Barque
A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel.
History of the term
The word barc appears to have come from Celtic languages. The form adopted by English, perhaps from Irish, was bark, while that adopted by French, perhaps from Gaulish, was barge and barque. French influence in England after the Conquest led to the use in English of both words, though their meanings are not now the same. Well before the 19th century a barge had become a small vessel of coastal or inland waters. Somewhat later, a bark became a sailing vessel of a distinctive rig as detailed below. In Britain, by the mid-nineteenth century, the spelling had taken on the French form of barque. Francis Bacon used this form of the word as early as 1605.
In the 18th century, the British Royal Navy used the term bark for a nondescript vessel which did not fit any of its usual categories. Thus, when on the advice of Captain James Cook, a collier was bought into the navy and converted for exploration she was called HM Bark Endeavour. She happened to be a ship-rigged sailing vessel with a plain bluff bow and a full stern with windows.
By the end of the 18th century, however, the term barque (sometimes, particularly in the USA, spelled bark) came to refer to any vessel with a particular type of rig. This comprises three (or more) masts, fore-and-aft sails on the aftermost mast and square sails on all other masts. A well-preserved example of a commercial barque is Falls of Clyde; built in 1878, it is now preserved as a museum ship in Honolulu. Another well preserved barque is the Pommern, the only windjammer in original condition. Its home is in Mariehamn outside the Åland maritime museum. The United States Coast Guard still has an operational Barque, built in Germany in 1936 and captured as a war prize, the USCGC Eagle which is used as a training vessel at the US Coast Guard Academy in New London, CT. The oldest active sailing vessel in the world, the Star of India, was built in 1863 as a fully square rigged ship then converted into a barque in 1901.
Throughout the period of sail, the word was used also as a shortening of the barca-longa of the Mediterranean Sea.
Use
The advantage of these rigs was that they needed smaller (therefore cheaper) crews than a comparable ship or brig-rigged vessel. Conversely, the ship rig tended to be retained for training vessels where the larger the crew, the more seamen were trained.
See also
- barge for an etymological discussion
- brigantine (2 masts)
- barquentine (three or more masts, square-rigged on only the fore mast)
- jackass-barque
- USCGC Eagle, sail training vessel
- Barque Press
- Barque Viking
- windjammer
- Pommern (ship)
- Kruzenshtern (ship)
- Passat (ship)
- Renown (ship)
- Peking (ship)
Reference and further reading
- Oxford English Dictionary (1971) ISBN 0-19-861212-5
- Description of a four-masted barque.
- statsraad lehmkuhl
- The Barque - Bellevue High School's Student Newspaper.