1850s: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m Reverted edits by 204.228.117.196 (talk) (HG) (3.4.10) |
Koopinator (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
(47 intermediate revisions by 29 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{ |
{{Short description|Decade of the Gregorian calendar}} |
||
[[File:1850s Montage.jpg|thumb|335x335px|From left, clockwise: [[Henry Clay]] introduces the '''[[Compromise of 1850]]''' |
|||
the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]]; [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] publishes '''''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin|Uncle Tom’s Cabin]]'''''; Russian forces fight against British, French and Ottoman forces in [[Sevastopol]] during the '''[[Crimean War]]'''; '''[[SS Arctic|SS ''Arctic'']]''', an American steamship, sinks in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] after a collision with a French steamship, [[SS Vesta|SS ''Vesta'']] in 1854; The '''[[Panama Canal Railway|Panama Railroad]]''' opens in 1855 connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans with a railroad in [[Central America]]; Anglo-French and Qing Empire forces engage each other in a four-year long campaign known as the '''[[Second Opium War]]''' starting in 1856; '''''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]''''' denies American citizenship as mandated under the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] to African Americans; [[Charles Darwin]] publishes ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' in 1859, presenting the idea of '''[[natural selection]]'''.]] |
|||
{{Decadebox|185}} |
{{Decadebox|185}} |
||
Line 7: | Line 8: | ||
It was a very turbulent decade, as wars such as the [[Crimean War]], shifted and shook European politics, as well as the expansion of [[colonization]] towards the [[Far East]], which also sparked conflicts like the [[Second Opium War]]. In the meantime, the [[United States]] saw its peak on [[American frontier|mass migration to the American West]], that particularly made the nation experience an economic boom, as well as a rapidly increasing population. |
It was a very turbulent decade, as wars such as the [[Crimean War]], shifted and shook European politics, as well as the expansion of [[colonization]] towards the [[Far East]], which also sparked conflicts like the [[Second Opium War]]. In the meantime, the [[United States]] saw its peak on [[American frontier|mass migration to the American West]], that particularly made the nation experience an economic boom, as well as a rapidly increasing population. |
||
The last living person from this decade was [[Oldest people#Chronological list of the oldest known living person since 1954|Ada Roe]], who died in 1970. |
|||
[[File:Malakhov1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Crimean War]]]] |
[[File:Malakhov1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Crimean War]]]] |
||
Line 13: | Line 16: | ||
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–56) fought between [[Imperial Russia]] and an alliance consisting of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], the [[Second French Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the [[Black Sea]]. |
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–56) fought between [[Imperial Russia]] and an alliance consisting of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], the [[Second French Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the [[Black Sea]]. |
||
* On 8 October 1856 |
* On 8 October 1856 the [[Second Opium War]] between several western powers and [[China]] begins with the ''Arrow Incident'' on the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]]. |
||
* [[Second War of Italian Independence]] (1859), also known as Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War. |
* [[Second War of Italian Independence]] (1859), also known as Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War. |
||
== Internal conflicts == |
== Internal conflicts == |
||
* The |
* The revolt in Alexandria by Alexandrian locals led by Sherekoh, governor of Alexandria against [[Abbas I of Egypt]]. |
||
* The [[Indian Mutiny]] |
* The [[Indian Mutiny]], a revolt against [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Colonialism|colonial rule]] in [[India]]. |
||
* [[Bleeding Kansas]] (1854–59): battles erupt in [[Kansas Territory]] between proslavery and "[[Free-Stater (Kansas)|Free-State]]" settlers, directly precipitating the [[American Civil War]]. |
* [[Bleeding Kansas]] (1854–59): battles erupt in [[Kansas Territory]] between proslavery and "[[Free-Stater (Kansas)|Free-State]]" settlers, directly precipitating the [[American Civil War]]. |
||
* [[Reform War]] ( |
* [[Reform War]] (1857–61) in [[Mexico]] |
||
* [[Taiping Rebellion]] ( |
* [[Taiping Rebellion]] (1850–64) in southeastern China. |
||
* [[Nian Rebellion]] (1853–68) in |
* [[Nian Rebellion]] (1853–68) in northern China. |
||
* [[Miao Rebellion (1854–73)]] in Guizhou |
* [[Miao Rebellion (1854–73)]] in Guizhou province, China. |
||
* [[Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)]] in Guangdong |
* [[Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)]] in Guangdong province, China. |
||
* [[Punti-Hakka Clan Wars]] ( |
* [[Punti-Hakka Clan Wars]] (1855–67) in Guangdong province, China. |
||
* [[Panthay Rebellion]] ( |
* [[Panthay Rebellion]] (1856–73) in Yunnan province, China. |
||
== Prominent political events == |
== Prominent political events == |
||
Line 42: | Line 45: | ||
== Science and technology== |
== Science and technology== |
||
[[File:Professor Faraday lecturing at the Royal Institution, 27th December, 1855 RIIC 0006 20110213 BAL EP.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Michael Faraday]] delivering a [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Christmas Lecture at the Royal Institution]] in London, {{Circa|1855}}]] |
|||
* [[The Great Exhibition]] is held at the [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]] in 1851, considered to be the first [[world's fair]]. |
* [[The Great Exhibition]] is held at the [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]] in 1851, considered to be the first [[world's fair]]. |
||
* [[Charles Darwin]] publishes ''[[The Origin of Species]]'', putting forward the theory of [[evolution]] by natural selection in November 1859. |
* [[Charles Darwin]] publishes ''[[The Origin of Species]]'', putting forward the theory of [[evolution]] by natural selection in November 1859. |
||
Line 59: | Line 63: | ||
== Environment == |
== Environment == |
||
* [[Ukraine|Ukrainian settlers]] |
* [[Ukraine|Ukrainian settlers]] take [[Carniolan honeybee]]s to the [[Primorsky Krai]] |
||
== Society == |
== Society == |
||
Line 74: | Line 78: | ||
*[[Charlotte Brontë]] publishes ''[[Villette (novel)|Villette]]'' in 1853 |
*[[Charlotte Brontë]] publishes ''[[Villette (novel)|Villette]]'' in 1853 |
||
*[[Elizabeth Gaskell]] publishes ''[[North and South (Gaskell novel)|North and South]]'' in 1854 |
*[[Elizabeth Gaskell]] publishes ''[[North and South (Gaskell novel)|North and South]]'' in 1854 |
||
== People == |
|||
=== World leaders === |
|||
Note: Names of [[List of sovereign states|country]] leaders shown below in '''bold''' face have remained in power continuously throughout the entirety of the decade |
|||
====Europe==== |
|||
<gallery widths="125" heights="125" perrow="7"> |
|||
File:Franz Xaver Winterhalter Napoleon III.jpg|{{flagicon|Second French Empire}} [[Napoleon III]] |
|||
File:Queen Victoria - Winterhalter 1859.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} '''[[Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]''' |
|||
File:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell by Sir Francis Grant detail.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]] |
|||
File:Lord Palmerston 1855.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] |
|||
File:George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen by Chester Harding.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen|Lord Aberdeen]] |
|||
File:FWIV.jpg|{{flagicon|Prussia|1803}} '''[[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Frederick William IV]]''' |
|||
File:Anton Einsle - Kaiser Franz Joseph I.jpg|{{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} '''[[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]]''' |
|||
File:Queen Isabella II of Spain by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1852.jpg|{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} '''[[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]]''' |
|||
File:Oscar I, 1799-1859 (Fredric Westin) - Nationalmuseum - 39443.tif|{{flagicon|United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway}} [[Oscar I of Sweden and Norway|Oscar I]] |
|||
File:Franz Krüger - Portrait of Emperor Nicholas I - WGA12289.jpg|{{flagicon|Russian Empire|variant=1858}} [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] |
|||
File:Alexander II by E.Botman (1856, Russian museum).jpg|{{flagicon|Russian Empire|variant=1858}} [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] |
|||
File:Portrait Pope Pio ix.PNG|{{flagicon|Papal States}} '''[[Pope Pius IX]]''' |
|||
File:Millard Fillmore.1.jpg|{{flagicon|United States|1851}} [[Millard Fillmore]] |
|||
File:George Peter Alexander Healy - Franklin Pierce - Google Art Project.jpg|{{flagicon|United States|1851}} [[Franklin Pierce]] |
|||
File:George Peter Alexander Healy - James Buchanan - Google Art Project.jpg|{{flagicon|United States|1859}} [[James Buchanan]] |
|||
</gallery> |
|||
== External links == |
== External links == |
||
Line 104: | Line 84: | ||
{{19th century}} |
{{19th century}} |
||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
[[Category:1850s| ]] |
[[Category:1850s| ]] |
Revision as of 09:51, 21 April 2024
Millennium |
---|
2nd millennium |
Centuries |
Decades |
Years |
Categories |
The 1850s (pronounced "eighteen-fifties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1850, and ended on December 31, 1859.
It was a very turbulent decade, as wars such as the Crimean War, shifted and shook European politics, as well as the expansion of colonization towards the Far East, which also sparked conflicts like the Second Opium War. In the meantime, the United States saw its peak on mass migration to the American West, that particularly made the nation experience an economic boom, as well as a rapidly increasing population.
The last living person from this decade was Ada Roe, who died in 1970.
Wars
- Crimean War (1854–56) fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea.
- On 8 October 1856 the Second Opium War between several western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River.
- Second War of Italian Independence (1859), also known as Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War.
Internal conflicts
- The revolt in Alexandria by Alexandrian locals led by Sherekoh, governor of Alexandria against Abbas I of Egypt.
- The Indian Mutiny, a revolt against British colonial rule in India.
- Bleeding Kansas (1854–59): battles erupt in Kansas Territory between proslavery and "Free-State" settlers, directly precipitating the American Civil War.
- Reform War (1857–61) in Mexico
- Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) in southeastern China.
- Nian Rebellion (1853–68) in northern China.
- Miao Rebellion (1854–73) in Guizhou province, China.
- Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) in Guangdong province, China.
- Punti-Hakka Clan Wars (1855–67) in Guangdong province, China.
- Panthay Rebellion (1856–73) in Yunnan province, China.
Prominent political events
- Moldavia and Wallachia are unified and form Romania.
- Gideon T. Stewart attempts to create a Prohibition Party.
- Dissolution of the Mughal Empire by the British.
- Establishment of the South African Republic (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) and the Orange Free State, granting independence to the Voortrekkers by the British.
Assassinations and attempts
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018) |
Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:
- Assassination of Abbas I of Egypt by 4 of his slaves (1854)
- Eight were killed and 142 wounded in Paris in a failed assassination attempt on Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1858).
Science and technology
- The Great Exhibition is held at the Crystal Palace in 1851, considered to be the first world's fair.
- Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution by natural selection in November 1859.
- Epidemiology begins when John Snow traces the source of an outbreak of cholera in London to a contaminated water pump.
- Discovery of Neanderthal fossils in Neanderthal, Germany.
- Solar flares discovered by Richard Christopher Carrington.
- University of Sydney established in 1850.
Economics
- Distinction between coats and jackets begins to blur
- Production of steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process
- Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time
- First transpacific telegraph cable laid
- First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis
- Railroads begin to supplant canals in the United States as a primary means of transporting goods.
- First commercially successful sewing machine made by Isaac Singer
Environment
- Ukrainian settlers take Carniolan honeybees to the Primorsky Krai
Society
- The word girlfriend first appears in writing in 1855.
- The word boyfriend first appears in writing in 1856.
Popular culture
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
Literature
- Charles Dickens publishes Bleak House, Hard Times, Little Dorrit and A Tale of Two Cities
- Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes The Scarlet Letter in 1850
- Herman Melville publishes Bartleby, the Scrivener in 1853
- Charlotte Brontë publishes Villette in 1853
- Elizabeth Gaskell publishes North and South in 1854