Panperissodactyla

Mesaxonia; Temporal range: 64–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Clockwise from left: plains zebra (Equus quagga), Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
	Macrauchenia patachonica
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Mirorder:	Euungulata
Clade:	Mesaxonia; Marsh, 1884
Subgroups
	†Dinocerata?; †Xenungulata?; †Phenacodontidae?; Panperissodactyla †Anthracobunia †Anthracobunidae; †Cambaytheriidae; ; †Desmostylia?; †Litopterna; †Notoungulata; Perissodactyla; ;

Mesaxonia also known by its equivalents Panperissodactyla and Perissodactylamorpha is a clade of ungulates containing all ungulates more closely related to living Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) than to Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates).^[6] Groups thought to belong to this clade include Anthracobunia known from the Paleogene of the Indian subcontinent,^[6]^[3] as well as the South American native ungulate groups Litopterna and Notoungulata. Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain.^[7] The enigmatic aquatic Desmostylia have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as more closely related to Afrotheria.^[8] The Northern Hemisphere "condylarth" group Phenacodontidae has been placed as closely related to perissodactlys in some studies, though others recover it as unrelated.^[5]

Classification

Mesaxonia
- †Dinocerata?^[2]
- †Phenacodontidae?
- Panperissodactyla
  - †Anthracobunia
    - †Anthracobunidae^[3]
    - †Cambaytheriidae^[3]
  - †Desmostylia?^[3]^[4]
  - †Litopterna^[5]
  - †Notoungulata^[5]
  - Perissodactyla

References

^ "Mesaxonia". Fossilworks. Gateway to the Paleobiology Database.
^ ^a ^b BURGER, Benjamin J., THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SABER-TOOTHED AND HORNED GIANTS OF THE EOCENE: THE UINTATHERES (ORDER DINOCERATA), Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, UT, United States of America, 84078, SVP 2015
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.
^ ^a ^b Qiu, L. (2014-10-08). "Ancient "Oddball" Mammal Reshuffles Family Tree?". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Welker, Frido; Collins, Matthew J.; Thomas, Jessica A.; Wadsley, Marc; Brace, Selina; Cappellini, Enrico; Turvey, Samuel T.; Reguero, Marcelo; Gelfo, Javier N. (March 18, 2015). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.
^ ^a ^b Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra S.; Ahrens, Heather E.; Dunn, Rachel H.; Folie, Annelise; Jones, Katrina E.; Smith, Thierry (2019-11-11). "Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (sup1): 1–147. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370. ISSN 0272-4634.
^ Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Macphee, Ross D. E. (March 2023). "Did some extinct South American native ungulates arise from an afrothere ancestor? A critical appraisal of Avilla and Mothé's (2021) Sudamericungulata – Panameridiungulata hypothesis". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5. ISSN 1064-7554.
^ Matsui, Kumiko; Tsuihiji, Takanobu (2019-10-17). "The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses". PeerJ. 7: e7430. doi:10.7717/peerj.7430. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6800978. PMID 31637114.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

External links

"Systematics of Placental Mammals -- Mesaxonia". University of California Museum of Paleontology.

[FW-1] "Mesaxonia". Fossilworks. Gateway to the Paleobiology Database.

[ReferenceA-2] BURGER, Benjamin J., THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SABER-TOOTHED AND HORNED GIANTS OF THE EOCENE: THE UINTATHERES (ORDER DINOCERATA), Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, UT, United States of America, 84078, SVP 2015

[Cooper2014-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.

[Qiu2014-4] Qiu, L. (2014-10-08). "Ancient "Oddball" Mammal Reshuffles Family Tree?". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2014-10-11.

[WelkerCollins2015-5] Welker, Frido; Collins, Matthew J.; Thomas, Jessica A.; Wadsley, Marc; Brace, Selina; Cappellini, Enrico; Turvey, Samuel T.; Reguero, Marcelo; Gelfo, Javier N. (March 18, 2015). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.

[:0-6] Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra S.; Ahrens, Heather E.; Dunn, Rachel H.; Folie, Annelise; Jones, Katrina E.; Smith, Thierry (2019-11-11). "Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (sup1): 1–147. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370. ISSN 0272-4634.

[7] Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Macphee, Ross D. E. (March 2023). "Did some extinct South American native ungulates arise from an afrothere ancestor? A critical appraisal of Avilla and Mothé's (2021) Sudamericungulata – Panameridiungulata hypothesis". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5. ISSN 1064-7554.

[8] Matsui, Kumiko; Tsuihiji, Takanobu (2019-10-17). "The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses". PeerJ. 7: e7430. doi:10.7717/peerj.7430. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6800978. PMID 31637114.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

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