International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

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International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

ICTY emblem

United Nations flag

ICTY office building in The Hague
English designation International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
French designation Tribunal international for the ex-Yougoslavie (TPIY)
organization type Ad Hoc Criminal Court
seat of the organs NetherlandsNetherlands The Hague , Netherlands
presidency Judge Carmel A. Agius (President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia) Malta 
founding May 25, 1993
resolution December 31, 2017
parent organization United Nations Security Council
United NationsUnited Nations
www.icty.org

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( French : Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie , TPIY for short ; ICTY for short ), commonly known colloquially as the UN War Crimes Tribunal or The Hague Tribunal , was an ad hoc criminal court based in The Hague , The Netherlands .

It was created by UN Security Council Resolution 827 of May 25, 1993 and was responsible for prosecuting serious crimes committed in the Yugoslav wars since 1991 . Since July 2012, the International Residual Mechanism for the Ad Hoc Criminal Courts has functioned as a joint successor to the ICTY and the International Criminal Court for Rwanda .

Former Swiss chief prosecutor Carla Del Ponte was replaced on January 1, 2008 by Belgian Serge Brammertz .

Of the 161 people charged, 84 people were convicted. The last criminal case was completed on November 29, 2017. As of December 31, 2017, the Criminal Court was officially closed.

responsibilities

According to the Statute, the Criminal Court had the following competences:

  • Factual: The Court has power to prosecute four categories of offences: serious violations of the Geneva Conventions , violations of the laws or customs of war , genocide and crimes against humanity .
  • Personal: Jurisdiction includes only natural persons (no organizations or governments).
  • Geographical: Crimes committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia .
  • Temporal: Crimes committed since 1991.
  • Competitive: The Court of Justice has precedence over the national courts.

Trials could only be conducted against those present in person, and the maximum penalty for the accused is life imprisonment . The penal system is carried out in one of the states that have agreed to accept convicts in treaties with the United Nations . The Court can also refer cases to competent national courts, such as the Special War Crimes Chamber of the Belgrade District Court .

organizational structure

The criminal court consisted of the court administration, which is also responsible for the United Nations Detention Unit of the court in the Scheveningen district of The Hague , in which the suspects are in custody, a prosecution authority and the chambers .

The prosecution was headed by an independently working chief prosecutor. He was appointed by the UN Security Council at the suggestion of the UN Secretary General  . The current chief prosecutor is the Belgian Serge Brammertz , who has succeeded the Swiss Carla del Ponte . From 1997 to 1998, the Canadian Louise Arbor , before that the South African Richard Goldstone (1994-1996) held this post – the Venezuelan Escovar Salom, who had originally been chosen as the first chief prosecutor, had ultimately canceled. The chief prosecutor from 1994 to 2003 was also chief prosecutor of the second UN tribunal, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , until the reorganization of the criminal court in September 2003 .

The Court consisted of 18 permanent judges divided into three Trial Chambers and one Appeals Chamber. 16 of the permanent judges are elected by the UN General Assembly from a list established by the UN Security Council. The other two permanent judges are appointed by the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda from among the judges of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, after consultation with the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.

The permanent judges elected the President of the Criminal Court from among their ranks – most recently the Maltese Carmel A. Agius , who replaced the American Theodor Meron in November 2015 . Prior to this, this position was held by the Jamaican Patrick Robinson (2008-2011), the Italian Fausto Pocar (2005-2008), also Theodor Meron (2002-2005), the Frenchman Claude Jorda (1999-2002), the American Gabrielle Kirk McDonald (1997-1999) and Italian Antonio Cassese (1993-1997).

Deputy President since November 2015 was Chinese Liu Daqun .

In addition to the permanent judges, another twelve so-called ad litem judges were available as temporary reinforcements for individual processes. The three criminal chambers heard in the first instance. They each consisted of three permanent judges elected by the UN General Assembly. The Appeals Chamber consisted of seven permanent judges, including two judges appointed by the President of the International Court of Justice for Rwanda. The President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was also ex officio Chairman of the Appeals Chamber. The seven judges of the Appeals Chamber also formed the Appeals Chamber for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.

The Court's budget was approved by the UN General Assembly. The court was also financed by donations from states or supranational organizations such as the European Commission . The ICTY provided information on the amount of the budget and the donors in its annual reports.

A total of 919 employees from 76 nations were employed. The budget was about $ 150 million per year.

College of judges (permanent judges)

  • MaltaCarmel A Agius, President
  • China People's RepublicLiu Daqun, Vice President
  • TogoKoffi Kumelio Afande
  • FranceFranceJean Claude Antonetti
  • BelgiumGuy Delvoie
  • Germany Christoph Flügge
  • BahamasBurton Hall
  • PakistanKhalida Khan
  • Korea SouthO Gon Kwon
  • United StatesUnited States Theodore Meron
  • South AfricaBakone Justice Moloto
  • United KingdomUnited Kingdom Howard Morrison
  • SenegalMandiaye Niang
  • NetherlandsNetherlandsAlphons MM Orie
  • ItalyItalyFausto Pocar

Former Permanent Judges: Georges Abi-Saab (Egypt), Mohamed Bennouna (Morocco), Iain Bonomy (UK), Antonio Cassese (Italy), Jules Deschênes (Canada), Amin El Abbassi El Mahdi (Egypt), Asoka de Zoysa Gunawardana (Sri Lanka), Mehmet Güney (Turkey), David Anthony Hunt (Australia), Saad Saood Jan (Pakistan), Claude Jorda (France), Adolphus Godwin Karibi-Whyte (Nigeria), Germain Le Foyer De Costil (France), Haopei Li (China), Richard George May (UK), Gabrielle Kirk McDonald (USA), Florence Ndepele Mwachande Mumba (Zambia), Rafael Nieto Navia (Colombia), Elizabeth Odio Benito (Costa Rica), Kevin Parker (Australia), Arlette Ramaroson (Madagascar), Patrick L. Robinson (Jamaica), Almiro Simões Rodrigues (Portugal), Fouad Abdel-Moneim Riyadh (Egypt), Wolfgang Schomburg (Germany), William Hussein Sekule (Tanzania), Mohamed Shahabuddeen (Guyana), Rustam S .Sidhwa (Pakistan), Sir Ninian Stephen (Australia), Christine Van den Wyngaert (B elgien), Lal Chand Vohrah (Malaysia), Patricia M. Wald (USA), Wang Tieya (China), Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov (Russia), Andresia Vaz (Senegal), Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca (Argentina)

Ad litem judge

last:

Former ad litem judges: Carmen Maria Argibay (Argentina), Hans Henrik Brydensholt (Denmark), Maureen Harding Clark (Ireland), Justice Ali Nawaz Chowhan (Pakistan), Pedro David (Argentina), Fatoumata Dembélé Diarra (Mali), Albin Eser (Germany), Elizabeth Gwaunza (Zimbabwe), Mohammed El Habib Fassi Fihri (Morocco), Claude Hanoteau (France), Frederik Harhoff (Denmark), Frank Höpfel (Austria), Ivana Janu (Czech Republic), Tsvetana Kamenova (Bulgaria), Uldis Kinis (Latvia), Per-Johan Viktor Lindholm (Finland), Joaquín Martín Canivell (Spain), Janet M. Nosworthy (Jamaica), Prisca Matimba Nyambe (Zambia), Michèle Picard (France), Árpád Prandler (Hungary), Kimberly Prost (Canada), Vonimbolana Rasoazanany (Madagascar), Amarjeet Singh (Singapore), Ole Bjørn Støle (Norway), Albertus Swart (Netherlands), György Szénási (Hungary), Chikako Taya (Japan), Krister Thelin (Sweden), Stefan Trechsel (Switzerland), Volodymyr Vasylenko (Ukraine), Sharon Williams (Canada)

Three judges presided over the main proceedings and then determine the verdict with a 2:1 majority or unanimously without the help of lay judges or a jury. The Appeals Chamber decides with a simple majority. Some judges judge several cases at the same time and there are substitute judges on record.

Convicts and prosecutors could appeal once, in exceptional cases, if more recent investigation results raise significant doubts, another appeals chamber overturns an already final appeal judgment. In the case of Duško Tadić, the charges were expanded and tried again after the final guilty verdict, without this being regarded as an inadmissible double jeopardy. In the case of Haradinaj et al. After the final acquittal, further charges were filed because incriminating material had subsequently surfaced.

Punish

The only permissible punishment was imprisonment , which could be imposed indefinitely. Both very long time sentences (45 years) and life imprisonment have already been imposed. After deduction of extradition and pre-trial detention, the remainder of the sentence is served in the ordinary penal system of a contracting state with the ICTY.

The following countries imprison those who have been convicted: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Denmark, Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Spain; Other contracting states still without transfer: Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Albania, Portugal.

Accuse

scope

One of the detention cells (15 m²) in the tribunal's detention center

Since the Criminal Court became fully operational in December 1994, court-approved indictments have been released against 161 suspects, 133 of whom have presented themselves to the tribunal, either compulsorily or voluntarily.

Since Goran Hadžić 's arrest on July 20, 2011, none of the accused have escaped.

In 36 cases, the charges were withdrawn: the charges against 20 people were dropped in the preliminary proceedings due to a lack of incriminating evidence, 10 accused died before they were extradited, 6 during the main proceedings.

In the final judgments of the Criminal Court up to November 2017, there were 83 guilty verdicts and 19 acquittals; 13 accused were extradited to other courts. By 2011, 20 defendants had pleaded guilty to the essential counts.

As of 13 September 2011, there were 35 pending cases: 16 appeal cases, 17 first instance cases and 2 preliminary cases ( Goran Hadžić and Ratko Mladić ).

The cases of the KLA commanders Haradinaj, Balaj and Brahimaj were resumed in July 2010. On November 29, 2012, all three commanders were found not guilty.

accused

The trial against Slobodan Milošević , the former president of Yugoslavia and Serbia , which began in February 2002 and died in custody in March 2006 shortly before the end of his trial , aroused particular interest . In recent legal history, he was the first sitting head of state to be indicted by an international criminal court.

Accused were:

Surname nationality
admission of guilt
Judgment in the 1st instance *
(years imprisonment)
appeal
verdict
Remarks
Rahim Ademi Kosovo Albanians not guilty delivered acquitted in Croatia
Mehmed Alagic Bosniaks not guilty died before the end of the trial
Zlatko Aleksovski Bosnian Croat not guilty 2.5 7
Stipo Alilovic Bosnian Croat died before the trial began
Milan Babic Croatian Serb guilty 13 13
Mirko Babic Bosnian Serb charge withdrawn
Haradin Bala Kosovo Albanians guilty 13 13
Idriz Balaj Kosovo Albanians not guilty acquittal cancellation new charge
WAV* Balaj not guilty acquittal no calling
Nenad Banovic Bosnian Serb charge withdrawn
Predrag Banovic Bosnian Serb guilty 8th no calling
Ljubisa Beara Bosnian Serb not guilty lifelong lifelong
Vidoje Blagojevic Bosnian Serb not guilty 18 15
Tihomir Blaskić Bosnian Croat not guilty 45 9
Janko Bobetko Croatian died before the trial began
Ljubomir Borovcanin Bosnian Serb not guilty 17 no calling
Goran Borovnica Serb died before the trial began
Ljube Boškoski Macedonians not guilty acquittal acquittal
Lahi Brahimaj Kosovo Albanians not guilty 6 6 new charge
WAV* Brahimaj not guilty acquittal no calling
Miroslav Bralo Bosnian Croat guilty 20 20
Radoslav Brdanin Bosnian Serb not guilty 32 30
Mario Cerkez Bosnian Croat not guilty 15 6
Ivan Cermak Croatian not guilty acquittal acquittal
Ranko Cešić Bosnian Serb guilty 18 no calling
Valentin Coric Bosnian Croat not guilty 16 16
Zejnil Delalic Bosniaks not guilty acquittal acquittal
Hazim Delic Bosniaks not guilty 18 18
Rasim Delic Bosniaks not guilty 3 no appeal (deceased)
Miroslav Deronjic Bosnian Serb guilty 10 no calling
Slavko Dokmanovic Serb not guilty died before the end of the trial
Vlastimir Djordjevic Serb not guilty 27 18
Damir Došen Bosnian Serb guilty 5 no calling
Simo Drljača Bosnian Serb died before the trial began
Djordje Djukic Bosnian Serb not guilty died before the end of the trial
Drazen Erdemovic Bosnian Croat guilty 10 5
Anto Furundžija Bosnian Croat not guilty 10 10
Dusan Fuštar Bosnian Serb not guilty delivered in Bosnia 9 years imprisonment
Dragan Gagovic Bosnian Serb died before the trial began
Stanislav Galic Bosnian Serb not guilty 20 lifelong
Ante Gotovina Croatian not guilty 24 acquittal
Zdravko Govedarica Bosnian Serb charge withdrawn
(?) Gruban charge withdrawn
Momcilo Gruban Bosnian Serb not guilty delivered in Bosnia 7 years imprisonment
Milan Gvero Bosnian Serb not guilty 5 no appeal (deceased)
Goran Hadzic Croatian Serb not guilty died before the end of the trial
Enver Hadzihasanovic Bosniaks not guilty 5 3.5
Sefer Halilovic Bosniaks not guilty acquittal acquittal
Ramush Haradinaj Kosovo Albanians not guilty acquittal cancellation new charge
WAV* Haradinaj not guilty acquittal no calling
Janko Janjic Bosnian Serb died before the trial began
Nikica Janjic Bosnian Serb died before the trial began
Gojko Jankovic Bosnian Serb not guilty delivered in Bosnia 34 years imprisonment
Goran Jelisic Bosnian Serb guilty 40 40
Dragan Jokic Bosnian Serb not guilty 9 9
Miodrag Jokic Serb guilty 7 7
Drago Josipovic Bosnian Croat not guilty 15 12
Radovan Karadzic Bosnian Serb not guilty 40 lifelong
Marinko Katava Bosnian Croat charge withdrawn
Dusko Knezevic Bosnian Serb not guilty delivered in Bosnia 31 years imprisonment
Dragan Kolundžija Bosnian Serb guilty 3 no calling
Dragan Kondic charge withdrawn
Dario Kordic Bosnian Croat not guilty 25 25
Milojica Kos not guilty 6 no calling
Predrag Kostic charge withdrawn
Radomir Kovač Bosnian Serb not guilty 20 20
Milan Kovacevic Bosnian Serb not guilty died before the end of the trial
Vladimir Kovacevic Montenegr. Serb not guilty delivered unable to negotiate in Serbia
Momcilo Krajišnik Bosnian Serb not guilty 27 20
Milorad Krnojelac Bosnian Serb not guilty 7.5 15
Radislav Krstic Bosnian Serb not guilty 46 35
Amir Kubura Bosniaks not guilty 2.5 2
Dragoljub Kunarac Bosnian Serb not guilty 28 28
Mirjan Kupreskić Bosnian Croat not guilty 8th acquittal
Vlatko Kupreskić Bosnian Croat not guilty 6 acquittal
Zoran Kupreskić Bosnian Croat not guilty 10 acquittal
Miroslav Kvočka Bosnian Serb not guilty 7 7
Goran Lajic charge withdrawn
Esad Landžo Bosniaks not guilty 15 15
Vladimir Lazarevic Serb not guilty 15 14
Fatmir Limaj Kosovo Albanians not guilty acquittal acquittal
Paško Ljubicic Bosnian Croat not guilty delivered in Bosnia 10 years imprisonment
Milan Luke Bosnian Serb not guilty lifelong lifelong
Sredoje Lukic Bosnian Serb not guilty 30 27
Sreten Lukic Serb not guilty 22 20
Zoran Marinić charge withdrawn
Mladen Markac Croatian not guilty 18 acquittal
Milan Martic Croatian Serb not guilty 35 35
Vinko Martinovic Bosnian Croat not guilty 18 18
Željko Mejakic Bosnian Serb not guilty delivered in Bosnia 21 years imprisonment
Radivoje Miletic Bosnian Serb not guilty 19 18
Slobodan Miljkovic Serb died before the trial began
Dragomir Milosevic Bosnian Serb not guilty 33 29
Slobodan Milosevic Serb not guilty died before the end of the trial
Milan Milutinovic Serb not guilty acquittal acquittal
Ratko Mladic Bosnian Serb not guilty lifelong lifelong
Darko Mrđa Bosnian Serb guilty 17 no calling
Mile Mrkšić Croatian Serb not guilty 20 20
Zdravko Mucic Bosnian Croat not guilty 7 9
Agim Murtezi Kosovo Albanians charge withdrawn
Isak Musliu Kosovo Albanians not guilty acquittal acquittal
Mladen Naletilić Bosnian Croat not guilty 20 20
Dragan Nikolic Bosnian Serb guilty 23 20
Drago Nikolic Bosnian Serb not guilty 35 35
Momir Nikolic Bosnian Serb guilty 27 20
Mirko Norac Croatian not guilty delivered in Croatia 6 years imprisonment
Dragan Obrenovic Bosnian Serb guilty 17 no calling
Dragoljub Ojdanic Serb not guilty 15 appeal withdrawn
Naser Oric Bosniaks not guilty 2 acquittal
Vinko Pandurević Bosnian Serb not guilty 13 13
Dragan Papic Bosnian Croat not guilty acquittal acquittal
Nedeljko Paspalj Bosnian Serb charge withdrawn
Nebojsa Pavkovic Serb not guilty 22 22
Milan Pavlic Bosnian Serb charge withdrawn
Momcilo Perisic Serb not guilty 27 acquittal
Biljana Plavsic Bosnian Serb guilty 11 no calling
Milivoj Petkovic Bosnian Croat not guilty 20 20
Milutin Popovic Serb charge withdrawn
Vujadin Popovic Bosnian Serb not guilty lifelong lifelong
Slobodan Praljak Bosnian Croat not guilty 20 20 Suicide during sentencing 2017
Dragoljub Prcać Bosnian Serb not guilty 5 5
Drazenko Predojevic Serb charge withdrawn
Jadranko Prlic Bosnian Croat not guilty 25 25
Berislav Pusic Bosnian Croat not guilty 10 10
Miroslav Radic Serb not guilty acquittal acquittal
Mlađo Radić Bosnian Serb not guilty 20 20
Ivica Rajic Bosnian Croat guilty 12 no calling
Mitar Rašević Bosnian Serb not guilty delivered in Bosnia 8.5 years imprisonment
Željko Ražnatović "Arkan" Serb murdered in Belgrade
Nikola Šainovic Serb not guilty 22 18
Ivan Šantić charge withdrawn
Vladimir Šantic Bosnian Croat not guilty 25 18
Dragomir Saponja Bosnian Serb charge withdrawn
Željko Savic charge withdrawn
Vojislav Seselj Serb not guilty acquittal 10 11 years in pre-trial detention until the first sentencing, after conviction on appeal not back in prison because the sentence was shorter than the pre-trial detention already served
Duško Sikirica Bosnian Serb guilty 15 no calling
Franko Simatovic Serb not guilty acquittal cancellation 12 years imprisonment at the IRMCT
Blagoje Simic Bosnian Serb not guilty 17 15
Milan Simic Serb guilty 5 no calling
Pero Skoplyak Croatian charge withdrawn
Veselin Šljivancanin Montenegrins not guilty 5 17 reduced to 10 years
Milomir Stakic Bosnian Serb not guilty lifelong 40
Jovica Stanisic Serb not guilty acquittal cancellation 12 years imprisonment at the IRMCT
Mićo Stanišić Bosnian Serb not guilty 22 22
Radovan Stankovic Bosnian Serb not guilty delivered 20 years imprisonment in Bosnia
Bruno Stojic Bosnian Croat not guilty 20 20
Vlajko Stojiljkovic Serb died before the trial began
Pavle Strugar Montenegrins not guilty 8th 7.5
Dusko Tadic Bosnian Serb not guilty 20 20 subsequently further charges
further sentence of 25 years
second appeal sentence: 20 years
Miroslav Tadic Bosnian Serb not guilty 8th no calling
Momir Talic Bosnian Serb not guilty died before the end of the trial
Johan Tarculovski Macedonians not guilty 12 12
Nedjeljko Timarac Bosnian Serb charge withdrawn
Stevan Todorovic Bosnian Serb guilty 10 no calling
Savo Todovic Bosnian Serb not guilty delivered in Bosnia 12.5 years imprisonment
Zdravko Tolimir Bosnian Serb not guilty lifelong lifelong died in custody
Milorad Trbic Bosnian Serb not guilty delivered 30 years imprisonment in Bosnia
Mitar Vasiljevic Bosnian Serb not guilty 20 15
Zoran Vukovic Bosnian Serb not guilty 12 12
Simo Zaric Bosnian Serb not guilty 6 no calling
Milan Zec Serb charge withdrawn
Dragan Zelenovic Bosnian Serb guilty 15 15
Zoran Zigic Bosnian Serb not guilty 25 25
Stoyan Zupljanin Bosnian Serb not guilty 22 22

Source:
*) The number indicates the length of imprisonment in years; WAV is the abbreviation of retrial after conviction.

If there is no appeal judgment, either the appeal was waived or it was rejected as unfounded because the application did not claim and justify a serious misjudgment by the first instance.

termination

With the ceremonial opening of the International Residual Mechanism for the ad hoc criminal courts in July 2013, a large number of press department, translation and archive staff will gradually transfer to this newly established tribunal. In the future, the residual mechanism will regulate releases from prison, reduced prison terms, media work, etc. Hadžić died in 2016, Mladić was sentenced to life imprisonment on November 22, 2017, and the last sentences against Bosnian Croat defendants were confirmed on November 29, 2017. The ICTY will be closed at the end of 2017; In future, appeals should be addressed to the residual mechanism. Information centers with access to all audio files and over 2,000,000 documents were set up in both Banja Luka and Sarajevo .

criticism

Kosta Čavoški , Serbian professor of international law, who is no longer allowed to enter Bosnia-Herzegovina because of alleged connections to war criminals, criticized, among other things, that the tribunal had been founded in violation of international law. It is based on a generous interpretation of Chapter VII of the UN Charter , which speaks of "special measures to maintain or restore international peace and security". Defendants such as former Serbian and Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević were kidnapped or extradited in an unconstitutional manner. He was also not properly treated medically. The legal scholar Konstantinos D. Magliveras follows this line of argument, complaining that the tribunal shapes its own rules as it pleases and is not subject to any independent control. Since the prosecutor is an organ of the tribunal, he has a dominant position in the proceedings. Statements by witnesses whose identities are being kept secret by the court are admissible as evidence. It should also be criticized that there is no possibility of appeal for convicted defendants. Norman Paech , professor emeritus and politician of the left , believes that the tribunal is being used politically. It was also stated that the tribunal was only interested in crimes committed by perpetrators of ex-Yugoslav nationality, while allegations of war crimes by NATO member states were not investigated. Finally, defendants of Serbian nationality are disadvantaged compared to others: while many Muslim or Croatian defendants get off with relatively short prison sentences, defendants such as Biljana Plavšić are usually sentenced to long prison terms.

On the other hand, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) ruled on May 4, 2000 in the case of Naletilic v. Croatia that the Yugoslavia tribunal is an international court which, given the content of its statute and its rules of procedure, offers all the necessary safeguards for a fair trial , including those of impartiality and independence (in view of the content of its Statute and Rules of Procedure, offers all the necessary guarantees including those of impartiality and independence) .

See also

documentations

literature

web links

Commons : International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

itemizations

  1. The ICTY renders its final judgment in the Prlić et al. appeal case
  2. SECURITY COUNCIL APPOINTS SERGE BRAMMERTZ, FORMER LEAD INVESTIGATOR OF LEBANESE PRIME MINISTER'S DEATH, TO HEAD INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. In: United Nations. November 28, 2007, archived from the original on December 29, 2015 ; accessed 8 June 2021 (English).
  3. Caroline Fetscher: The Yugoslavia tribunal - a balance sheet. In: The daily mirror. 29 November 2017, archived from the original on 29 November 2017 ; retrieved 8 June 2021 .
  4. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Twelfth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991. (PDF; 405 kB) 17 August 2005 , pp. 47, 61 , archived from the original on 2011-08-06 ; accessed 8 June 2021 (English).
  5. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Thirteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991. (PDF; 222kB) 21 August 2006, p. 24 , archived from the original on 2011-08-06 ; accessed 8 June 2021 (English).
  6. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Fourteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991. (PDF; 198 kB) 1 August 2007 , pp. 23–25 , archived from the original on 2011-08-06 ; accessed 8 June 2021 (English).
  7. Annual Reports. In: United Nations International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021 ; accessed 8 June 2021 (English).
  8. The Cost of Justice. In: United Nation International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021 ; accessed 8 June 2021 (English).
  9. ^ Tadic (IT-94-1) . In: United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 ; accessed 8 June 2021 (English).
  10. Enforcement of Sentences. In: United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021 ; accessed 8 June 2021 (English).
  11. ICTY Facts & Figures. (PDF; 696 kB) In: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. November 2017, archived from the original on February 18, 2021 ; Retrieved November 29, 2017 (English).
  12. ^ Official Tribunal Indictment Statistics ( Memento of 26 January 2009 at the Internet Archive )
  13. Acquittal for the KLA commanders Haradinaj, Balaj and Brahimaj (PDF; 159 kB)
  14. Entry on the ICTY website
  15. Case Information Sheet
  16. Report of the tribunal on its termination (PDF; 334 kB)
  17. Bosnia to expel Serbian professor . ( Memento of 7 June 2011 at Internet Archive ) B92 , 4 June 2008
  18. a b c Kosta Čavoški: The Hague against Justice ( memento of 4 November 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Center for Serbian Studies, Belgrade 1996
  19. Jonathan Widell, Patrick Barriot, Jacques Vergès: Moscow Calling. Why Milošević was never trated in Russia? serbianna.com, August 25, 2006
  20. Konstantinos D. Magliveras: The Interplay Between the Transfer of Slobodan Milosevic to the ICTY and Yugoslav Constitutional Law . (PDF; 56 kB) In: EJIL , 2002, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 661-677.
  21. Sense and Abuse of International Jurisdiction. AG Peace Research at the University of Kassel
  22. Paolo Benvenuti: The ICTY Prosecutor and the Review of the NATO Bombing Campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (PDF; 164 kB), EJIL (2001) Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 503-529
  23. Avner Gidron, Claudio Cordone: Faut-il juger l'OTAN? Le Monde Diplomatique , July 2000
  24. European Court of Human Rights, Decision as to the Admissibility of Application no. 51891/99 by Mladen Naletilić against Croatia, 4 May 2000
  25. War in Court - The Yugoslavia Trials (1/2). In: ARTE. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021 ; retrieved June 26, 2021 .
  26. War in Court - The Yugoslavia Trials (2/2). In: ARTE. Retrieved 27 June 2021 .

Coordinates: 52° 5′ 40″  N , 4° 17′ 4″  E