Alfred Tozzer: Difference between revisions
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'''Alfred Marston Tozzer''' ([[4 July]], [[1877]] - [[5 October]], [[1954]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[anthropology|anthropologist]], [[archaeology|archaeologist]], [[linguistics|linguist]], and educator. His principal area of interest was [[Mesoamerica]]n, especially [[Maya civilization|Maya]], studies. |
'''Alfred Marston Tozzer''' ([[4 July]], [[1877]] - [[5 October]], [[1954]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[anthropology|anthropologist]], [[archaeology|archaeologist]], [[linguistics|linguist]], and educator. His principal area of interest was [[Mesoamerica]]n, especially [[Maya civilization|Maya]], studies.<ref>The source for this article (unless otherwise noted) is Philip Phillips, “Alfred Marsten Tozzer 1877-1954” American Antiquity, Vol. 21, No. 1. (Jul., 1955), pp. 72-80.</ref> |
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===Early Studies and Career=== |
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Tozzer was born in [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]], [[Massachusetts]], and graduated in Anthropology from [[Harvard University]] in [[1900]]. After expeditionary studies in [[Hawaii]] and [[Mexico]], he first investigated the Maya culture in [[1902]] as a Traveling Fellow of the [[Archaeological Institute of America]], where he witnessed the dredging of the Cenote of Sacrifice in [[Chichen Itza]] by [[Edward Herbert Thompson]]. Over the next three years, he worked as the first ethnological student among the remaining Maya/[[Lacandon]] in [[Chiapas]] and [[Campeche]], which studies formed the basis for his Ph.D. thesis. Tozzer became an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Harvard in [[1905]]. |
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Tozzer was born in [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]], [[Massachusetts]], and graduated in Anthropology from [[Harvard University]] in [[1900]]. That summer he entered field as an assistant to Harvard’s [[Roland B. Dixon]] to study American Indian languages of California. The following year he collected linguistic and anthropologic data on the [[Navajos]] living near [[Pueblo Bonito]] in New Mexico. From these experiences he published his first paper, which he at the Thirteenth International Congress of Americanists held in New York in 1902. |
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In December 1901 he won appointment as a Traveling Fellow for the [[Archeological Institute of America]]. He spent several seasons in Yucatán conducting fieldwork among the Maya. He began at the Hacienda Chichen, owned by U.S. Consul to Yucatán [[Edward H. Thompson]], a large plantation that included the ancient city of [[Chichen Itza]]. There he studied the Maya language and traveled the countryside collecting folk tales and oral histories. During one of his seasons at Chichen Itza he helped Thompson dredge the [[Cenote Sagrado]]; at the end of another, he carried artifacts to the Peabody Museum in his luggage.<ref>Mary McVicker, Adela Breton: A Victorian Artist Amid Mexico's Ruins (University of New Mexico Press, 2005)</ref> |
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In [[1910]], Tozzer led an expedition for the [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]] at Harvard University into Mexico and Central America. In [[1914]] succeeded [[Franz Boas]] as Director of the International School of American Archaeology in Mexico. Before and after these events he remained faithful and dedicated to teaching at Harvard and held the Hudson Chair of Anthropology for many years. |
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In 1903 Tozzer traveled to [[Campeche]] and [[Chiapas]] to conduct research among the Lacandon Maya, and lived for several weeks in a small settlement on [[Lake Pethá]], witnessing and even participating in their ceremonies. He returned there during the 1904 season, and wrote his PhD dissertation comparing the ceremonies of the Lacondone Maya with the Yucatecan Maya.<ref>His dissertation was published in 1907 by the AIA as A Comparative Study of the Maya and the Lacandones.</ref> |
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Tozzer held positions as a member of the Academic Board at [[Radcliffe College]], Director of the Harvard Alumni Association, the National Research Council, President of the American Anthropological Association, Faculty Member and Librarian of the Peabody Museum, and Member of the important Administrative Board of Harvard. |
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In the fall of 1904 he studied at [[Columbia University]] under [[Franz Boas]] and [[Adolph Bandelier]]. He spent one more season in Yucatán, Campeche and Chiapas, before settling at Harvard in the fall of 1905 as an assistant professor of anthropology. |
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Among his popular works was ''Landa'', a translation Bishop [[Diego de Landa]]'s account of [[Yucatan]] in the mid-1500s. His ''A Maya Grammar'' remains a classic in linguistic anthropology and resides in the bookshelves of Anthropology graduate students even today. |
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===Transition to Archaeologist=== |
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In addition to his pursuits of study outside our time and country, Tozzer was also an advocate for progressive thought and action, reflected in his series of Lowell Lectures in the 1920s, published as ''Social Origins and Social Continuities''. In this realm, he was a pioneer in the treatment of such still-debated topics as Racial Bias in Standardized Intelligence Evaluations. |
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From the beginning of his professional career, Tozzer began to shift more to Archaeology and away from Anthropology. During his seasons at Chichen, he assisted [[Adela Breton]] with her copies of reliefs, and Thompson who was making paper molds. During his time with the Lacandons he discovered and explored ruins along the Tzendale River. In the summer of 1907, he joined Dixon, [[Alfred Kidder]] and [[Sylvanus Morley]] on a purely archaeological expedition to [[Rito de los Frijoles]] in New Mexico. |
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In 1910 he took a leave of absence from Harvard to lead his first expedition to the ruins of [[Tikal]] and [[Nakum]] on behalf of the university’s [[Peabody Museum]].<ref>This resulted in two publications, “Preliminary study of the prehistoric ruins of Tikal, Guatemala, Report of the Peabody Museum Expedition, 1909-1910” (Cambridge, Mass.: Memoirs of the Peabody Museum 5, No. 2:93-135, 1910) and “A Preliminary Study of the Prehistoric Ruins of Nakum, Guatemala, Report of the Peabody Museum Expedition, 1909-1910” (Cambridge, Mass.: Memoirs of the Peabody Museum 5, No. 2:144-201, 1913).</ref> On this trip Tozzer discovered the ruins of [[Holmul]]. |
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In recognition of Tozzer's accomplishments as an educator and as long-time librarian for Harvard's Peabody Museum Library, in [[1974]] the library was renamed the '''Tozzer Library'''. The Tozzer is the oldest library in the United States devoted to collecting ethnology, archaeology, and related anthropological fields. It was founded in [[1866]] at the bequest of [[George Peabody]]. |
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In [[1914]] he took another leave to succeed Boas as director of the [[International School of American Archaeology]] in Mexico. He arrived in [[Veracruz]] in time to witness the US Navy shelling of the city. He oversaw excavation of [[Santiago Ahuitzotla]]. Once his term as director expired, he never ventured into the field again.<ref> S.K. Lothrop, “Alfred Marston Tozzer 1876-1954” (American Anthropologist, 57:614-618, 1955)</ref> |
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Tozzer, who served the library from 1935 to 1947, is credited with being largely responsible for building the library's Middle American archaeology and ethnology collection. The library has continued to grow and today it holds one of the largest and most comprehensive anthropology collections in the world. |
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Tozzer eventually returned to Harvard where he would spend the remainder of his professional career, except for stints in the military. He served as a captain in the Air Service from 1917 to 1918. He served as a major in the Reserves from 1918 to 1929. During World War II, he served as director of the Honolulu office of the Office of Strategic Services from 1943 to 1945. |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/tozzer_alfred.html Alfred Tozzer on mnsu.edu] |
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===Later career=== |
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*[http://glance.matia.gr/library/03_books/Mayan_Animal_Figures/ Animal Figures in the Maya Codices] - [http://glance.matia.gr glance.matia.gr] |
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Tozzer returned from World War I to his post as associate professor at Harvard. Within three years he was a full professor and chairman of the Division of Anthropology. |
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In 1922, Tozzer won appointment to the Academic Board at [[Radcliffe College]], and later become a trustee in 1928. He served on Harvard’s Administrative Board from 1928 until his retirement in 1948. |
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Tozzer published several important works in Maya studies, among them, A Grammar of the Maya language (Cambridge, Mass.: Papers of the Peabody Museum , 1921), and an annotated translation of Bishop Diego de Landa’s (Cambridge, Mass.: Papers of the Peabody Museum, 1941). His magnum opus, Chichen Itza and its Cenote of Sacrifice (Cambridge, Mass.: Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, 1954), was published shortly after his death in 1954. A massive volume with hundreds of illustrations, “It covers every aspect of Chichen Itza: its history, religious cults, arts, and industries as well as contacts with other regions,” noted S.K. Lothrop in his obituary of Tozzer. “It concentrates in a single volume the learning acquired in half a century.”<ref>Lothrop, Tozzer</ref> |
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Among his peers, Tozzer was elected to two consecutive terms as president of the [[American Anthropological Association]] beginning in 1928. In 1942 he was elected to the [[National Academy of Sciences]. |
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In 1974, Harvard renamed the Peabody Museum Library after Tozzer, who was affiliated with the library from 1935 to his retirement. |
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[[category:1877 births|Tozzer, Alfred Marston]] |
[[category:1877 births|Tozzer, Alfred Marston]] |
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Revision as of 16:42, 19 August 2007
Alfred Marston Tozzer (4 July, 1877 - 5 October, 1954) was an American anthropologist, archaeologist, linguist, and educator. His principal area of interest was Mesoamerican, especially Maya, studies.[1]
Early Studies and Career
Tozzer was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, and graduated in Anthropology from Harvard University in 1900. That summer he entered field as an assistant to Harvard’s Roland B. Dixon to study American Indian languages of California. The following year he collected linguistic and anthropologic data on the Navajos living near Pueblo Bonito in New Mexico. From these experiences he published his first paper, which he at the Thirteenth International Congress of Americanists held in New York in 1902.
In December 1901 he won appointment as a Traveling Fellow for the Archeological Institute of America. He spent several seasons in Yucatán conducting fieldwork among the Maya. He began at the Hacienda Chichen, owned by U.S. Consul to Yucatán Edward H. Thompson, a large plantation that included the ancient city of Chichen Itza. There he studied the Maya language and traveled the countryside collecting folk tales and oral histories. During one of his seasons at Chichen Itza he helped Thompson dredge the Cenote Sagrado; at the end of another, he carried artifacts to the Peabody Museum in his luggage.[2]
In 1903 Tozzer traveled to Campeche and Chiapas to conduct research among the Lacandon Maya, and lived for several weeks in a small settlement on Lake Pethá, witnessing and even participating in their ceremonies. He returned there during the 1904 season, and wrote his PhD dissertation comparing the ceremonies of the Lacondone Maya with the Yucatecan Maya.[3]
In the fall of 1904 he studied at Columbia University under Franz Boas and Adolph Bandelier. He spent one more season in Yucatán, Campeche and Chiapas, before settling at Harvard in the fall of 1905 as an assistant professor of anthropology.
Transition to Archaeologist
From the beginning of his professional career, Tozzer began to shift more to Archaeology and away from Anthropology. During his seasons at Chichen, he assisted Adela Breton with her copies of reliefs, and Thompson who was making paper molds. During his time with the Lacandons he discovered and explored ruins along the Tzendale River. In the summer of 1907, he joined Dixon, Alfred Kidder and Sylvanus Morley on a purely archaeological expedition to Rito de los Frijoles in New Mexico.
In 1910 he took a leave of absence from Harvard to lead his first expedition to the ruins of Tikal and Nakum on behalf of the university’s Peabody Museum.[4] On this trip Tozzer discovered the ruins of Holmul.
In 1914 he took another leave to succeed Boas as director of the International School of American Archaeology in Mexico. He arrived in Veracruz in time to witness the US Navy shelling of the city. He oversaw excavation of Santiago Ahuitzotla. Once his term as director expired, he never ventured into the field again.[5]
Tozzer eventually returned to Harvard where he would spend the remainder of his professional career, except for stints in the military. He served as a captain in the Air Service from 1917 to 1918. He served as a major in the Reserves from 1918 to 1929. During World War II, he served as director of the Honolulu office of the Office of Strategic Services from 1943 to 1945.
Later career
Tozzer returned from World War I to his post as associate professor at Harvard. Within three years he was a full professor and chairman of the Division of Anthropology.
In 1922, Tozzer won appointment to the Academic Board at Radcliffe College, and later become a trustee in 1928. He served on Harvard’s Administrative Board from 1928 until his retirement in 1948.
Tozzer published several important works in Maya studies, among them, A Grammar of the Maya language (Cambridge, Mass.: Papers of the Peabody Museum , 1921), and an annotated translation of Bishop Diego de Landa’s (Cambridge, Mass.: Papers of the Peabody Museum, 1941). His magnum opus, Chichen Itza and its Cenote of Sacrifice (Cambridge, Mass.: Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, 1954), was published shortly after his death in 1954. A massive volume with hundreds of illustrations, “It covers every aspect of Chichen Itza: its history, religious cults, arts, and industries as well as contacts with other regions,” noted S.K. Lothrop in his obituary of Tozzer. “It concentrates in a single volume the learning acquired in half a century.”[6]
Among his peers, Tozzer was elected to two consecutive terms as president of the American Anthropological Association beginning in 1928. In 1942 he was elected to the [[National Academy of Sciences].
In 1974, Harvard renamed the Peabody Museum Library after Tozzer, who was affiliated with the library from 1935 to his retirement.
- ^ The source for this article (unless otherwise noted) is Philip Phillips, “Alfred Marsten Tozzer 1877-1954” American Antiquity, Vol. 21, No. 1. (Jul., 1955), pp. 72-80.
- ^ Mary McVicker, Adela Breton: A Victorian Artist Amid Mexico's Ruins (University of New Mexico Press, 2005)
- ^ His dissertation was published in 1907 by the AIA as A Comparative Study of the Maya and the Lacandones.
- ^ This resulted in two publications, “Preliminary study of the prehistoric ruins of Tikal, Guatemala, Report of the Peabody Museum Expedition, 1909-1910” (Cambridge, Mass.: Memoirs of the Peabody Museum 5, No. 2:93-135, 1910) and “A Preliminary Study of the Prehistoric Ruins of Nakum, Guatemala, Report of the Peabody Museum Expedition, 1909-1910” (Cambridge, Mass.: Memoirs of the Peabody Museum 5, No. 2:144-201, 1913).
- ^ S.K. Lothrop, “Alfred Marston Tozzer 1876-1954” (American Anthropologist, 57:614-618, 1955)
- ^ Lothrop, Tozzer