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'''Mesaxonia''' also known by its equivalents '''Panperissodactyla''' and '''Perissodactylamorpha''' is a clade of ungulates containing all ungulates more closely related to living [[Perissodactyla]] (odd-toed ungulates) than to [[Artiodactyla]] (even-toed ungulates).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Rose |first=Kenneth D. |last2=Holbrook |first2=Luke T. |last3=Kumar |first3=Kishor |last4=Rana |first4=Rajendra S. |last5=Ahrens |first5=Heather E. |last6=Dunn |first6=Rachel H. |last7=Folie |first7=Annelise |last8=Jones |first8=Katrina E. |last9=Smith |first9=Thierry |date=2019-11-11 |title=Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=sup1 |pages=1–147 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> Groups thought to belong to this clade include Anthracobunia known from the [[Paleogene]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Cooper2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=L. N. |last2=Seiffert |first2=E. R. |last3=Clementz |first3=M. |last4=Madar |first4=S. I. |last5=Bajpai |first5=S. |last6=Hussain |first6=S. T. |last7=Thewissen |first7=J. G. M. |date=2014-10-08 |title=Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=e109232 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j9232C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109232 |pmc=4189980 |pmid=25295875 |doi-access=free}}</ref> as well as the [[South American native ungulate]] groups [[Litopterna]] and [[Notoungulata]]. Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kramarz |first=Alejandro G. |last2=Macphee |first2=Ross D. E. |date=2023-03 |title=Did some extinct South American native ungulates arise from an afrothere ancestor? A critical appraisal of Avilla and Mothé’s (2021) Sudamericungulata – Panameridiungulata hypothesis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5 |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5 |issn=1064-7554}}</ref> The enigmatic aquatic [[Desmostylia]] have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as more closely related to [[Afrotheria]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsui |first=Kumiko |last2=Tsuihiji |first2=Takanobu |date=2019-10-17 |title=The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses |url=https://peerj.com/articles/7430 |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=7 |pages=e7430 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7430 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=PMC6800978 |pmid=31637114}}</ref> The Northern Hemisphere "[[condylarth]]" group [[Phenacodontidae]] has been placed as closely related to perissodactlys in some studies, though others recover it as unrelated.<ref name="WelkerCollins2015" />
'''Mesaxonia''' also known by its equivalents '''Panperissodactyla''' and '''Perissodactylamorpha''' is a clade of ungulates containing all ungulates more closely related to living [[Perissodactyla]] (odd-toed ungulates) than to [[Artiodactyla]] (even-toed ungulates).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Rose |first=Kenneth D. |last2=Holbrook |first2=Luke T. |last3=Kumar |first3=Kishor |last4=Rana |first4=Rajendra S. |last5=Ahrens |first5=Heather E. |last6=Dunn |first6=Rachel H. |last7=Folie |first7=Annelise |last8=Jones |first8=Katrina E. |last9=Smith |first9=Thierry |date=2019-11-11 |title=Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=sup1 |pages=1–147 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> Groups thought to belong to this clade include Anthracobunia known from the [[Paleogene]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Cooper2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=L. N. |last2=Seiffert |first2=E. R. |last3=Clementz |first3=M. |last4=Madar |first4=S. I. |last5=Bajpai |first5=S. |last6=Hussain |first6=S. T. |last7=Thewissen |first7=J. G. M. |date=2014-10-08 |title=Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=e109232 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j9232C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109232 |pmc=4189980 |pmid=25295875 |doi-access=free}}</ref> as well as the [[South American native ungulate]] groups [[Litopterna]] and [[Notoungulata]]. Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kramarz |first=Alejandro G. |last2=Macphee |first2=Ross D. E. |date=March 2023 |title=Did some extinct South American native ungulates arise from an afrothere ancestor? A critical appraisal of Avilla and Mothé’s (2021) Sudamericungulata – Panameridiungulata hypothesis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5 |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5 |issn=1064-7554}}</ref> The enigmatic aquatic [[Desmostylia]] have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as more closely related to [[Afrotheria]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsui |first=Kumiko |last2=Tsuihiji |first2=Takanobu |date=2019-10-17 |title=The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses |url=https://peerj.com/articles/7430 |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=7 |pages=e7430 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7430 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=PMC6800978 |pmid=31637114}}</ref> The Northern Hemisphere "[[condylarth]]" group [[Phenacodontidae]] has been placed as closely related to perissodactlys in some studies, though others recover it as unrelated.<ref name="WelkerCollins2015" />


== Classification ==
== Classification ==

Revision as of 23:41, 19 July 2023

Mesaxonia
Temporal range: 64–0 Ma
Clockwise from left: plains zebra (Equus quagga), Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
Macrauchenia patachonica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Mirorder: Euungulata
Clade: Mesaxonia
Marsh, 1884[1]
Subgroups

Mesaxonia also known by its equivalents Panperissodactyla and Perissodactylamorpha is a clade of ungulates containing all ungulates more closely related to living Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) than to Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates).[6] Groups thought to belong to this clade include Anthracobunia known from the Paleogene of the Indian subcontinent,[6][3] as well as the South American native ungulate groups Litopterna and Notoungulata. Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain.[7] The enigmatic aquatic Desmostylia have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as more closely related to Afrotheria.[8] The Northern Hemisphere "condylarth" group Phenacodontidae has been placed as closely related to perissodactlys in some studies, though others recover it as unrelated.[5]

Classification

References

  1. ^ "Mesaxonia". Fossilworks. Gateway to the Paleobiology Database.
  2. ^ a b BURGER, Benjamin J., THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SABER-TOOTHED AND HORNED GIANTS OF THE EOCENE: THE UINTATHERES (ORDER DINOCERATA), Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, UT, United States of America, 84078, SVP 2015
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.
  4. ^ a b Qiu, L. (2014-10-08). "Ancient "Oddball" Mammal Reshuffles Family Tree?". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
  5. ^ a b c d Welker, Frido; Collins, Matthew J.; Thomas, Jessica A.; Wadsley, Marc; Brace, Selina; Cappellini, Enrico; Turvey, Samuel T.; Reguero, Marcelo; Gelfo, Javier N. (March 18, 2015). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.
  6. ^ a b Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra S.; Ahrens, Heather E.; Dunn, Rachel H.; Folie, Annelise; Jones, Katrina E.; Smith, Thierry (2019-11-11). "Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (sup1): 1–147. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370. ISSN 0272-4634.
  7. ^ Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Macphee, Ross D. E. (March 2023). "Did some extinct South American native ungulates arise from an afrothere ancestor? A critical appraisal of Avilla and Mothé's (2021) Sudamericungulata – Panameridiungulata hypothesis". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5. ISSN 1064-7554.
  8. ^ Matsui, Kumiko; Tsuihiji, Takanobu (2019-10-17). "The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses". PeerJ. 7: e7430. doi:10.7717/peerj.7430. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6800978. PMID 31637114.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

External links

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