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The '''Syndiniales''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[dinoflagellate]]s, found exclusively as [[endosymbiosis|endosymbionts]] of |
The '''Syndiniales''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of early branching [[dinoflagellate]]s (also known as Marine [[Alveolate|Alveolates]], "MALVs"), found exclusively as [[endosymbiosis|endosymbionts]] of [[crustacea]]ns, [[fish]], [[algae]], and [[Protist|protists]] ([[ciliate]]s, [[Radiolaria|radiolarians]], other dinoflagellates).<ref name="Hoek1995">{{Cite book | last1 = Hoek | first1 = C. van den | last2 = Mann | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Jahns | first3 = Hans Martin | title = Algae: an Introduction to Phycology | year = 1995 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-31687-1 | pages = 277–280}}</ref> The [[trophozoite|trophic form]] is often [[multinucleate]], and ultimately divides to form motile [[spore]]s, which have two [[flagellum|flagella]] in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a [[theca]] and [[chloroplast]]s, and unlike all other orders, the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] is never a [[dinokaryon]]. A well-studied example is ''[[Amoebophrya]]'', which is a [[parasite]] of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending [[algal bloom|red tides]]. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guillou|first=L.|last2=Viprey|first2=M.|last3=Chambouvet|first3=A.|last4=Welsh|first4=R. M.|last5=Kirkham|first5=A. R.|last6=Massana|first6=R.|last7=Scanlan|first7=D. J.|last8=Worden|first8=A. Z.|date=2008-12|title=Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18771501|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=10|issue=12|pages=3349–3365|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01731.x|issn=1462-2920|pmid=18771501}}</ref>. Their [[phylogeny]] is debated but recent studies favor [[paraphyly]] of MALVs suggesting that not all of these groups are affiliated to Syndiniales. |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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Revision as of 21:39, 29 June 2018
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) |
| Syndiniales | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Phylum: | |
| Class: | Syndiniophyceae
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| Order: | Syndiniales Loeblich III, 1976
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| Family | |
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| Synonyms | |
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The Syndiniales are an order of early branching dinoflagellates (also known as Marine Alveolates, "MALVs"), found exclusively as endosymbionts of crustaceans, fish, algae, and protists (ciliates, radiolarians, other dinoflagellates).[1] The trophic form is often multinucleate, and ultimately divides to form motile spores, which have two flagella in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a theca and chloroplasts, and unlike all other orders, the nucleus is never a dinokaryon. A well-studied example is Amoebophrya, which is a parasite of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending red tides. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales[2]. Their phylogeny is debated but recent studies favor paraphyly of MALVs suggesting that not all of these groups are affiliated to Syndiniales.
Taxonomy
- Class Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III, 1976 [Syndinea][3][4]
- Order Syndiniales Loeblich III 1976 [Coccidinales Chatton & Biecheler 1934]
- Family Hematodiniidae
- Genus Hematodinium Chatton & Poisson 1930
- Family Coccidiniaceae [Coccidinidae Chatton & Biecheler 1934]
- Genus Coccidinium Chatton & Biecheler 1934
- Family Syndiniaceae Chatton 1920
- Genus Merodinium Chatton 1923
- Genus Syndinium Chatton 1910 [Atelodinium Chatton 1920; Synhemidinium Chatton 1952 nom. illeg.]
- Family Amoebophryaceae Cachon 1964 ex Loeblich III 1970 [Amoebophryidae]
- Genus Amoebophrya Koeppen 1894 [Hyalosaccus Koeppen 1899]
- Family Sphaeriparaceae Loeblich III 1970
- Genus Actinodinium Chatton & Hovasse 1937
- Genus Caryotoma Hollande 1953
- Genus Atlanticellodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965
- Genus Sphaeripara Poche 1911 [Lohmannia Neresheimer 1903 non Michael 1898; Lohmanella Neresheimer 1904 non Trouessart 1901; Neresheimeria Übel 1912]
- Family Hematodiniidae
- Order Syndiniales Loeblich III 1976 [Coccidinales Chatton & Biecheler 1934]
See also
References
- ^ Hoek, C. van den; Mann, D. G.; Jahns, Hans Martin (1995). Algae: an Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 277–280. ISBN 0-521-31687-1.
- ^ Guillou, L.; Viprey, M.; Chambouvet, A.; Welsh, R. M.; Kirkham, A. R.; Massana, R.; Scanlan, D. J.; Worden, A. Z. (2008-12). "Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata)". Environmental Microbiology. 10 (12): 3349–3365. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01731.x. ISSN 1462-2920. PMID 18771501.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Gómez, F.; Moreira, D.; López-García, P. N. (2010). "Molecular Phylogeny of Noctilucoid Dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae)". Protist. 161 (3): 466–478. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2009.12.005. PMID 20188628.
- ^ Gómez F (2012). "A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata)" (PDF). CICIMAR Océanides. 27 (1): 65–140. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-27.
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