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{{Short description|Clade of mammals}}
{{Short description|Clade of mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Mesaxonia
| name = Panperissodactyla
| fossil_range = {{geological range|64|0}}
| fossil_range = {{geological range|64|0}}
| image = The Perissodactyl.jpg
| image = The Perissodactyl.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise from left: [[plains zebra]] (''Equus quagga''), [[Indian rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis'') and [[South American tapir|Brazilian tapir]] (''Tapirus terrestris'')
| image_caption = Collage of living perissodactyls, clockwise from left: [[plains zebra]] (''Equus quagga''), [[Indian rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis'') and [[South American tapir|Brazilian tapir]] (''Tapirus terrestris'')
| image2 = Macrauchenia (reconstruction).jpg
| image2 = Macrauchenia (reconstruction).jpg
| image2_caption = ''[[Macrauchenia]] patachonica''
| image2_caption = ''[[Macrauchenia patachonica]]'' ([[Litopterna]])
| taxon = Mesaxonia
| taxon = Panperissodactyla
| authority = Welker et al, 2015<ref name="WelkerCollins2015">{{Cite journal |author1=Welker, F. |author2=Collins, M.J. |author3=Thomas, J.A. |author4=Wadsley, M. |author5=Brace, S. |author6=Cappellini, E. |author7=Turvey, S.T. |author8=Reguero, M. |author9=Gelfo, J.N. |author10=Kramarz, A. |author11=Burger, J. |author12=Thomas-Oates, J. |author13=Ashford, D.A. |author14=Ashton, P.D. |author15=Rowsell, K. |author16=Porter, D.M. |author17=Kessler, B. |author18=Fischer, R. |author19=Baessmann, C. |author20=Kaspar, S. |author21=Olsen, J.V. |author22=Kiley, P. |author23=Elliott, J.A. |author24=Kelstrup, C.D. |author25=Mullin, V. |author26=Hofreiter, M. |author27=Willerslev, E. |author28=Hublin, J.-J. |author29=Orlando, L. |author30=Barnes, I. |author31=MacPhee, R.D.E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |title=Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=522 |issue=7554 |pages=81–84 |doi=10.1038/nature14249 |bibcode=2015Natur.522...81W |hdl=11336/14769 |hdl-access=free |oclc=5837017277 |pmid=25799987 |s2cid=4467386 |s2cid-access=free}}</ref>
| authority = Marsh, 1884<ref name="FW">{{Fossilworks |id=321755 |title=Mesaxonia}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = *†[[Dinocerata]]
| subdivision = {{center|[see [[#Taxonomy|classification]]]}}
| synonyms = * '''Pan-Perissodactyla'''<ref name="Chimento & Agnolin, 2020"/> (alternative spelling)
*†[[Xenungulata]]<ref name="ReferenceA">BURGER, Benjamin J., THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SABER-TOOTHED AND HORNED GIANTS OF THE EOCENE: THE UINTATHERES (ORDER DINOCERATA), Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, UT, United States of America, 84078, SVP 2015</ref>
*†[[Phenacodontidae]]
*'''Panperissodactyla'''
**†'''Anthracobunia'''
⚫
***†[[Anthracobunidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/>
⚫
***†[[Cambaytheriidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/>
**†[[Desmostylia]]?<ref name="Cooper2014"/><ref name = "Qiu2014" />
**†[[Litopterna]]
**†[[Notoungulata]]<ref name=WelkerCollins2015>{{Cite journal|title = Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates|journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date = March 18, 2015|issn = 1476-4687|volume = 522|issue = 7554|doi = 10.1038/nature14249|first1 = Frido|last1 = Welker|first2 = Matthew J.|last2 = Collins|first3 = Jessica A.|last3 = Thomas|first4 = Marc|last4 = Wadsley|first5 = Selina|last5 = Brace|first6 = Enrico|last6 = Cappellini|first7 = Samuel T.|last7 = Turvey|first8 = Marcelo|last8 = Reguero|first9 = Javier N.|last9 = Gelfo|pages=81–84|pmid=25799987|bibcode = 2015Natur.522...81W|s2cid = 4467386|url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/91438/1/Welker_postprint.docx}}</ref>
**[[Odd-toed ungulate|Perissodactyla]]
}}
}}


'''Panperissodactyla''' ("all perissodactyls", alternatively spelled '''Pan-Perissodactyla'''<ref name="Chimento & Agnolin, 2020">{{Cite journal|author1=Chimento, N.R. |author2=Agnolin, F.L. |year=2020 |title=Phylogenetic tree of Litopterna and Perissodactyla indicates a complex early history of hoofed mammals |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 13280 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-70287-5 |pmid=32764723 |pmc=7413542 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1013280C}}</ref>) is a clade of [[Ungulate|ungulates]] containing living order [[Perissodactyla]] (odd-toed ungulates) and all extinct ungulates more closely related to Perissodactyla than to [[Artiodactyla]] (even-toed ungulates).<ref name="WelkerCollins2015"/>
⚫
'''Mesaxonia''' also known by its equivalents '''Panperissodactyla''' and '''Perissodactylamorpha''' is a clade of ungulates containing all ungulates more closely related to living [[Perissodactyla]] (odd-toed ungulates) than to [[Artiodactyla]] (even-toed ungulates).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Rose |first=Kenneth D. |last2=Holbrook |first2=Luke T. |last3=Kumar |first3=Kishor |last4=Rana |first4=Rajendra S. |last5=Ahrens |first5=Heather E. |last6=Dunn |first6=Rachel H. |last7=Folie |first7=Annelise |last8=Jones |first8=Katrina E. |last9=Smith |first9=Thierry |date=2019-11-11 |title=Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=sup1 |pages=1–147 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> Groups thought to belong to this clade include Anthracobunia known from the [[Paleogene]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Cooper2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=L. N. |last2=Seiffert |first2=E. R. |last3=Clementz |first3=M. |last4=Madar |first4=S. I. |last5=Bajpai |first5=S. |last6=Hussain |first6=S. T. |last7=Thewissen |first7=J. G. M. |date=2014-10-08 |title=Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=e109232 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j9232C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109232 |pmc=4189980 |pmid=25295875 |doi-access=free}}</ref> as well as the [[South American native ungulate]] groups [[Litopterna]] and [[Notoungulata]]. Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kramarz |first=Alejandro G. |last2=Macphee |first2=Ross D. E. |date=2023-03 |title=Did some extinct South American native ungulates arise from an afrothere ancestor? A critical appraisal of Avilla and Mothé’s (2021) Sudamericungulata – Panameridiungulata hypothesis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5 |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5 |issn=1064-7554}}</ref> The enigmatic aquatic [[Desmostylia]] have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as more closely related to [[Afrotheria]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsui |first=Kumiko |last2=Tsuihiji |first2=Takanobu |date=2019-10-17 |title=The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses |url=https://peerj.com/articles/7430 |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=7 |pages=e7430 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7430 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=PMC6800978 |pmid=31637114}}</ref> The Northern Hemisphere "[[condylarth]]" group [[Phenacodontidae]] has been placed as closely related to perissodactlys in some studies, though others recover it as unrelated.<ref name="WelkerCollins2015" />


⚫
Groups thought to belong to this clade include '''Anthracobunia''' (including the families [[Anthracobunidae]] and [[Cambaytheriidae]]) known from the [[Paleogene]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="Cooper2014">{{Cite journal |author1=Cooper, L.N. |author2=Seiffert, E.R. |author3=Clementz, M. |author4=Madar, S.I. |author5=Bajpai, S. |author6=Hussain, S.T. |author7=Thewissen, J.G.M. |year=2014 |title=Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=9 |issue=10 |page=e109232 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109232 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j9232C |oclc=5654357491 |pmc=4189980 |pmid=25295875 |s2cid=2989266 |s2cid-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Rose et al, 2019"/> as well as the [[South American native ungulate]] groups [[Litopterna]] and [[Notoungulata]].<ref name="WelkerCollins2015"/> Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kramarz |first1=Alejandro G. |last2=Macphee |first2=Ross D. E. |date=March 2023 |title=Did some extinct South American native ungulates arise from an afrothere ancestor? A critical appraisal of Avilla and Mothé's (2021) Sudamericungulata – Panameridiungulata hypothesis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5 |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5 |s2cid=253433775 |issn=1064-7554}}</ref> The enigmatic aquatic [[Desmostylia]] have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as members of [[afrotheria]]n clade [[Tethytheria]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Matsui |first1=Kumiko |last2=Tsuihiji |first2=Takanobu |date=2019-10-17 |title=The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=7 |pages=e7430 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7430 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=6800978 |pmid=31637114 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Northern Hemisphere "[[condylarth]]" group [[Phenacodontidae]] has been placed as closely related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover it as unrelated.<ref name="WelkerCollins2015"/>
⚫
== Classification ==

*'''Mesaxonia'''
⚫
== Classification and phylogeny ==
**†[[Dinocerata]]?<ref name="ReferenceA">BURGER, Benjamin J., THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SABER-TOOTHED AND HORNED GIANTS OF THE EOCENE: THE UINTATHERES (ORDER DINOCERATA), Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, UT, United States of America, 84078, SVP 2015</ref>
=== History of phylogeny ===
**†[[Phenacodontidae]]?
Panperissodactyla was coined in 2015, to include all mammals more closely related to living perissodactyls than to any other living mammals, following a [[Proteomics|proteomic]] study which found Notoungulata and Litopterna to be closely related to Perissodactyla.<ref name="WelkerCollins2015"/> Panperissodactyla is preferred over the older '''Mesaxonia''' which was originally coined by [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] in 1884, as equivalent to the modern Perissodactyla. [[Richard Owen]]'s original definition of Perissodactyla included the modern members in addition to the now known to be unrelated [[Hyracoidea]]. The name Mesaxonia was resurrected by Martin S. Fischer in 1989 as a replacement for Perissodactyla.<ref name="Rose et al, 2019"/> '''Perissodactylamorpha''' a clade coined to include Anthracobunia and Perissodactyla, is thought to be a subgroup of Panperissodactyla, as Anthracobunia is suggested to be more closely related to Perissodactyla than Notoungulata and Litopterna are.<ref name="Rose et al, 2019"/>
**'''Panperissodactyla'''

***†'''Anthracobunia'''
=== Taxonomy ===
****†[[Anthracobunidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/>
* ''Clade'': '''Pan-Perissodactyla''' {{small|(Welker et al, 2015)}}<ref name="WelkerCollins2015"/> (=&thinsp;'''Panperissodactyla''')
****†[[Cambaytheriidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/>
** Family: †[[Phenacodontidae]] [?]<ref name="WelkerCollins2015"/> {{small|[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1881}}
⚫
***†[[Desmostylia]]?<ref name="Cooper2014" /><ref name="Qiu2014">{{cite web |last=Qiu |first=L. |date=2014-10-08 |title=Ancient "Oddball" Mammal Reshuffles Family Tree? |url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/08/animals-science-paleontology-fossils-evolution-rhinoceroses-elephants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011071917/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/08/animals-science-paleontology-fossils-evolution-rhinoceroses-elephants/ |archive-date=2014-10-11 |access-date=2014-10-11 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref>
** ''Clade'': †[[Meridiungulata]]
***†[[Litopterna]]<ref name="WelkerCollins2015" />
*** Order: †[[Litopterna]]<ref name="WelkerCollins2015" /> {{small|[[Florentino Ameghino|Ameghino]], 1889}}
***†[[Notoungulata]]<ref name=WelkerCollins2015>{{Cite journal|title = Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates|journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date = March 18, 2015|issn = 1476-4687|volume = 522|issue = 7554|doi = 10.1038/nature14249|first1 = Frido|last1 = Welker|first2 = Matthew J.|last2 = Collins|first3 = Jessica A.|last3 = Thomas|first4 = Marc|last4 = Wadsley|first5 = Selina|last5 = Brace|first6 = Enrico|last6 = Cappellini|first7 = Samuel T.|last7 = Turvey|first8 = Marcelo|last8 = Reguero|first9 = Javier N.|last9 = Gelfo|pages=81–84|pmid=25799987|bibcode = 2015Natur.522...81W|s2cid = 4467386|url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/91438/1/Welker_postprint.docx}}</ref>
*** Order: †[[Notoungulata]]<ref name="WelkerCollins2015" /> {{small|[[Santiago Roth|Roth]], 1903}}
***[[Odd-toed ungulate|Perissodactyla]]
*** Order: †[[Xenungulata]]?
*** Order: †[[Pyrotheria]]?
*** Order: †[[Astrapotheria]]?
** ''Clade'': '''Perissodactylamorpha''' {{small|Rose, et al. 2020}}<ref name="Rose et al, 2019">{{Cite journal |author1=Rose, K.D. |author2=Holbrook, L.T. |author3=Kumar, K. |author4=Rana, R.S. |author5=Ahrens, H.E. |author6=Dunn, R.H. |author7=Folie, A. |author8=Jones, K.E. |author9=Smith, T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of ''Cambaytherium'' (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India |journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] |volume=39 |issue=sup1 |pages=1–147 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370 |bibcode=2019JVPal..39S...1R |oclc=8696974213 |s2cid=226263139}}</ref>
*** Order: [[Perissodactyla]] {{small|[[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1848}} (odd-toed ungulates)
*** ''Clade'': †'''Anthracobunia'''<ref name="Rose et al, 2019"/> {{small|Ginsburg, 1999}}
**** Genus: †''[[Radinskya]]'' [?]<ref name="Rose et al, 2019"/> {{small|McKenna, 1989}}
⚫
**** Family: †[[Anthracobunidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/> {{small|Wells & [[Philip D. Gingerich|Gingerich]], 1983}}
⚫
**** Family: †[[Cambaytheriidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/> {{small|Bajpai, 2005}}
⚫
**** Order: †[[Desmostylia]] [?]<ref name="Cooper2014"/><ref name="Qiu2014">{{cite web |last=Qiu |first=L. |date=2014-10-08 |title=Ancient "Oddball" Mammal Reshuffles Family Tree? |url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/08/animals-science-paleontology-fossils-evolution-rhinoceroses-elephants/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011071917/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/08/animals-science-paleontology-fossils-evolution-rhinoceroses-elephants/ |archive-date=2014-10-11 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref><ref name="Rose et al, 2019"/> {{small|[[Roy Herbert Reinhart|Reinhart]], 1959}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
*{{cite web |title=Systematics of Placental Mammals -- Mesaxonia |website=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/mesaxonia.html |ref=none}}
* {{cite web |title=Systematics of Placental Mammals -- Mesaxonia |website=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/mesaxonia.html |ref=none}}


{{Mammals|state=collapsed}}
{{Mammals|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6821149}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6821149<!-- Mesaxonia, not Panperissodactyla -->}}


[[Category:Ungulates]]
[[Category:Ungulates]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1884]]
[[Category:Mammal unranked clades]]
[[Category:Mammal taxonomy]]
[[Category:Controversial mammal taxa]]
[[Category:Controversial mammal taxa]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 2015]]

Revision as of 23:17, 11 May 2024

Panperissodactyla
Temporal range: 64–0 Ma
Collage of living perissodactyls, clockwise from left: plains zebra (Equus quagga), Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
Macrauchenia patachonica (Litopterna)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Mirorder: Euungulata
Clade: Panperissodactyla
Welker et al, 2015[1]
Subgroups
[see classification]
Synonyms
  • Pan-Perissodactyla[2] (alternative spelling)

Panperissodactyla ("all perissodactyls", alternatively spelled Pan-Perissodactyla[2]) is a clade of ungulates containing living order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) and all extinct ungulates more closely related to Perissodactyla than to Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates).[1]

Groups thought to belong to this clade include Anthracobunia (including the families Anthracobunidae and Cambaytheriidae) known from the Paleogene of the Indian subcontinent,[3][4] as well as the South American native ungulate groups Litopterna and Notoungulata.[1] Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain.[5] The enigmatic aquatic Desmostylia have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as members of afrotherian clade Tethytheria.[6] The Northern Hemisphere "condylarth" group Phenacodontidae has been placed as closely related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover it as unrelated.[1]

Classification and phylogeny

History of phylogeny

Panperissodactyla was coined in 2015, to include all mammals more closely related to living perissodactyls than to any other living mammals, following a proteomic study which found Notoungulata and Litopterna to be closely related to Perissodactyla.[1] Panperissodactyla is preferred over the older Mesaxonia which was originally coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1884, as equivalent to the modern Perissodactyla. Richard Owen's original definition of Perissodactyla included the modern members in addition to the now known to be unrelated Hyracoidea. The name Mesaxonia was resurrected by Martin S. Fischer in 1989 as a replacement for Perissodactyla.[4] Perissodactylamorpha a clade coined to include Anthracobunia and Perissodactyla, is thought to be a subgroup of Panperissodactyla, as Anthracobunia is suggested to be more closely related to Perissodactyla than Notoungulata and Litopterna are.[4]

Taxonomy

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Welker, F.; Collins, M.J.; Thomas, J.A.; Wadsley, M.; Brace, S.; Cappellini, E.; Turvey, S.T.; Reguero, M.; Gelfo, J.N.; Kramarz, A.; Burger, J.; Thomas-Oates, J.; Ashford, D.A.; Ashton, P.D.; Rowsell, K.; Porter, D.M.; Kessler, B.; Fischer, R.; Baessmann, C.; Kaspar, S.; Olsen, J.V.; Kiley, P.; Elliott, J.A.; Kelstrup, C.D.; Mullin, V.; Hofreiter, M.; Willerslev, E.; Hublin, J.-J.; Orlando, L.; Barnes, I. & MacPhee, R.D.E. (2015). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. hdl:11336/14769. OCLC 5837017277. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.
  2. ^ a b Chimento, N.R.; Agnolin, F.L. (2020). "Phylogenetic tree of Litopterna and Perissodactyla indicates a complex early history of hoofed mammals". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): Article number 13280. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1013280C. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70287-5. PMC 7413542. PMID 32764723.
  3. ^ a b c d Cooper, L.N.; Seiffert, E.R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S.I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S.T.; Thewissen, J.G.M. (2014). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. OCLC 5654357491. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875. S2CID 2989266.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Rose, K.D.; Holbrook, L.T.; Kumar, K.; Rana, R.S.; Ahrens, H.E.; Dunn, R.H.; Folie, A.; Jones, K.E. & Smith, T. (2019). "Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (sup1): 1–147. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39S...1R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370. OCLC 8696974213. S2CID 226263139.
  5. ^ Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Macphee, Ross D. E. (March 2023). "Did some extinct South American native ungulates arise from an afrothere ancestor? A critical appraisal of Avilla and Mothé's (2021) Sudamericungulata – Panameridiungulata hypothesis". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5. ISSN 1064-7554. S2CID 253433775.
  6. ^ Matsui, Kumiko; Tsuihiji, Takanobu (2019-10-17). "The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses". PeerJ. 7: e7430. doi:10.7717/peerj.7430. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6800978. PMID 31637114.
  7. ^ Qiu, L. (2014-10-08). "Ancient "Oddball" Mammal Reshuffles Family Tree?". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panperissodactyla&oldid=1223409571"