List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

Template:Totally disputed This is a list of fields of endeavor and concepts that have been regarded as pseudoscientific by (1) organizations that are representative of the international scientific community and/or (2) mainstream skeptical organizations. They may have explicitly called a field or concept "pseudoscience" or used words to that effect: instances of the latter are identified in the references section. Also included are important concepts associated with the main entries, and concepts that, while notable, have not elicited commentary from mainstream scientific bodies. Notable parodies of pseudoscientific concepts are also included.

Main topics

See also: Scientific consensus

The following have broad consensus concerning their pseudoscientific status. Indicative of this are assertions by mainstream, specialized scientific bodies (e.g., a society of plasma physicists) or one or more national- or regional-level Academies of Science.

• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations made by a small number of people claiming that parts of the Apollo program were hoaxed and subsequently covered up. While many of the accusations are best categorized under conspiracy theories, some do attempt to use faulty science to prove that the moon landing couldn't have happened, qualifying them as pseudoscience.Template:Fn
• Astrology refers to any of several systems of understanding, interpreting and organizing knowledge about reality and human existence, based on the relative positions and movement of various real and construed celestial bodies.Template:FnTemplate:FnTemplate:FnTemplate:Fn
  • Planetary alignments are events where two or more planets and the Sun and Moon line up from the perspective of Earth. Much of astrology has been developed around such alignments.
  • Sun signs are astrological signs that are determined by the location of the Sun at a particular moment in time such as an individual's birth.
  • Western Astrology uses a zodiac that is not aligned with the visible zodiac, based on the constellations, like the ancient Vedic astrology does.
• Creation science is the belief that the origin of everything in the universe is the result of a first cause, brought about by a creator deity, and that this thesis is supported by geological, biological, and other scientific evidence.Template:FnTemplate:FnTemplate:FnTemplate:Fn
  • Biblical scientific foreknowledge asserts that the Bible makes accurate statements about the world that science verifies thousands of years later.
  • Creation biology is the subset of creation science that tries to explain biology without evolution.
  • Creationist cosmologies are ones which, among other things, allow for a universe that is only thousands of years old.
  • Flood geology is the creationist form of geology that advocates most of the geologic features on Earth are explainable by a global flood.
  • Modern geocentrism, citing uniform gamma ray bursts distribution as evidence that we are at the center of the universe, and other ideas of this type.
  • Intelligent design is a version of creation science stated in secular terms, viz. that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection."Template:FnTemplate:Fn
    • Irreducible complexity is the claim that some systems are so complex that they cannot have evolved from simpler systems. It is used by proponents of intelligent design to argue that evolution by natural selection alone is incomplete or flawed, and that some additional mechanism (an "Intelligent Designer") is required to explain the origins of life.
    • Specified complexity is the claim that when something is simultaneously complex and specified, one can infer that it was produced by an intelligent cause (i.e., that it was designed) rather than being the result of natural processes.
• Crop circles are geometric designs of crushed or knocked-over crops created in a field. Aside from skilled farmers or pranksters working through the night, explanations for their formation include UFOs and anomalous, tornado-like air currents.Template:Fn The study of crop circles is termed "cerealogy" by proponents.
• The Face on Mars (in Cydonia Mensae) is a rock formation on Mars asserted to be evidence of intelligent, native life on the planet.Template:Fn High resolution images taken recently show it to appear less face-like. It features prominently in the pseudoscientific theories of Richard C. Hoagland.
• Erich Von Daniken's proposal of ancient astronauts.Template:Fn
• Dogon people and Sirius B a series of claims that the Dogon tribe knew about the white dwarf companion of Sirius despite it being invisible to the naked eye.Template:Fn
• Full moon lunacy is the belief that the full moon is correlated with the manifestation of lunacy.Template:Fn
• Paranormal subjectsTemplate:FnTemplate:FnTemplate:Fn
  • Channeling is the communication of information to or through a person allegedly from a spirit or other paranormal entity.
  • Dowsing refers to practices said to enable one to detect hidden water, metals, gemstones or other objects.
  • Electronic voice phenomenon is the alleged communication by spirits through tape recorders and other electronic devices.
  • Extra-sensory perception is the paranormal ability (independent of the five main senses or deduction from previous experience) to acquire information by means such as telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, psychic abilities, and remote viewing.
  • Levitation, in this sense, is the act of rising up from the ground without any physical aids, usually by the power of thought.
  • Materialization is the supposed creation or appearance of matter from unknown sources.
  • Séances are ritualized attempts to communicate with the dead.Template:Fn
  • Psychokinesis is the paranormal ability of the mind to influence matter or energy at a distance.
  • Spiritualism is a religious movement which holds the belief that communication with the dead can occur through the powers of individuals called mediums.Template:Fn
  • Therapeutic touch is a form of vitalism where one passes one's hands over and around the body of a sick person so as to treat his/her illness.
• Perpetual motion is a class of proposed machines that violate one of the Laws of Thermodynamics. Perpetual motion has been recognized as extrascientific since the late 18th century, but proposals and patents for such devices continue to be made to the present day.Template:FnTemplate:Fn
  • Free energy is a particular class of perpetual motion which violates the first law of thermodynamics and the law of conservation of energy. Of particular note are proposals involving the extraction of zero point energy, a real energy found in quantum mechanics that cannot be used to do work.
• Ufology is the study of unidentified flying objects (UFO) and frequently includes the belief that UFOs are evidence for extraterrestrial visitors.Template:FnTemplate:Fn Template:Fn
  • Close encounters are events where persons witness UFOs, or purportedly meet and/or communicate with alien beings.
• Immanuel Velikovsky's proposals that ancient texts refer to the collision of astronomical bodies as in Worlds in Collision. Template:Fn

Other significant topics

The following are subjects regarded as pseudoscientific by notable skeptical bodies such as the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (formerly CSICOP). Finally, some of these items are not considered pseudoscientific in and of themselves: only certain aspects, explanations, and/or applications of them. See an item's description text for more information on this.

• Anthroposophy is a philosophy which holds that that spirit world can be scientifically investigated.Template:Fn
  • Anthroposophic medicine is an alternative medicine founded in the 1920s by Rudolf Steiner in conjunction with Dr. Ita Wegman. Adherents believe in a holistic and salutogenetic approach to health. Skeptic Robert Carroll asserts the underlying thinking can be explained by sympathetic magic out of touch with conventional medicine.
• Attachment therapy is a psychotherapeutic treatment for aggressive, disobedient, and/or unaffectionate children. A minor version (relative to most other attachment therapies) involves the child being physically restrained by adults who then attempt to maintain prolonged eye contact. Perhaps the most extreme is "rebirthing," in which the child is wrapped tightly in a blanket and then made to simulate emergence from a birth canal. This is done by encouraging the child to struggle and pushing and squeezing him/her to mimic contractions.Template:Fn
• Ball lightning is a slow-moving, luminous sphere which is up to 30cm in diameter. While many scientists find the existence of these at least minimally plausible, evidence of them are often unreliable, anecdotal reports, and explanations for them have ranged from combusted hydrocarbon gas to "Will o' the wisp" creatures.Template:Fn
• The Bermuda Triangle is a region of the Atlantic Ocean that lies between Bermuda, Puerto Rico, and (in its most popular version) Florida. Frequent disappearances and ship and aircraft disasters in this area have led to claims of paranormal phenomena and extraterrestrial attacks and abductions.Template:Fn
• Biorhythms are alleged periodic cycles of human physiology and behavior that govern physical, emotional, and intellectual well-being.Template:Fn
• Cryptozoology is the study of animals whose existence is suspect. Famous examples include Bigfoot, the Loch Ness monster, and the goat-killing "Chupacabra."Template:Fn
  • Animal mutilations are cases of domestic livestock with seemingly unexplainable wounds. These wounds are said to be caused by supernatural, malevolent forces or bizarre—but terrestrial—creatures.Template:Fn
• Earthquake prediction is the purported ability to accurately forecast the time, place, and size of earthquakes.Template:Fn
• Elves, fairies, gnomes, pixies are creatures of mythical character which are sometimes alleged to be real. The testimonials, which are sometimes even accompanied by photographic evidence, have often been outed as hoaxes.Template:Fn
• Faith healing is the act of curing disease by such means as prayer and laying on of hands.Template:Fn
• Feng shui is the ancient Chinese practice of placement and arrangement of space to achieve harmony with the environment and improve health and fortune.Template:Fn
• Handwriting analysis/graphology is the practice of gleaning information about a person's personality through examination of his or her handwriting.Template:Fn
• Hypnosis is an extremely relaxed state in which a person is unusually responsive to suggestions made by the hypnotist. While hypnosis in some sense is almost universally regarded as real, explanations of the phenomenon invoking anything more than just an especially cooperative subject have far less scientific support. In addition, certain applications of hypnosis in psychotherapy, such as smoking cessation and self-esteem improvement, also lack empirical support. Evidence in support of hypnosis comes from hypnotic suggestion studies, neuroscientific data (eg. EEG), and from patients who have received surgery under hypnosis.Template:Fn
• Laundry balls are spherical or toroidal objects marketed as soap substitutes for washing machines.Template:Fn
• Magnetic therapy is the practice of using magnetic fields to positively influence one's health.Template:Fn
• Meditation is the practice of quieting and calming the mind, often as a religious practice, to produce transcendental experiences. While there is experimental data showing positive and interesting effects of meditation, most traditional explanations of the associated experiences and benefits are of a pre-scientific nature.Template:Fn
• Multiple personality disorder, also called dissociative identity disorder, is a mental condition that is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities. The post-traumatic model of this disorder has been the target of numerous scientific critics but is still popular among many psychotherapists. The disorder itself is still included as a classification in the DSM-IV and ICD-10.Template:Fn
• Neoshamanism is a combination of shamanistic, new-age spiritual, and other philosophies which include belief in spirits, meditation and sometimes the use of entheogens.Template:Fn
• Out-of-body experiences are experiences where a person seems to see the world from a location outside of the physical body. Qua experience, OBEs are real and theory-neutral, but some explanations invoke the paranormal.Template:Fn
• Phrenology was the first theory to be characterized as pseudoscience in 1843. Phrenologists believed that the mind was compartmentalized, an idea featured in modern neuro-imaging technique (see also modularity of mind or faculty psychology). Phrenologists also claimed to determine character and personality traits on the basis of the shape of the head (reading "bumps").Template:Fn
• Polygraph/Lie detection are methods use to detect lying and truthfulness in a subject. Its use in police departments and other government agencies persists despite its questionable reliability.Template:Fn
• Pseudoarcheology is the investigation of the ancient past using alleged paranormal or otherwise scientifically dubious means.Template:Fn
  • Ancient astronauts are extraterrestrials said to have initiated the rise of human civilization.Template:Fn
• Reincarnation is the belief that souls inhabit a succession of physical bodies over the course of their existence. It is not usually believed that memories survive reincarnation, but some people have claimed to have remembered past lives, which can be scientifically studied.Template:Fn
• Shroud of Turin is a length of linen cloth alleged by some members of the Christian community to have been Jesus's death shroud.Template:Fn
• Stock market pseudoscience mostly involves a large range of technical analysis techniques that are of dubious scientific legitimacy.Template:Fn
• Subliminal perception is visual or auditory information that is discerned below the threshold of conscious awareness and has an affect on human behavior. It went into disrepute in the late 1970s but there has been renewed research interest recently.Template:Fn
• Synchronicity is a phenomenon described by psychologist Carl Jung as "temporally coincident occurrences of acausal events." The inability to test for it has marginalized its scientific importance.Template:Fn
• Tunguska event is an anomalous meteor striking said to actually be the impact of a miniature black hole or a large body composed of antimatter, or Ball lightning.Template:Fn
• Tutankhamun's curse was allegedly placed on the discoverers of Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun, causing widespread deaths and other disastrous events.Template:Fn

Obscure and parody pseudoscience

The following are subjects that are sufficiently notable to warrant mention yet still too obscure for any mainstream group (of the sort cited above) to comment on them. They are nonetheless uncontroversially regarded as pseudoscientific: the only people insisting on the topics' scientific status appear to be their lone, respective proponents and, perhaps, a single digit quantity of devotees. Also included here are notable parodies of other pseudosciences and pseudoscientific concepts.

• Flying Spaghetti Monster is the deity of a parody religion founded by Oregon State University physics graduate Bobby Henderson. He created it in response to the 2005 evolution controversy sparked by Kansas's State Board of Education.
• Intelligent falling is a parody of intelligent design which attacks gravitation in the same way intelligent design attacks origin theories.
• Time Cube is a proposed theory of everything which holds that time is cubic. Its creator, Gene Ray, finds those who are ignorant of his theory to be "stupid and evil."
• Russell's teapot is a parody theory that there is a china teapot revolving about the sun that is too small to be noticed by telescopes.

See also

• Anomalous phenomenon
• Crank (referencing a disagreeable person)
• Falsification
• List of minority-opinion scientific theories
• List of protosciences
• Occam's razor
• Paradigm
• Paradigm shift
• Pathological science
• Philosophy of science
• Protoscience
• Pseudoscience
• Pseudoskepticism
• Science
• Scientific consensus (describes the majority views of scientists)
• Superseded scientific theory

Further reading

• Abell, George O. and Barry Singer, Science and the Paranormal: Probing the Existence of the Supernatural, Charles Scribner's, 1981, ISBN 0-684-17820-6
• Collins, Paul S. (2002) Banvard's Folly: Thirteen Tales of People Who Didn't Change the World. Picador. ISBN 0-312-30033-6
• Gardner, Martin, Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
• Gardner, Martin, Science, Good, Bad, and Bogus
• Randi, James, Flim-Flam: Psychics, ESP, Unicorns and other Delusions, Prometheus, 1982, ISBN 0-87975-198-3
• Sagan, Carl, The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark. Ballantine Books, March 1997 ISBN 0-345-40946-9, 480 pgs. 1996 hardback edition: Random House, ISBN 0-394-53512-X, xv+457 pages plus addenda insert (some printings).
• Schick, Theodore and Lewis Vaughn. (1998) How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age. Mayfield. ISBN 0-7674-0013-5
• Shermer, Michael. (2002) Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time. Owl Books. ISBN 0-8050-7089-3

Notes and references

• Template:Fnbarticle on the website of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.[2]
• Template:Fnbstatement from the California Academy of Sciences.[3]
• Template:Fnbstatement from the Iowa Academy of Science.[4]
• Template:Fnbstatement from the Russian Academy of Sciences.[5]
• Template:Fnbentry in The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience.
• Template:Fnbstatement from the International Council for Science.[6]