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*†[[Xenungulata]]?<ref name="ReferenceA">BURGER, Benjamin J., THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SABER-TOOTHED AND HORNED GIANTS OF THE EOCENE: THE UINTATHERES (ORDER DINOCERATA), Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, UT, United States of America, 84078, SVP 2015</ref>
*†[[Xenungulata]]?<ref name="ReferenceA">BURGER, Benjamin J., THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SABER-TOOTHED AND HORNED GIANTS OF THE EOCENE: THE UINTATHERES (ORDER DINOCERATA), Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, UT, United States of America, 84078, SVP 2015</ref>
*†[[Phenacodontidae]]?
*†[[Phenacodontidae]]?
*'''Panperissodactyla'''
*†'''Anthracobunia'''
⚫
**†[[Anthracobunidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/>
**†'''Anthracobunia'''
***†[[Anthracobunidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/>
**†[[Cambaytheriidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/>
***†[[Cambaytheriidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/>
*†[[Desmostylia]]?<ref name="Cooper2014"/><ref name = "Qiu2014" />
⚫
*†[[Litopterna]]
⚫
**†[[Desmostylia]]?<ref name="Cooper2014"/><ref name = "Qiu2014" />
⚫
*†[[Notoungulata]]<ref name=WelkerCollins2015>{{Cite journal|title = Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates|journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date = March 18, 2015|issn = 1476-4687|volume = 522|issue = 7554|doi = 10.1038/nature14249|first1 = Frido|last1 = Welker|first2 = Matthew J.|last2 = Collins|first3 = Jessica A.|last3 = Thomas|first4 = Marc|last4 = Wadsley|first5 = Selina|last5 = Brace|first6 = Enrico|last6 = Cappellini|first7 = Samuel T.|last7 = Turvey|first8 = Marcelo|last8 = Reguero|first9 = Javier N.|last9 = Gelfo|pages=81–84|pmid=25799987|bibcode = 2015Natur.522...81W|s2cid = 4467386|url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/91438/1/Welker_postprint.docx}}</ref>
⚫
**†[[Litopterna]]
⚫
*[[Odd-toed ungulate|Perissodactyla]]
⚫
**†[[Notoungulata]]<ref name=WelkerCollins2015>{{Cite journal|title = Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates|journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date = March 18, 2015|issn = 1476-4687|volume = 522|issue = 7554|doi = 10.1038/nature14249|first1 = Frido|last1 = Welker|first2 = Matthew J.|last2 = Collins|first3 = Jessica A.|last3 = Thomas|first4 = Marc|last4 = Wadsley|first5 = Selina|last5 = Brace|first6 = Enrico|last6 = Cappellini|first7 = Samuel T.|last7 = Turvey|first8 = Marcelo|last8 = Reguero|first9 = Javier N.|last9 = Gelfo|pages=81–84|pmid=25799987|bibcode = 2015Natur.522...81W|s2cid = 4467386|url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/91438/1/Welker_postprint.docx}}</ref>
⚫
**[[Odd-toed ungulate|Perissodactyla]]
}}
}}


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**†[[Dinocerata]]?<ref name="ReferenceA">BURGER, Benjamin J., THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SABER-TOOTHED AND HORNED GIANTS OF THE EOCENE: THE UINTATHERES (ORDER DINOCERATA), Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, UT, United States of America, 84078, SVP 2015</ref>
**†[[Dinocerata]]?<ref name="ReferenceA">BURGER, Benjamin J., THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SABER-TOOTHED AND HORNED GIANTS OF THE EOCENE: THE UINTATHERES (ORDER DINOCERATA), Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, UT, United States of America, 84078, SVP 2015</ref>
**†[[Phenacodontidae]]?
**†[[Phenacodontidae]]?
**'''Panperissodactyla'''
**†'''Anthracobunia'''
⚫
***†[[Anthracobunidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014" />
***†'''Anthracobunia'''
****†[[Anthracobunidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/>
***†[[Cambaytheriidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014" />
⚫
**†[[Desmostylia]]?<ref name="Cooper2014" /><ref name="Qiu2014">{{cite web |last=Qiu |first=L. |date=2014-10-08 |title=Ancient "Oddball" Mammal Reshuffles Family Tree? |url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/08/animals-science-paleontology-fossils-evolution-rhinoceroses-elephants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011071917/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/08/animals-science-paleontology-fossils-evolution-rhinoceroses-elephants/ |archive-date=2014-10-11 |access-date=2014-10-11 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref>
⚫
****†[[Cambaytheriidae]]<ref name="Cooper2014"/>
⚫
**†[[Litopterna]]<ref name="WelkerCollins2015" />
⚫
***†[[Desmostylia]]?<ref name="Cooper2014" /><ref name="Qiu2014">{{cite web |last=Qiu |first=L. |date=2014-10-08 |title=Ancient "Oddball" Mammal Reshuffles Family Tree? |url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/08/animals-science-paleontology-fossils-evolution-rhinoceroses-elephants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011071917/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/08/animals-science-paleontology-fossils-evolution-rhinoceroses-elephants/ |archive-date=2014-10-11 |access-date=2014-10-11 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref>
⚫
**†[[Notoungulata]]<ref name="WelkerCollins2015">{{Cite journal|title = Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates|journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date = March 18, 2015|issn = 1476-4687|volume = 522|issue = 7554|doi = 10.1038/nature14249|first1 = Frido|last1 = Welker|first2 = Matthew J.|last2 = Collins|first3 = Jessica A.|last3 = Thomas|first4 = Marc|last4 = Wadsley|first5 = Selina|last5 = Brace|first6 = Enrico|last6 = Cappellini|first7 = Samuel T.|last7 = Turvey|first8 = Marcelo|last8 = Reguero|first9 = Javier N.|last9 = Gelfo|pages=81–84|pmid=25799987|bibcode = 2015Natur.522...81W|s2cid = 4467386|url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/91438/1/Welker_postprint.docx}}</ref>
⚫
***†[[Litopterna]]<ref name="WelkerCollins2015" />
**
⚫
***†[[Notoungulata]]<ref name=WelkerCollins2015>{{Cite journal|title = Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates|journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date = March 18, 2015|issn = 1476-4687|volume = 522|issue = 7554|doi = 10.1038/nature14249|first1 = Frido|last1 = Welker|first2 = Matthew J.|last2 = Collins|first3 = Jessica A.|last3 = Thomas|first4 = Marc|last4 = Wadsley|first5 = Selina|last5 = Brace|first6 = Enrico|last6 = Cappellini|first7 = Samuel T.|last7 = Turvey|first8 = Marcelo|last8 = Reguero|first9 = Javier N.|last9 = Gelfo|pages=81–84|pmid=25799987|bibcode = 2015Natur.522...81W|s2cid = 4467386|url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/91438/1/Welker_postprint.docx}}</ref>
***[[Odd-toed ungulate|Perissodactyla]]
**[[Odd-toed ungulate|Perissodactyla]]


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 23:46, 19 July 2023

Mesaxonia
Temporal range: 64–0 Ma
Clockwise from left: plains zebra (Equus quagga), Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
Macrauchenia patachonica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Mirorder: Euungulata
Clade: Mesaxonia
Marsh, 1884[1]
Subgroups

Mesaxonia also known by its equivalents Panperissodactyla and Perissodactylamorpha is a clade of ungulates containing all ungulates more closely related to living Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) than to Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates).[6] Groups thought to belong to this clade include Anthracobunia known from the Paleogene of the Indian subcontinent,[6][3] as well as the South American native ungulate groups Litopterna and Notoungulata. Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain.[7] The enigmatic aquatic Desmostylia have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as more closely related to Afrotheria.[8] The Northern Hemisphere "condylarth" group Phenacodontidae has been placed as closely related to perissodactlys in some studies, though others recover it as unrelated.[5]

Classification

References

  1. ^ "Mesaxonia". Fossilworks. Gateway to the Paleobiology Database.
  2. ^ a b BURGER, Benjamin J., THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SABER-TOOTHED AND HORNED GIANTS OF THE EOCENE: THE UINTATHERES (ORDER DINOCERATA), Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, UT, United States of America, 84078, SVP 2015
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.
  4. ^ a b Qiu, L. (2014-10-08). "Ancient "Oddball" Mammal Reshuffles Family Tree?". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
  5. ^ a b c d Welker, Frido; Collins, Matthew J.; Thomas, Jessica A.; Wadsley, Marc; Brace, Selina; Cappellini, Enrico; Turvey, Samuel T.; Reguero, Marcelo; Gelfo, Javier N. (March 18, 2015). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.
  6. ^ a b Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra S.; Ahrens, Heather E.; Dunn, Rachel H.; Folie, Annelise; Jones, Katrina E.; Smith, Thierry (2019-11-11). "Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (sup1): 1–147. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370. ISSN 0272-4634.
  7. ^ Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Macphee, Ross D. E. (March 2023). "Did some extinct South American native ungulates arise from an afrothere ancestor? A critical appraisal of Avilla and Mothé's (2021) Sudamericungulata – Panameridiungulata hypothesis". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5. ISSN 1064-7554.
  8. ^ Matsui, Kumiko; Tsuihiji, Takanobu (2019-10-17). "The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses". PeerJ. 7: e7430. doi:10.7717/peerj.7430. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6800978. PMID 31637114.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panperissodactyla&oldid=1166193059"