle Franciszek Borzęcki was an inspiration to her and she would help him in his role of librarian. She also helped out teaching the [[catechism]] to children of the parish. During [[Lent]] she would lead her family in singing about the [[Passion of Jesus|Passion of the Lord]] and at [[Christmas]] would intone carols. Some of the villagers referred to her home as "the little church".<ref name=SZ/>
⚫
Karolina Kózka was born on 2 August 1898 in [[Małopolskie]] as the fourth of eleven children to the peasant farmers Jan Kózka and Maria Borzęcka; she was [[baptized]] on 7 August at the local parish church of Saint John the Baptist.<ref name=SQPN/><ref name=SEB/>
⚫
[[File: Bł. Karolina Kózka.jpg|thumb|left|The only photo of Karolina]]
⚫
Kózka received her [[First Communion]] in 1907. She was [[Confirmation (Christian sacrament)|confirmed]] on 18 May 1914. She is said to have had a particular devotion to the Mother of God evidenced by her custom to recite the rosary deep into the night. In 1914 with the outbreak of [[World War I]] Russian forces began occupying Polish towns and cities under [[Partitions of Poland|Austrian rule]] and in mid-November entered [[Wał-Ruda]]. Tensions grew as stories swirled about soldiers looting and raping women which exacerbated fear in the area. At the start of the occupation a Russian soldier come to the Kózka farm but he left after he was offered a meal.<ref name=SZ/>


==Abduction and murder==
⚫
From 1904 until 1912 she attended the classes at the local school and had extended schooling from 1912 to 1913.<ref name=SEB/> There were frequent times when she would gather her neighbors and relatives and invited them read the [[Bible]] together under a [[pear tree]] near her home. Kózka loved reciting [[rosaries]] and used the beads that her mother gave to her; frequent recitation caused her to get less sleep and she often whispered "Ave Maria" which enlightened her.<ref name=SQPN/> Kózka recited these en route to [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] even though it was a long walk and she also had a strong devotion to the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]]. Her uncle Franciszek Borzęcki was an inspiration to her and she helped him in his role as a librarian while also helping out at her parish while instructing her little siblings and the local children in [[catechism]]. During [[Lent]] she would sing about the [[Passion of Jesus|Passion of the Lord]] and at [[Christmas]] would have her parents and siblings join her in singing songs and carols. This led some of the villagers to call her home "the little church".<ref name=SZ/>
⚫
On 18 November 1914 at around 9.00 in the morning an armed Russian soldier came to the house asking questions about Austrian forces before ordering Kózka and Karolina to accompany him to the commanding officer. When the pair and the soldier reached the edge of the forest the soldier ordered the father to return home. Kózka agreed and abandoned his 16 year old to the rapist. Two nearby Polish men, Franciszek Zaleśny and Franciszek Broda, hid in the bushes watching the soldier assault Karolina. From their account, the soldier attempted to force himself upon her but she struggled and thwarted his attempted rape. Enraged, the soldier then stabbed her with his [[bayonet]] multiple times.<ref name=SZ/> She managed to escape and ran some 800 meters towards nearby swamps which saved her from further attacks. The soldier saw her fall and gave up the chase believing her to be dead. Since he had slit Karolina's carotid artery, she soon bled to death in the swamps, some time before 9.40.<ref name=SQPN/><ref name=SEB/> Her body was not found until December 4, 1914. Karolina was buried on December 6, with around 3000 people attending her funeral.<ref name=SQPN/>


[[File:Kosciol Trojcy Zabawa.JPG|thumb|right|Holy Trinity Church, [[Zabawa, Tarnów County|Zabawa]], resting place of Karolina Kózka]]
⚫
Kózka received her [[Confirmation (Christian sacrament)|Confirmation]] on 18 May 1914 before making her first confession on 13 November of that year, and then her [[First Communion]] on 15 November. In 1914 came great conflict as [[World War I]] broke out in [[Europe]]; the Russian forces began capturing cities in [[Poland]] and in mid-November 1914 controlled [[Wał-Ruda]]. The situation grew worse as stories spread of the soldiers stealing possessions and raping women which caused a great air of fear to spread. The start of the occupation saw a Russian soldier come to their home but he left after he was offered a meal.<ref name=SZ/>
⚫
According to Rozalia Łazarz, a nurse present at her autopsy, Karolina died a virgin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://czasopisma.upjp2.edu.pl/foliahistoricacracoviensia/article/viewFile/1474/1366 |title=Folia Historica |access-date=2020-11-20 |archive-date=2021-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918171419/http://czasopisma.upjp2.edu.pl/foliahistoricacracoviensia/article/viewFile/1474/1366 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her remains were relocated on 18 March 1987 beneath the main altar of the Zabawa parish church, at the behest of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarnów|Bishop of Tarnów]]. The site where she died is marked with a cross.<ref name=SEB/> On 18 June 1916 a monument was erected in her honour by the Zabawa church.

⚫
On 18 November 1914 at around 9:00am an armed Russian soldier came to their house asking questions about the Austrian forces before ordering Kózka and her father to go with him for he told them that he was taking them to the commanding officer. The pair and the soldier reached the edge of the forest where the soldier commanded her father to return home. The man went back to his home - he was reluctant - leaving his daughter in the clutches of the Russian. Two men (Franciszek Zaleśny and Franciszek Broda) witnessed the soldier's attack on Kózka and watched from behind the bushes; he attempted to force himself upon her but she struggled and refused to give in to his advances. The angered soldier then stabbed her with his [[bayonet|knife]] multiple times.<ref name=SZ/> But she managed to run over 800 meters towards the swamps which saved her from further attacks since the chase was difficult for the soldier. The man saw her fall and gave up the chase believing her to be dead or on the verge of death. But it was too late for her for the wounds inflicted had caused too much blood loss which caused her death in the swamps between 9:30 and 9:40am; one stabbing hit her [[carotid]] causing excessive bleeding.<ref name=SQPN/><ref name=SEB/>

It was not until 4 December 1914 that her remains were found and she was buried on 6 December with around 3000 people attending her funeral.<ref name=SQPN/>
⚫
According to the nurse Rozalia Łazarz, that was present by her autopsy she kept her virginity.<ref>http://czasopisma.upjp2.edu.pl/foliahistoricacracoviensia/article/viewFile/1474/1366</ref> Her remains were later relocated on 18 November 1917 to an altar at a parish church in Zabawa at the behest of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarnów|Bishop of Tarnów]]. The site where she died is marked with a cross.<ref name=SEB/> On 18 June 1916 a monument was established in her honor close to the Zabawa church.


==Beatification==
==Beatification==
⚫
The beatification process opened in Tarnów diocese with an informative process on 11 February 1965. On 30 June 1986 her beatification received papal approval after Pope John Paul II confirmed that Kózka was killed "in defensum castitatis" – in defence of [[chastity]] – and beatified her in Tarnów while visiting Poland on 10 June 1987.
⚫
[[File: Bł. Karolina Kózka.jpg|thumb|The only photo of Karolina]]
The beatification process opened in the Tarnów diocese in an informative process on 11 February 1965 and this process later closed in 1967 before all documents were sent to [[Rome]] for further assessment; her writings received theological approval on 10 September 1977 before the formal introduction to the cause was given on 4 March 1981 when she was titled as a [[Servant of God]]. The [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] validated this informative process on 20 September 1982 before receiving the [[Positio]] dossier in 1983. Theologians approved this on 22 January 1985 as did the C.C.S. on 7 May 1985.

⚫
On 30 June 1986 her beatification received papal approval after [[Pope John Paul II]] confirmed that Kózka was killed "in defensum castitatis" - or to defend her virginal state - and beatified her in Tarnów while visiting Poland on 10 June 1987.


==References==
==References==
Line 53: Line 49:
* [http://thecatholicpath.blogspot.com.au/2006/11/karolina-kzkwna.html The Catholic Path]
* [http://thecatholicpath.blogspot.com.au/2006/11/karolina-kzkwna.html The Catholic Path]


{{Portal|Saints|Catholicism|Biography|Christianity|Poland|World War I}}
{{Portal|Saints|Catholicism|Biography|Christianity|Poland}}
{{Canonization}}
{{Canonization}}
{{In defensum castitatis}}
{{In defensum castitatis}}
Line 62: Line 58:
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:1914 murders in Europe]]
[[Category:1914 murders in Europe]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish people]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs]]
[[Category:20th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:20th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish women]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish women]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II]]
⚫
[[Category:Female murder victims]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in Poland]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in Poland]]
[[Category:Murdered Polish children]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]
[[Category:People from Lesser Poland Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Child murder in Poland]]
[[Category:People from Tarnów County]]
[[Category:People murdered in Poland]]
[[Category:People murdered in Poland]]
[[Category:Polish beatified people]]
[[Category:Polish beatified people]]
⚫
[[Category:Polish children]]
[[Category:Polish murder victims]]
[[Category:Polish murder victims]]
⚫
[[Category:Polish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic child blesseds]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic child blesseds]]
⚫
[[Category:Virgin martyrs]]

Latest revision as of 13:07, 18 March 2024

Blessed

Karolina Kózka
Painting of Karolina Kózka, circa 2008.
Virgin and martyr
Born(1898-08-02)2 August 1898
Wał-Ruda, Małopolskie, Austria-Hungary
Died18 November 1914(1914-11-18) (aged 16)
Wał-Ruda, Małopolskie, Austria-Hungary
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Beatified10 June 1987, Tarnów, Poland by Pope John Paul II
Major shrineShrine of Blessed Karolina Kózka, Tarnów, Poland
Feast18 November

Karolina Kózka (2 August 1898 – 18 November 1914) was a sixteen-year old Polish victim of a sex attack and murder.[1] Prior to that she was known locally for her strong faith and her eagerness to catechize her neighbours and children. Kózka is often referred to as the "Polish Maria Goretti" due to the manner of her death.[2][1][3]

Kózka's death caused great public outrage against Russians since a Russian soldier was believed to have attacked and killed her. Three thousand people flocked to her funeral and called for her canonization cause to be introduced as she died defending her virginity. The cause formally commenced in the 1950s and culminated in 1987 with Pope John Paul II beatifying her in independent Poland.[3]

Life[edit]

Karolina Kózka was born on 2 August 1898 in a hamlet near the village of Zabawa, Lesser Poland, at that time occupied by Austria-Hungary. She was the fourth of eleven children born to peasant farmers, Jan Kózka and Maria Borzęcka. She was baptized on 7 August at the local parish church of Saint John the Baptist.[1][3] Her childhood was spent on the family farm. From 1906 until 1912 she attended the local primary school and had further part-time schooling from 1912 to 1913.[3] She would often gather neighbours and relatives and invite them to read the Bible together under a pear tree near her home. Kózka loved reciting the rosary using beads her mother had given her. She would fall asleep praying to Mary.[1] Kózka would pray on her long walk to Mass. Her uncle Franciszek Borzęcki was an inspiration to her and she would help him in his role of librarian. She also helped out teaching the catechism to children of the parish. During Lent she would lead her family in singing about the Passion of the Lord and at Christmas would intone carols. Some of the villagers referred to her home as "the little church".[2]

The only photo of Karolina

Kózka received her First Communion in 1907. She was confirmed on 18 May 1914. She is said to have had a particular devotion to the Mother of God evidenced by her custom to recite the rosary deep into the night. In 1914 with the outbreak of World War I Russian forces began occupying Polish towns and cities under Austrian rule and in mid-November entered Wał-Ruda. Tensions grew as stories swirled about soldiers looting and raping women which exacerbated fear in the area. At the start of the occupation a Russian soldier come to the Kózka farm but he left after he was offered a meal.[2]

Abduction and murder[edit]

On 18 November 1914 at around 9.00 in the morning an armed Russian soldier came to the house asking questions about Austrian forces before ordering Kózka and Karolina to accompany him to the commanding officer. When the pair and the soldier reached the edge of the forest the soldier ordered the father to return home. Kózka agreed and abandoned his 16 year old to the rapist. Two nearby Polish men, Franciszek Zaleśny and Franciszek Broda, hid in the bushes watching the soldier assault Karolina. From their account, the soldier attempted to force himself upon her but she struggled and thwarted his attempted rape. Enraged, the soldier then stabbed her with his bayonet multiple times.[2] She managed to escape and ran some 800 meters towards nearby swamps which saved her from further attacks. The soldier saw her fall and gave up the chase believing her to be dead. Since he had slit Karolina's carotid artery, she soon bled to death in the swamps, some time before 9.40.[1][3] Her body was not found until December 4, 1914. Karolina was buried on December 6, with around 3000 people attending her funeral.[1]

Holy Trinity Church, Zabawa, resting place of Karolina Kózka

According to Rozalia Łazarz, a nurse present at her autopsy, Karolina died a virgin.[4] Her remains were relocated on 18 March 1987 beneath the main altar of the Zabawa parish church, at the behest of the Bishop of Tarnów. The site where she died is marked with a cross.[3] On 18 June 1916 a monument was erected in her honour by the Zabawa church.

Beatification[edit]

The beatification process opened in Tarnów diocese with an informative process on 11 February 1965. On 30 June 1986 her beatification received papal approval after Pope John Paul II confirmed that Kózka was killed "in defensum castitatis" – in defence of chastity – and beatified her in Tarnów while visiting Poland on 10 June 1987.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Blessed Karoliny Kózkówny". Saints SQPN. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d "The Blessed Karolina Kózka". Sanktuarium Zabawa. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Beata Carolina Kózka". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  4. ^ "Folia Historica". Archived from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2020-11-20.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karolina_Kózka&oldid=1214354548"