List of anthropogenic disasters by death toll: Difference between revisions

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| rowspan="1" | 15,450,000<ref>R J Rummel, [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE3.HTM ''Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder]'' Transaction Publishers 1992, extract.
| rowspan="1" | 15,450,000<ref>R J Rummel, [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE3.HTM ''Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder]'' Transaction Publishers 1992, extract.
</ref> || 21,000,000 ||[[Democide]]s of [[Nazi Germany]] under [[Hitler]], including the [[Holocaust]] || [[Europe]] || 1933 || 1945 || See [[Holocaust]] and [[Consequences of German Nazism]]
</ref> || 21,000,000 ||[[Democide]]s of [[Nazi Germany]] under [[Hitler]], including the [[Holocaust]] || [[Europe]] || 1933 || 1945 || See [[Holocaust]] and [[Consequences of German Nazism]]
|-
| rowspan="1" | 13,778,000<ref name=Rummel-212>R J Rummel, [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB2.1A.GIF ''Pre-20th century [[Democide]]: Estimates, Sources and Calculations, Table 2.1A''] - see line 212.</ref> || 20,000,000<ref name=ALSR/> || Democide of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] by [[Europe]]ans through various diseases<ref>[http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9968/9968.ch01.html David A. Koplow Smallpox The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_01.shtml Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge]</ref>|| [[Americas]] || 16th century || 1900 || [[Population history of American indigenous peoples|Amerindian history]] and [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="1" | 6,000,000<ref>Rummel - [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/20TH.HTM Democides of Imperial Japan].</ref> || 30,000,000<ref>Johnson, Chalmers, London Review of Books:[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n22/john04_.html The Looting of Asia] </ref> || [[Imperial Japan]]'s occupation of Asia || [[Asia]] || 1930s || 1945 || [[Japanese war crimes]]
| rowspan="1" | 6,000,000<ref>Rummel - [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/20TH.HTM Democides of Imperial Japan].</ref> || 30,000,000<ref>Johnson, Chalmers, London Review of Books:[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n22/john04_.html The Looting of Asia] </ref> || [[Imperial Japan]]'s occupation of Asia || [[Asia]] || 1930s || 1945 || [[Japanese war crimes]]

Revision as of 05:58, 28 September 2008

This is a list of wars and human-made disasters by death toll. Some events overlap categories.

See also: List of battles and other violent events by death toll and List of natural disasters by death toll

Wars and armed conflicts

These figures of one million or more deaths include the deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, etc., as well as deaths of soldiers in battle and possible massacres and genocide.

Where only one estimate is available, it appears in both the low and high estimates. This is a sortable table. Click on the column sort buttons to sort results numerically or alphabetically.

See also: List of wars
Lowest Estimate Highest Estimate Event Location From To See also
40,000,000[1] 72,000,000[2] World War II The fighting took place in Asia, Europe, Africa, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Middle East, Arctic, Oceania, and Indian Ocean 1939 1945 World War II casualties and Sino-Japanese War[3]
33,000,000[4] 36,000,000[5] An Shi Rebellion China 756 763 Medieval warfare
30,000,000[6] 60,000,000[7] Mongol Conquests Asia, Europe, Middle East 1207 1472 Mongol invasions and Tatar invasions
25,000,000[8] 25,000,000 Manchu conquest of the Ming Dynasty China 1616 1662 Qing Dynasty
20,000,000[9] 30,000,000+[10] Taiping Rebellion China 1851 1864 Dungan revolt
19,000,000 59,000,000 World War I. (High estimate incl. Spanish flu deaths[11]) Europe, Middle East, Asia, Pacific, Atlantic, and Africa 1914 1918 World War I casualties
7,000,000[12] 20,000,000[12] Conquests of Timur Middle East, India, Asia, Russia 1369 1405 List of wars in the Muslim world[13]
5,000,000[citation needed] 9,000,000[14] Russian Civil War Russia 1917 1921 List of civil wars
3,800,000[15] 13,800,000[citation needed] Second Congo War Democratic Republic of the Congo 1998 2003 First Congo War
3,500,000[citation needed] 16,000,000[citation needed] Napoleonic Wars Europe, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean 1804 1815 Napoleonic Wars casualties
3,000,000 11,500,000[16] Thirty Years' War Germany 1618 1648
3,000,000[citation needed] 7,000,000[citation needed] Yellow Turban Rebellion China 184 205 Part of Three Kingdoms War
2,500,000[citation needed] 3,500,000[17] Korean War Korean Peninsula 1950 1953 Cold War
2,495,000[citation needed] 5,020,000[citation needed] Vietnam War South East Asia 1959 1975 Indochina War
2,000,000 4,000,000[18] French Wars of Religion France 1562 1598 Religious war
2,000,000[19] 2,000,000 Shaka's conquests Africa 1816 1828
1,500,000[20] 2,000,000[21] Afghan Civil War Afghanistan 1979 present Soviet invasion[22][23]

Noncombatant

This section lists campaigns either aimed at or resulting in significant mortality of noncombatants, excluding victims of collateral damage from war.

Template:Totally-disputed-section

Lowest Estimate Highest Estimate Event Location From To Notes
27,000,000[24] 72,000,000[25] Cultural Revolution, Political repression & Great Leap Forward famine, see note[26] Peoples Republic of China 1949 1975 Mao Zedong, Communist Party of China
15,450,000[27] 21,000,000 Democides of Nazi Germany under Hitler, including the Holocaust Europe 1933 1945 See Holocaust and Consequences of German Nazism
6,000,000[28] 30,000,000[29] Imperial Japan's occupation of Asia Asia 1930s 1945 Japanese war crimes
4,000,000[30][31] 60,000,000[32] Atlantic slave trade (including African tribal warfare promoted by the trade and more than 1 million who died during the trans-Atlantic crossings[33]). Africa, Americas 17th century 19th century
4,000,000 50,000,000[citation needed] Political repression, including (in larger figure) Holodomor famine Soviet Union 1932 1953 Number of Stalin's victims
3,600,000[34] 3,600,000 Arab slave trade Africa, Asia, Europe 9th century 21st century Islam and slavery and Slavery in modern Africa
3,000,000[35] 22,000,000[35] Depopulation (from forced labour & consequent spread of disease, massacres) Congo Free State 1877 1908 Leopold II of Belgium
~1,500,000 ~1,500,000 Great Potato Famine (An Gorta Mór) Ireland 1845 1849 (1852 in some regions)
1,000,000 5,000,000 [36] Democide of Chinese Muslims China 1856 1873 Panthay Rebellion Muslim Rebellion
26,000 [37] 3,000,000 [37] 1971 Bangladesh atrocities East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) 1971 1971 Atrocities against Bengalis and other ethnicities in East Pakistan by the Pakistani military, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
800,000 1,000,000 Partition of India India 1947 1948
750,000 800,000 Blockade of Germany, World War I Germany 1914 1919
500,000+[38] 1,000,000+[39] Anticommunist purge Indonesia 1965 1965
50,000 400,000 Nanking Massacre Nanking, China 1937 1938 See Nanking Massacre
300,000[40] 500,000[41] Democide Uganda 1971 1979 Idi Amin
300,000 300,000 Ethnic cleansing of Circassians Caucasus 1763 1864 Russian-Circassian War
150,000[42] 500,000[43] Mass killings, Genocide Ethiopia 1974 1991 Marxist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam[44][45]
150,000 150,000 Harrying of the North England 1069 1070 William the Conqueror
100,000 1,200,000 Democide of Tibetans (included in totals for People's Republic of China above) Tibet 1950 present The Great Leap Forward and political repressions
80,000[46] 230,000[47] Mass executions during and after the Spanish Civil War Spain 1936 1940s Francisco Franco
80,000[48] 80,000 Mass killings[49][50] Equatorial Guinea 1968 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema
72,000+ 252,000 Russian pogroms Russia 1881 1922 Revolution/Civil War
50,000 100,000 Taiwan under Japanese rule Taiwan 1895 1945
72,000 72,000 Executions England 1509 1547 Henry VIII
40,000 100,000[51] Massacres Wallachia 1448 1462 Vlad III the Impaler
18,000 60,000 Reign of Terror France 1793 1794 Jacobin Club
30,000 30,000 Political repression Haiti 1964 1971 "Papa Doc" Duvalier
10,000 30,000 The Dirty War Argentina 1976 1983
27,927[52] 27,927 Boer women and children in British concentration camps Primarily in The Transvaal and the Orange Free State, to a lesser extent the Colony of Natal and Cape Colony (all today's South Africa) 1899 1902 Second Boer War
15,000 23,000[53] Political repression Cuba 1959 2007 Fidel Castro
12,000 24,000 The 228 Incident Taiwan 1947 1947 Kwo Mintang (KMT)
3,000 3,000 Political repression Chile 1973 1990 Augusto Pinochet
885 885 Political repression[citation needed] Philippines 2001 Date Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Genocide

Template:Totally-disputed-section

Main article: Genocides in history

The CPPCG defines genocide in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group".

Determining what historical events constitute a genocide and which are merely criminal or inhuman behavior is not a clearcut matter. In nearly every case where accusations of genocide have circulated, partisans of various sides have fiercely disputed the interpretation and details of the event, often to the point of promoting wildly different versions of the facts. An accusation of genocide therefore, will almost always be controversial.

The following list of genocides and alleged genocides should be understood in this context and not necessarily regarded as the final word on the events in question.

Lowest Estimate Highest Estimate Event Location From To Notes
<3,000,000[54] 30,000,000+[55] Japanese war crimes Asia 1937 1945 Also known as the Asian Holocaust, occurring at around the same as when Nazi Germany was in power during World War II.
11,000,000[56] 16,300,000[57] Genocides of Nazi Germany Europe 1933 1945 Well established, in spite of Holocaust denial. See Holocaust, Consequences of German Nazism
1,700,000[citation needed] 3,000,000[citation needed] Famine, political repression Cambodia 1975 1979 As of September 2007, no one has been found guilty of participating in this genocide, but on 19 September 2007 Nuon Chea, second in command of the Khmer Rouge and its most senior surviving member, was charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. He will face Cambodian and United Nations appointed foreign judges at the special genocide tribunal.[58]
26,000 [37] 3,000,000[37] 1971 Bangladesh atrocities East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) 1971 1971 Atrocities in East Pakistan by the Pakistani military, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, are widely regarded as a genocide against Bengali people, but to date no one has yet been indicted for such a crime.
200,000[59] 2,100,000[60] Armenian genocide Turkey 1895 1923 By 2003, fifteen national assemblies had voted to recognise that this was a genocide,[61] but the Turkish government while accepting that many died does not recognize the episode as a genocide.[62]
500,000[citation needed] 3,000,000[citation needed] Rwandan genocide Rwanda 1994 1994 Hutu killed unarmed men, women and children. Some perpetrators of the genocide have been found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but most have not been charged due to no witness accounts.
400,000 [63] 655,000[64] Ustashe massacres of Serbs, Jews, Roma Balkans 1941 1945 No academic consensus if this was persecution or genocide during period of Independent State of Croatia
100,000 300,000 Nanking Massacre Nanking 1937 1938 The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was an infamous genocidal war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.
225,000 225,000[citation needed] Depopulation of Australian aborigines[65][66] Australia 1788 1888 No academic consensus that this was a genocide, see Australian genocide debate
200,000 400,000[67] Darfur conflict Sudan 2003 present See International response to the Darfur conflict
130,000[citation needed] 200,000[citation needed] Massacres of Mayan Indians Guatemala 1962 1996 Genocide according to the Historical Clarification Commission.[68] [69]
117,000[70] 500,000[70] Revolt in the Vendée France 1793 1796 Described as genocide by some historians. See also French Revolution
150,000[citation needed] 300,000[citation needed] Political repression of East Timorese East Timor 1975 1990s Commonly referred to as genocide by media, scholars.
100,000[citation needed] 400,000[citation needed] Political repression of West Papuans Indonesia 1961 present Genocide according to some sources, see Genocide in West Papua
100,000[71] 200,000[72] Al-Anfal Campaign Iraq 1986 1989 Ba'athist Iraq destroys over 2,000 villages and commits genocide on their Kurdish population.
50,000[73] 100,000[73] Massacres of Hutus Burundi 1972 1972 Tutsi government massacres of Hutu, see Burundi genocide
50,000[citation needed] 50,000[citation needed] Massacres of Tutsis Burundi 1993 1993 Hutu government massacres of Tutsi, see Burundi genocide
40,000[citation needed] 100,000[citation needed] Herero and Namaqua genocide Namibia 1904 1908 Generally accepted. See also Imperial Germany
2,000[citation needed] 8,000[74] Srebenica massacre Srebenica 1995 1995 A genocidal massacre according to the ICTY. See also Bosnia war.
4,000[citation needed] 8,000[citation needed] Genocide of Abkhaz by Georgians Georgia 1992 present See also Georgian-Abkhaz armed conflict

Individual extermination camps

Man-made famines

This section includes famines where most scholars agree that it was caused or exacerbated by the policies of the ruling regime.

See also Famine and List of famines

Lowest Estimate Highest Estimate Event Location From To Notes
20,000,000[82] 43,000,000[82] Great Leap Forward famine under the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong People's Republic of China 1959 1962
6,000,000 10,000,000[83] Famine in the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, including Holodomor Soviet Union 1932 1933 As of November 2006, the Ukraine government was trying to get this mass starvation recognised by the United Nations as an act of genocide, with Russian government and many members of the Ukrainian parliament opposing such a move.[83]
500,000 2,000,000 Great Irish Famine in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland United Kingdom 1846 1849 [84]

Human sacrifice and ritual suicide

This section lists tolls from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide. For notable individual episodes, see Human sacrifice and mass suicide.

Lowest Estimate Highest Estimate Description Group Location From To Notes
300,000 6,000,000 Human sacrifice Aztecs Mexico 14th century 1521 Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
62,400[citation needed] 62,400[citation needed] Ritual suicides Sati India 18th century 1988?
13,000[85] 13,000 Human sacrifice Shang dynasty China BC1300 BC1050 Last 250 years of rule
3,912 3,912 Kamikaze suicide pilots, see note [86] Imperial Japanese air forces Pacific theatre 1944 1945

See also

Other lists organized by death toll

Other lists with similar topics

Topics dealing with similar themes

References

  1. ^ Wallinsky, David: David Wallechinsky's Twentieth Century : History With the Boring Parts Left Out, Little Brown & Co., 1996, ISBN 0316920568, ISBN 978-0316920568 - cited by White
  2. ^ Brzezinski, Zbigniew: Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century, Prentice Hall & IBD, 1994, ASIN B000O8PVJI - cited by White
  3. ^ BBC - History - Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan
  4. ^ Sorokin, Pitirim: The Sociology of Revolution, New York, H. Fertig, 1967, OCLC 325197 - cited by White
  5. ^ "Death toll figures of recorded wars in human history".
  6. ^ Mongol Conquests
  7. ^ The world's worst massacres Whole Earth Review
  8. ^ McFarlane, Alan: The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap, Blackwell 2003, ISBN 0631181172, ISBN 978-0631181170 - cited by White
  9. ^ Taiping Rebellion - Britannica Concise
  10. ^ "Emergence Of Modern China: II. The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64".
  11. ^ 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics, CDC
  12. ^ a b Timur Lenk (1369-1405)
  13. ^ Matthew's White's website (a compilation of scholarly estimates) -Miscellaneous Oriental Atrocities
  14. ^ Russian Civil War
  15. ^ Inside Congo, An Unspeakable Toll
  16. ^ The Thirty Years War (1618-48)
  17. ^ Cease-fire agreement marks the end of the Korean War on 27 July 1953.
  18. ^ Huguenot Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562-1598)
  19. ^ Shaka: Zulu Chieftain
  20. ^ Fueling Aghanistan's War
  21. ^ Afghanistan's Endless War
  22. ^ The 1978 Revolution and the Soviet Invasion
  23. ^ Soviet Atrocities in Afghanistan
  24. ^ John Heidenrich, How to Prevent Genocide: A Guide for Policymakers, Scholars, and the Concerned Citizen, cited by White
  25. ^ Rummel - China's Bloody Century.
  26. ^ The estimates listed here include 20-43 million victims of the Great Leap Forward famine. RJ Rummel believes the regime knew about and tolerated the famine, which would thus in his opinion make it a democide. The famine high estimate of 43 million is therefore included as a component of the table's high estimate. The table's low estimate similarly includes a famine component, but since it has not been established whether the source in this case also regards the famine as a wilful crime, the estimate is subject to revision and should be treated with particular caution.
  27. ^ R J Rummel, Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder Transaction Publishers 1992, extract.
  28. ^ Rummel - Democides of Imperial Japan.
  29. ^ Johnson, Chalmers, London Review of Books:The Looting of Asia
  30. ^ The Slave Trade; On Both Sides, Reason for Remorse
  31. ^ A. Greebaum, Is the Holocaust Unique, 1996, cited by White
  32. ^ David Stannard, American Holocaust 1992, cited by White
  33. ^ Quick guide: The slave trade
  34. ^ Rummel - Oriental slave trade (see line 74).
  35. ^ a b White - Congo Free State
  36. ^ Rummel - [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DBG.CHAP3.HTM Chapter 3 Pre-Twentieth Century Democide]
  37. ^ a b c d While the official Pakistani government report estimated that the Pakistani army was responsible for 26,000 killings in total, other sources have proposed various estimates ranging between 200,000 and 3 million. Indian Professor Sarmila Bose recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador Shamsher M. Chowdhury has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event.
    Chowdury, Bose comments - Dawn Newspapers Online.
    Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report, chapter 2, paragraph 33 (official 1974 Pakistani report).
    Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh - Matthew White's website
    Virtual Bangladesh: History: The Bangali Genocide, 1971
  38. ^ Forbes, Mark: Indonesian academics fight burning of books on 1965 coup, Sydney Morning Herald, 9 August 2007, accessed 22 August 2007.
  39. ^ Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides
  40. ^ Obituary: The buffoon tyrant
  41. ^ Idi Amin: 'Butcher of Uganda', CNN, 16 August 2003
  42. ^ Ethiopian Dictator Sentenced to Prison
  43. ^ Zimbabwe won't extradite former Ethiopian dictator
  44. ^ Mengistu, the Butcher of Addis, guilty of genocide
  45. ^ Mengistu found guilty of genocide
  46. ^ Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco
  47. ^ Spanish Civil War: Casualties
  48. ^ Coup plotter faces life in Africa's most notorious jail
  49. ^ True hell on earth: Simon Mann faces imprisonment in the cruellest jail on the planet
  50. ^ If you think this one's bad you should have seen his uncle
  51. ^ Vlad II the Impaler
  52. ^ Australian War Memorial
  53. ^ Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
  54. ^ Rummell, Statistics, [1]
  55. ^ Johnson, Looting of Asia, [2]
  56. ^ The Holocaust
  57. ^ Rummel R. J., Nazi democide estimates, see also his discussion Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder.
  58. ^ Staff, Senior Khmer Rouge leader charged, BBC 19 September 2007
  59. ^ Armenian Genocide: Encyclopedia - Armenian Genocide, Turkey believes the number of Armenian deaths to be ranging from 200,000 to 600,000. Most historians estimate that up to 1.5 million Armenians were killed by Ottoman Turks around the time of World War I. Turkish historian Yusuf Halacoglu maintains that over 500,000 Turks were killed by Armenians.
  60. ^ Bush reiterates opposition to Armenian genocide measure in Congress, The Associated Press Published: 5 October 2007
  61. ^ Swiss accept Armenia 'genocide', BBC 16 December 2003
  62. ^ Armenian issue allegations-facts
  63. ^ Jasenovac
  64. ^ Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
  65. ^ The Statistics of Frontier Conflict
  66. ^ Smallpox Through History
  67. ^ Debate over Darfur death toll intensifies
  68. ^ Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission, United Nations website, 1 March 1999
  69. ^ Staff. Guatemala 'genocide' probe blames state. BBC. 25 February 1999. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/286402.stm.
  70. ^ a b
    Three State and Counterrevolution in France - Charles Tilly.
    Vive la Contre-Revolution! - New York Times, 11 October 2007.
    A French Genocide: The Vendée - book review by Peter McPhee of Melbourne University, H-France Review Vol. 4 (March 2004), No. 26
  71. ^ David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, 504 pp., I.B. Tauris, 2004, ISBN 1850434166, pp. 359
  72. ^ William Ochsenwald & Sydney N. Fisher, The Middle East: A History, 768 pp., McGraw Hill, 2004, ISBN 0072442336, pg 659
  73. ^ a b Power, Samantha,A Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide ISBN 0-06-054164-4 pp.82-4
  74. ^ While the ICJ found that "genocidal acts" had been carried out throughout the war, the court was able to definitely establish genocidal intent in only one case, the Srebenica massacre: Serbia found guilty of failure to prevent and punish genocide, Sense Agency 26 Feb 2007, accessed 29 August 2007
  75. ^ Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates
  76. ^ Encyclopedia Americana
  77. ^ Jewish virtual library
  78. ^ Vladimir Dedijer - The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican Buffalo (NY) 1992 ISBN-13: 978-0-87975-752-6
  79. ^ Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, Winter 2001, ISBN 0-19-922506-0
  80. ^ Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Yale University Press, 2003, revised hardcover edition, ISBN 0-300-09557-0
  81. ^ Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987, NCR 0-253-34293-7
  82. ^ a b Stéphane Courtois (ed.), 1999: The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-07608-7
  83. ^ a b Helen Fawkes Legacy of famine divides Ukraine BBC News 24 November 2006
  84. ^ The Great Irish Famine Approved by the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education on 10 September 1996, for inclusion in the Holocaust and Genocide Curriculum at the secondary level. Revision submitted 11/26/98.
  85. ^ National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White
  86. ^ This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).

External links

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