Trogulidae
| Trogulidae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Trogulus tricarinatus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Suborder: | Dyspnoi |
| Superfamily: | Troguloidea |
| Family: | Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833 |
| Genera | |
| Diversity | |
| 6 genera, 65 species | |
| |
| Approximate natural range of Trogulidae | |
Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species and two fossil species in six genera.
Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. In most genera the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short chelicerae and pedipalps.[1]
Distribution
Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western North Africa and the Levant, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.[1]
Name
The derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from Ancient Greek trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.[1]
Species
The known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are:[2][3][4]
- Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967
- Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967 – Greece
- Anarthrotarsus trichasi Kontos & Martens, 2022 – Greece
- Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879
- Anelasmocephalus balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Spain (Baleares)
- Anelasmocephalus brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy (Sardinia)
- Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy (Sicily)
- Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (Westwood, 1874) – UK to Balkans (Europe)
- Anelasmocephalus cazorla Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain
- Anelasmocephalus crassipes (H. Lucas, 1846) – Algeria, Tunisia
- Anelasmocephalus gadirrif Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain, Morocco
- Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978 – Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc Balkans
- Anelasmocephalus lycosinus (Sørensen, 1873) – Italy
- Anelasmocephalus ortunioi Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain
- Anelasmocephalus osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy
- Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879 – Italy, France (Corsica)
- Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978 – Spain
- Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879 – Italy, France, Switzerland
- Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988 – France
- Anelasmocephalus tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy
- Calathocratus Simon, 1879
- Calathocratus africanus (H. Lucas, 1846) (southern Europe, Algeria)
- Calathocratus beieri Gruber, 1968
- Calathocratus caucasicus (Šilhavý, 1966)
- Calathocratus hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011
- Calathocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940 (Crete)
- Calathocratus kyrghyzicus (Chemeris, 2013)
- Calathocratus minutus Snegovaya, 2011
- Calathocratus rhodiensis (Gruber, 1963)
- Calathocratus singularis (Roewer, 1940)
- Calathocratus sinuosus (Sørensen, 1873)
- Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940
- Kofiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940 (Crete)
- Trogulus aquaticus Simon, 1879
- Trogulus balearicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008
- Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971
- Trogulus cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988 (Italy)
- Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971
- Trogulus coriziformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & C. L. Koch 1839 (southern Europe, Algeria)
- Trogulus cristatus Simon, 1879
- Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 1999 (Austria)
- Trogulus galasensis Avram, 1971
- Trogulus graecus Dahl, 1903 (Greece)
- Trogulus gypseus Simon, 1879 (Israel, Egypt)
- Trogulus hirtus Dahl, 1903 (Hercegovina)
- Trogulus huberi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008
- Trogulus karamanorum Schönhofer & Martens, 2009
- †Trogulus longipes Haupt, 1956 (fossil: Eocene)
- Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1932 (Portugal)
- Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983 (Italy)
- Trogulus megaligrava Schönhofer et al., 2013
- Trogulus melitensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009
- Trogulus nepaeformis (Scopoli, 1763) (southern Europe)
- Trogulus oltenicus Avram, 1971
- Trogulus ozimeci Schönhofer et al., 2013
- Trogulus pharensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009
- Trogulus prietoi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008
- Trogulus pyrenaicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008
- Trogulus rossicus Šilhavý, 1968
- Trogulus setosissmus Roewer, 1940 (Crete)
- Trogulus squamatus C. L. Koch, in Hahn & C. L. Koch 1839 (Dalmatia)
- Trogulus templetonii Westwood, 1833
- Trogulus tenuitarsus Schönhofer et al., 2013
- Trogulus thaleri Schönhofer & Martens, 2009
- Trogulus tingiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & C. L. Koch 1839
- Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885 (Dalmatia)
- Trogulus tricarinatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (central Europe)
- Trogulus uncinatus Gruber, 1973
See also extinct:
- †Amphitrogulus Gourret, 1887
- †Amphitrogulus sternalis Gourret, 1887
References
- ^ a b c Gruber, Jürgen (2007): Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 157ff
- ^ "A taxonomic catalogue of the Dyspnoi Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 (Arachnida: Opiliones)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
- ^ Chemeris, A.N. (2013) Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum. Arthropoda Selecta
- ^ "Trogulidae". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
Further reading
- Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Trogulidae
- Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9
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