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The '''Syndiniales''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of early branching [[dinoflagellate]]s (also known as Marine [[Alveolate|Alveolates]], "MALVs"), found as [[Parasitism|parasites]] of [[crustacea]]ns, [[fish]], [[algae]], [[Cnidaria|cnidarians]], and [[Protist|protists]] ([[ciliate]]s, [[Radiolaria|radiolarians]], other dinoflagellates).<ref name="Hoek1995">{{Cite book | last1 = Hoek | first1 = C. van den | last2 = Mann | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Jahns | first3 = Hans Martin | title = Algae: an Introduction to Phycology | year = 1995 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-31687-1 | pages = 277–280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bråte|first=Jon|last2=Krabberød|first2=Anders K.|last3=Dolven|first3=Jane K.|last4=Ose|first4=Randi F.|last5=Kristensen|first5=Tom|last6=Bjørklund|first6=Kjell R.|last7=Shalchian-Tabrizi|first7=Kamran|date=2012-9|title=Radiolaria associated with large diversity of marine alveolates|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22658831|journal=Protist|volume=163|issue=5|pages=767–777|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2012.04.004|issn=1618-0941|pmid=22658831}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Strassert|first=Jürgen F. H.|last2=Karnkowska|first2=Anna|last3=Hehenberger|first3=Elisabeth|last4=Del Campo|first4=Javier|last5=Kolisko|first5=Martin|last6=Okamoto|first6=Noriko|last7=Burki|first7=Fabien|last8=Janouškovec|first8=Jan|last9=Poirier|first9=Camille|date=01 2018|title=Single cell genomics of uncultured marine alveolates shows paraphyly of basal dinoflagellates|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28994824|journal=The ISME journal|volume=12|issue=1|pages=304–308|doi=10.1038/ismej.2017.167|issn=1751-7370|pmc=PMC5739020|pmid=28994824}}</ref> The [[trophozoite|trophic form]] is often [[multinucleate]], and ultimately divides to form motile [[spore]]s, which have two [[flagellum|flagella]] in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a [[theca]] and [[chloroplast]]s, and unlike all other orders, the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] is never a [[dinokaryon]]. A well-studied example is ''[[Amoebophrya]]'', which is a [[parasite]] of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending [[algal bloom|red tides]]. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guillou|first=L.|last2=Viprey|first2=M.|last3=Chambouvet|first3=A.|last4=Welsh|first4=R. M.|last5=Kirkham|first5=A. R.|last6=Massana|first6=R.|last7=Scanlan|first7=D. J.|last8=Worden|first8=A. Z.|date=2008-12|title=Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18771501|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=10|issue=12|pages=3349–3365|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01731.x|issn=1462-2920|pmid=18771501}}</ref>; recent studies show [[paraphyly]] of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that are sister to dinokaryotes (core dinoflagellates) belong to Syndiniales.<ref name=":0" />
The '''Syndiniales''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of early branching [[dinoflagellate]]s (also known as Marine [[Alveolate|Alveolates]], "MALVs"), found as [[Parasitism|parasites]] of [[crustacea]]ns, [[fish]], [[algae]], [[Cnidaria|cnidarians]], and [[Protist|protists]] ([[ciliate]]s, [[Radiolaria|radiolarians]], other dinoflagellates).<ref name="Hoek1995">{{Cite book | last1 = van den Hoek | first1 = C. | last2 = Mann | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Jahns | first3 = Hans Martin | name-list-format = vanc | title = Algae: an Introduction to Phycology | year = 1995 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-31687-1 | pages = 277–280}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bråte J, Krabberød AK, Dolven JK, Ose RF, Kristensen T, Bjørklund KR, Shalchian-Tabrizi K | title = Radiolaria associated with large diversity of marine alveolates | journal = Protist | volume = 163 | issue = 5 | pages = 767–77 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22658831 | doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2012.04.004 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Strassert JF, Karnkowska A, Hehenberger E, Del Campo J, Kolisko M, Okamoto N, Burki F, Janouškovec J, Poirier C, Leonard G, Hallam SJ, Richards TA, Worden AZ, Santoro AE, Keeling PJ | title = Single cell genomics of uncultured marine alveolates shows paraphyly of basal dinoflagellates | journal = The ISME Journal | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 304–308 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28994824 | pmc = 5739020 | doi = 10.1038/ismej.2017.167 }}</ref> The [[trophozoite|trophic form]] is often [[multinucleate]], and ultimately divides to form motile [[spore]]s, which have two [[flagellum|flagella]] in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a [[theca]] and [[chloroplast]]s, and unlike all other orders, the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] is never a [[dinokaryon]]. A well-studied example is ''[[Amoebophrya]]'', which is a [[parasite]] of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending [[algal bloom|red tides]]. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guillou L, Viprey M, Chambouvet A, Welsh RM, Kirkham AR, Massana R, Scanlan DJ, Worden AZ | title = Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata) | journal = Environmental Microbiology | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 3349–65 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18771501 | doi = 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01731.x }}</ref>; recent studies show [[paraphyly]] of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that are sister to dinokaryotes (core dinoflagellates) belong to Syndiniales.<ref name=":0" />


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
* [[class (biology)|Class]] '''Syndiniophyceae''' <small>Loeblich III, 1976</small> ['''Syndinea''']<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gómez | first1 = F. | last2 = Moreira | first2 = D. | last3 = López-García | first3 = P. N. | title = Molecular Phylogeny of Noctilucoid Dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae) | doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2009.12.005 | journal = Protist | volume = 161 | issue = 3 | pages = 466–478 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20188628}}</ref><ref name="Gómez12">{{cite journal |author=Gómez F |title=A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata) |journal=CICIMAR Océanides |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=65–140 |year=2012 |format=PDF |url=http://www.cicimar.ipn.mx/oacis/Medios/oceanides/P%20065%20Fernando%20Gomez.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127104918/http://www.cicimar.ipn.mx/oacis/Medios/oceanides/P%20065%20Fernando%20Gomez.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-27 |df= }}</ref>
* [[class (biology)|Class]] '''Syndiniophyceae''' <small>Loeblich III, 1976</small> ['''Syndinea''']<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gómez F, Moreira D, López-García P | title = Molecular phylogeny of noctilucoid dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae) | journal = Protist | volume = 161 | issue = 3 | pages = 466–78 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20188628 | doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2009.12.005 }}</ref><ref name="Gómez12">{{cite journal |author=Gómez F |title=A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata) |journal=CICIMAR Océanides |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=65–140 |year=2012 |format=PDF |url=http://www.cicimar.ipn.mx/oacis/Medios/oceanides/P%20065%20Fernando%20Gomez.pdf |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127104918/http://www.cicimar.ipn.mx/oacis/Medios/oceanides/P%20065%20Fernando%20Gomez.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-27 |df= }}</ref>
** Order '''Syndiniales''' Loeblich III 1976 [Coccidinales <small>Chatton & Biecheler 1934</small>]
** Order '''Syndiniales''' Loeblich III 1976 [Coccidinales <small>Chatton & Biecheler 1934</small>]
*** Family [[Hematodiniidae]]
*** Family [[Hematodiniidae]]
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[[Category:Parasitic alveolates]]
[[Category:Parasitic alveolates]]
[[Category:Dinoflagellate orders]]
[[Category:Dinoflagellate orders]]



{{dinoflagellate-stub}}
{{dinoflagellate-stub}}

Revision as of 04:20, 30 June 2018

Syndiniales
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
(unranked):
Sar
(unranked):
Alveolata
Phylum:
Dinoflagellata
Class:
Syndiniophyceae
Order:
Syndiniales

Loeblich III, 1976
Family
Synonyms
  • Coccidinales Chatton & Biecheler 1934

The Syndiniales are an order of early branching dinoflagellates (also known as Marine Alveolates, "MALVs"), found as parasites of crustaceans, fish, algae, cnidarians, and protists (ciliates, radiolarians, other dinoflagellates).[1][2][3] The trophic form is often multinucleate, and ultimately divides to form motile spores, which have two flagella in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a theca and chloroplasts, and unlike all other orders, the nucleus is never a dinokaryon. A well-studied example is Amoebophrya, which is a parasite of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending red tides. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales[4]; recent studies show paraphyly of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that are sister to dinokaryotes (core dinoflagellates) belong to Syndiniales.[3]

Taxonomy

See also

References

  1. ^ van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D. G.; Jahns, Hans Martin (1995). Algae: an Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 277–280. ISBN 0-521-31687-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Bråte J, Krabberød AK, Dolven JK, Ose RF, Kristensen T, Bjørklund KR, Shalchian-Tabrizi K (September 2012). "Radiolaria associated with large diversity of marine alveolates". Protist. 163 (5): 767–77. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2012.04.004. PMID 22658831.
  3. ^ a b Strassert JF, Karnkowska A, Hehenberger E, Del Campo J, Kolisko M, Okamoto N, Burki F, Janouškovec J, Poirier C, Leonard G, Hallam SJ, Richards TA, Worden AZ, Santoro AE, Keeling PJ (January 2018). "Single cell genomics of uncultured marine alveolates shows paraphyly of basal dinoflagellates". The ISME Journal. 12 (1): 304–308. doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.167. PMC 5739020. PMID 28994824.
  4. ^ Guillou L, Viprey M, Chambouvet A, Welsh RM, Kirkham AR, Massana R, Scanlan DJ, Worden AZ (December 2008). "Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata)". Environmental Microbiology. 10 (12): 3349–65. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01731.x. PMID 18771501.
  5. ^ Gómez F, Moreira D, López-García P (July 2010). "Molecular phylogeny of noctilucoid dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae)". Protist. 161 (3): 466–78. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2009.12.005. PMID 20188628.
  6. ^ Gómez F (2012). "A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata)" (PDF). CICIMAR Océanides. 27 (1): 65–140. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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