Earth Liberation Front

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The Earth Liberation Front (ELF), also known as "Elves" or "The Elves",[1] is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous individuals or groups that, according to the now defunct Earth Liberation Front Press Office, use "economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop the exploitation and destruction of the natural environment",[2] commonly known as ecotage or monkeywrenching.

The ELF was founded in the United Kingdom in 1992 and spread to the rest of Europe by 1994. It is now an international movement with actions reported in over a dozen countries[3] and is widely regarded as the Animal Liberation Front's younger sister, because of the relationship and cooperation between the two movements.[4] Using the same leaderless resistance model, as well as similar guidlines to the ALF,[5] sympathizers say that it is an eco-defense group dedicated to taking the profit motive out of environmental destruction by causing economic damage to businesses through the use of direct action.[6]

The ELF was classified as the top domestic terror threat in the United States by the FBI in March 2001,[7][8] and are categorised as "eco-terrorists".[9] The ELF's guidelines require that individuals or groups acting on its behalf "take all necessary precautions against harming any animal — human and nonhuman."[10]. On the lack of deaths from ELF action, the FBI's deputy assistant director for counterterrorism has said, "I think we're lucky. Once you set one of these fires they can go way out of control."[11] The name came to public prominence when they were featured on the television show 60 Minutes in 2005.[12]

Guidelines

Any direct action to halt the destruction of the environment and adhering to the strict non-violent guidelines, listed below, can be considered an ELF action. Economic sabotage and property destruction fall within the guidelines.[13]

The Earth Liberation Front published guidelines for action are: [1][14]

  • To inflict maximum economic damage on those profiting from the destruction and exploitation of the natural environment.
  • To reveal to, and to educate the public about the atrocities committed against the earth and all species that populate it.
  • To take all necessary precautions against harming any animal - human and non-human.

History

Main articles: Radical environmentalism and Earth First!

United Kingdom

Main article: Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom

Brighton meeting 1992

The symbol of Earth First!: a Monkey wrench and stone hammer.
File:Hornebeagles.jpg
An ALF raid removing 82 beagles and 26 rabbits from Interfauna in Cambridge on St Patrick's Night 1990.[15]

The Earth Liberation Front was founded in 1992 in Brighton, England by members of the Earth First! (EF!) environmental movement at the first ever national meeting. At the time, EF! had become very popular, so people's concerns were based on maintaining this popularity and by doing so not associating with overt law breaking. There was no universal agreement over this, but it was accepted amongst the movement that British EF! would instead continue to advocate and focus on civil disobedience and mass demonstrations.[5] If people wanted to participate in acts of ecotage, the new name "Earth liberation Front" would be used, with its name and guidelines derived from the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), another movement that uses non-violent direct action to liberate animals or sabotage companies using them. It was understood that the simplicity of the guidelines was a crucial factor in order to engage as many people as possible to the new cause, with the intention that the ELF would quickly become as popular as the ALF.[16]

Earth Night 1992

The very first ELF action is unknown, or undocumented, but one of the first and most notable actions was on April Fool's Earth Night 1992, a night organised by activists to carry out ecotage and also one of the first of them. The Elves, as they were also known, targeted Fisons, a peat company accused of destroying the peat bogs causing £50'000-70'000 worth of damage. Pumps, trucks and other machinery belonging to the company were destroyed after legal campaigners, Friends of the Earth, spent two years advocating a boycott of the company. Green Anarchist magazine publicised the communique with the demands from the ELF: [17]

All our peat bogs must be preserved in their entirety, for the sake of the plants, the animals and our national heritage. Cynically donating small amounts will do no good. The water table will drop, and the bogs will dry out and die, unless it is preserved fully. Fisons must leave all of it alone - now!

Autumn 1993

In the September–October 1993 issue of the Earth First! Journal, an anonymous article announced the creation of the ELF in England. It said the ELF is a movement of independently operating eco-saboteurs that split from the British EF! movement, which has focused directly on public direct actions. The author noted that, unlike the ALF which seeks publicity: "ELF cells, for security reasons, work without informing the press and do not claim responsibility for actions... he thought pooping on others was unbeleivable. The surest way to be done for conspiracy or to attract surveillance or infiltrators is to seek attention."

Europe

The ELF quickly spread across to Europe by 1994, with actions first occuring in Holland, Germany, Russia, Scandinavia, New Zealand, Italy, Ireland, Poland, Spain, France and Finland, and the name starting to be used across the globe. [3] It is believed that cells rapidly established themselves in new countries because of the global outreach of Earth First! and the connection between the two groups.[18] British Elves were also making contact with link-minded activists, informing them about the ELF and its tactics, with missionaries targeting specifically France, Spain, Germany and Holland.

Within two years, McDonalds had been vandalised in Germany and Poland, Amsterdam Airport and been sabotaged with cars trashed and hunting towers were destroyed in Holland and Germany, presumably inspired by similar actions against hunting by the ALF.[19] New groups emerged during this time, with activists calling themselves; "The Moles", "The Grey Wolves", "West Country Wildlife Cell" and "Radical Brigades for Ecological Defence", as well as others.[20]

North America

Further information: North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office

Canadian ELA

Main article: Earth Liberation Army

The first time it was known that an earth liberation action had happened in North America, was in 1995, in Canada, by a group calling itself the Earth Liberation Army (ELA). [21] They were considered by the European Elves at the time to be "transatlantic cousins". On the 19th June 1995, the ELA burned down a wildlife museum and damaged a hunting lodge in British Columbia.[22]

United States

File:ELFActions.jpg
An early picture showing the ELF claimed actions in the United States.

On Columbus Day 1996, activists spraypainted "504 years of genocide" and "ELF" on the walls of a public relations office, as well as a McDonalds restaurant in Oregon, the actions were the very first by the ELF in the United States. The same restaurant then had its locks glued and spraypainted again, but this time in support of the British McLibel Two, two activists who had distributed anti-McDonalds leaflets. The next day, it was reported that another two McDonalds restaurants, again in Oregon, had their locks glued by ELF activists.[23][22] The only other reported action of the year was on Christmas Day, when a fur farm was raided in Michigan and 150 mink released into the wild by the Great Lakes ELF.[24]

Two years later, one of the most well known ELF arsons at a ski resort occured, which was part of a series of attacks firebombing companies and building, thought to be causing damage to the environment and its inhabitants.

Philosophy and aims

Main articles: Earth liberation, Ecotage, Monkeywrenching, and Ecodefense

ELF "monkeywrenching" is carried out against facilities and companies involved in logging, genetic engineering, GMO crops, deforestation, home building, automobile sales, energy production and distribution, and a wide variety of other activities, all charged by ELF with exploiting the Earth and its environment. Individuals work in autonomous affinity groups and are self-funded.[13][20]

Techniques involve destruction of property, by either using tools to disable or the use of arson to destroy, what they believe is being used to injure animals, people or the environment. These activities are sometimes called ecotage and there are marked differences between their actions in the United States and in the United Kingdom. The Earth Liberation Front has no formal leadership, membership or official spokesperson; instead it consists of individuals or small groups who choose to use the term.

With many different opinions on why ELF activists carry out such actions, a communique to the press from the ELF claiming the responsibility for an arson against urban sprawl in December 2000, described the groups reasons for taking the action. They claimed, as Elves usually do, that burning down the house was non-violent, because it was searched for any living creatures; an issue which is much debated.[25]

There are over six billion people on this planet of which almost a third are either staving, or living in poverty. Building homes for the wealthy should not even be a priority.
Forests, farms and wetlands are being replaced with a sea of houses, green chemical lawns, blacktop, and roadkill. Farmland is being bought out by land developers because of their inability to compete with cheap corporate, genetically-engineered, pesticide saturated food. The time has come to decide what is more important: the planet and the health of its population or the profits of those who destroy it.

Despite the leaderless nature of the movement, the FBI says that activist Rod Coronado is "a national leader" of the ELF in the USA, while Coronado describes himself as an "unofficial ELF spokesman".[26] Craig Rosebraugh served as an unofficial spokesperson for the ELF Press Office in North America from 1997 to early September 2001.[27] However, doubts have been raised about whether Rosebraugh or other unofficial spokespeople for ELF actually have ties to the cells involved.[28]

Elves argue that that illegal direct action is required in order to aid the earth liberation movement, also refered to as eco-resistance movement, claiming that it would be similar to how the ALF have done so for the animal liberation movement. There was also the intention that in the same way animal liberationists "help out" with legal campaigns, earth liberationists would aid above-ground environmental organisations, notably Earth First!, by using acts of ecotage.[29]

File:Rouge clearcut.jpg
A Clearcut in Toronto.

Some of the most common and notable actions are against the development of multi-million dollar houses, a frequent target in the ELF campaign. In a communique to the ELF Press Officer in North America, that was later published in The Environmental Magazine, the group declared in 2001:[30]

Urban sprawl has undoubtedly served to alter nearly 90 percent of Long Island's habitats, either by physically removing them, paving them, or polluting them with toxic man-made materials, making them either undesirable or unsustainable for most species.

Actions

Main article: Timeline of Earth Liberation Front actions
File:SkiResort.jpg
The ELF arson at the Vail Ski, Colorado, in 1998 caused an estimated $12 million in damages.[31]

The ELF gained national attention for a series of actions which earned them the label of eco-terrorists,[9] and one of the top domestic terror threats in the United States.[7] This came after the burning of a ski resort in Vail, Colorado in 1998, and the burning of an SUV dealership in Oregon in 1999. The defendants in the case were later charged in the FBI's "Operation Backfire.[31]

On August 1st 2003, a 206-unit condominium in San Diego was destroyed, with a banner left at the scene saying "If you build it, we will burn it", signed "The E.L.F.s are mad". The damages totaled $20 million dollars after flames reached an estimated 200 feet in the air, as over a hundred fire fighters attempted to put out the fire. The destruction was the movements most financially damaging action against a target, with a local preservation group calling the action pointless, noting that "You can go and burn something down, but it's just going to get built again,".[32]

The FBI's most recent report in 2005 noted that there had been over 1,200 "criminal incidents" amounting to tens of millions of dollars worth of damage,[18] with one of the latest ELF arsons reported on the morning of March 3, 2008 where explosive devices set fire to four multi-million dollar homes from the 2007 Seattle Street of Dreams in Woodinville, Washington, costing $7 million in damage.[33]

One of the three homes on "Seattle Street of Dreams" that was set on fire, the damages totaled $7 million. Courtesy: KIRO-TV, 2008.

Authorities described the act as "domestic terrorism" after finding the initials of the Earth Liberation Front spray-painted in red letters, mocking claims that the homes were environmentally friendly: "Built Green? Nope black! McMansions in RCDs r not green. ELF." [24][34] A criminology professor replied saying: "The real unfortunate thing is many citizens will empathize with ELF because their goal is the environment".[35]

However, because of the lack of actions reported to the media and press by the ELF, in comparison to the the ALF,[19] there are currently no Press Offices for ELF activists still operating. Instead, the Elves are represented by prisoner support networks, such as the Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network, an English website listing all earth Liberation prisoners, as well as a vareity of other "prisoners of conscience". There are now ELF Support Networks in Poland, Italy, North America, Turkey and Belgium, which concentrate on supporting prisoners and sometimes raising funds for those in need, as well as distributing literature by the activists in prison.[36]

Other groups

The first major report of another name other than ELF being used to claim ecotage was in 1998, when the Earth Liberation Army (ELA) claimed the arson at Vail Resorts that severely damaged the resort in Washington, D.C. costing $12 million in damages.[37]

There have also been other groups that have caused similar damage as the ELF, with in 2001 reports that "eco-terrorist" attacks, known as "ecotage" had increased. These included the ELF, the ELA, and another name being used the "Environmental Rangers" who use similar tactics.[38] Two years later, in the USA, four SUVs were completely destroyed by placing jugs of gas under the vehicles, with the ELA calling for others to "[c]ontinue the fight to remove the profit motive from the killing of the natural enviornment."[39] Jeff Luers was later charged with the arson, as part of the Operation Backfire case, along with other ALF and ELF defendants.[40]

Activists have also used the names "The Moles", "The Grey Wolves", "Westcountry Wildlife Cell", "Eco-Animal Defense Unit" and "Radical Brigades for Ecological Defence", as well as others.[20]

The Environmental Life Force

Main article: Environmental Life Force

The Environmental Life Force (ELF), was a radical group to use explosive and incendiary devices to promote pro-environment causes, also known as the Original ELF. It was founded by John Hanna, who was the only member of the group to be arrested and convicted for the use of explosives on federal property.[9]

The group conducted armed actions in northern California and Oregon and disbanded a year later following Hanna's arrest for placing incendiary devices on seven crop-dusters at the Salinas, California airport on May Day, 1977. The arsons received some media coverage,[41] including the frontpage of The Independent with the headline "ELF declares 'war' on pesticides". The article included the groups critical views on the use of pesticides for domestic crops, although there were few articles written about the ELF's actions until the name re-emerged.[42]

It representing another eco-guerilla entity with similar philosophies to the current ELF (Earth Liberation Front), which formed fifteen years later, although had no formal link between the two groups, and founders of the Earth Liberation Front may not have even been aware of the existence of the Environmental Life Force.[9] Despite this, it has acknowledged in written communications that Dave Foreman, who founded Earth First! three years after the original ELF, was in communication with Hanna in the mid 1980s, before the Earth Liberation Front was founded, which was after Foreman cut ties with the Earth First! movement.[41] In an interview with John Hanna, he talks about the use of explosives against a target, in reference to the Environmental Life Force:

ELF took extraordinary measures to avoid loss of life or injury. The devices were designed so only the low-yield detonators would fire. The napalm mix had been allowed to solidify so it could not catch fire. The fuses were timed to ignite at 2:00 am. I waited nearby until all the detonators exploded. If someone would have happened by, I was prepared to warn him or her off, even at the risk of capture. Later in the day, a communique was dropped at the local newspaper. ELF listed viable alternatives to the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides on our food.

Unlike his former years, he no longer advocates militancy, although does not denounce it, only denouncing militancy that leads to violence. [43]

Police response, and convictions

First ELF prisoner

Further information: Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network

In 1994, Dutch authorities and police made claims that British EF! activists were travelling abroad to cause sabotage, which were disputed by the organization, with later that year the first ELP activist being caught and later charged. Known as Paul S., he was arrested and accused of carrying out an 18th-month campaign of vandalism in Holland against road construction sites. The Dutch government attempted to declare him insane, because of his inability to provide a political reason for his actions, other than his care for the environment. This was unsucessful and the prisoner was sentenced to three years for damaging property.[3]

British police raids

Due to the increased popularity of the environmental movement, as well as the animal liberation movement and estimates that five ALF occured every per day, police carried out a series of raids against animal rights and environmental activists. In total, there were 55 homes raided against suspected ALF and ELF activists, including an individual in Italy. The police had not managed to charge anyone with any illegal activities, until on January 16th, 1996, when six men were charged for a five year ALF/ELF campaign. They were sentenced a year later each to three years for conspiracy to incite direct action in the name of animal and earth liberation.[3]

Operation Backfire

Main articles: Operation Backfire (FBI) and Green Scare

The term Green Scare, alluding to the Red Scares, periods of fear over communist infiltration of U.S. society, is a term popularized by environmental activists to refer to legal action by the U.S. government against the radical environmentalist movement.

It is first known to have appeared in 2002 in the wake of the February 12 congressional hearings titled "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" which discussed groups including the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF).[8] In late 2005 and early 2006, as part of Operation Backfire, US grand juries indicted a total of 18 activists on a range of charges related to "violent acts in the name of animal rights and environmental causes".[44] According to the FBI, many of these acts were carried out on behalf of the ELF.[31]

Cooperation with the ALF

Main articles: Animal Liberation Front and Animal liberation movement

Philosophy

Further information: Earth liberation, Animal liberation, Ecocentrism, Biocentrism and Deep ecology
  • The name "Animal & Earth Liberation Front" or "Earth & Animal Liberation Front" (ALF and ELF, respectively) is used by radical environmentalists when engaging in direct action to liberate animals, whilst attempting to protect the earth by using property destruction. This is done within the guidelines of the Animal/Earth Liberation Front, in order to claim the action by both groups.[24][45]
  • The concept is most commonly used when undertaking an animal liberation action, that is inclusively an environmental issue. Or alternatively an ELF action that includes in some way liberating or rescuing animals; for example actions to protect the forests. [4][5]
  • Radical environmentalists consider the ELF to be the environmental wing of the Animal Liberation Front, effectively acting as the Eco-ALF.[29] Evidence of this include names used such as the "Westcountry Wildlife Cell" and then later "ALF: Eco-Animal Defense Unit".[24]
  • The ELF is also considered to be the ALF's younger sister,[4] forming 16 years later and due to the fact that the guidelines, as well as the name itself, was derived from the movement.[5] It is further noted that despite the movements only forming alliances in 1996/1997, activists such as Rod Coronado were known to be active in both the ALF and ELF dating back before the names were officially used together.[46]

History

File:ALFItalymink.gif
An ALF raid on a mink farm in Rome, Italy

During the mid 1990s, the Western Wildlife Unit, an ELF branch in Britain, were responsible for various acts of animal rights themed direct action. The ecotages included spiking trees as well as targetting anglers, all in the name of wooldand animals. However, it wasn't until sometime later, in the United States, that a joint claim of responsibility was made.

Steven Best writes that the first established ALF and ELF action was established on March 14th 1997, when the "Animal Liberation Front - Eco-Animal Defense Unit" claimed the spiking of 47 trees in a clearcut area, Oregon. This was only a few months after the fur farm had been raided by the Great Lakes ELF, which also highlighted the overlap in direct action for animal rights and environmentalism.[24] The groups intention was to state that the farm they had raided was a joint effort between members of the Animal and Earth Liberation Front.

Five days later, the "Bay Area Cell of the Earth and Animal Liberation Front" claimed the fire bombing of the University of California, an animal research laboratory that was still under construction at the time.[47] Also later that year, on November 29th, there was another joint ALF & ELF claim, this time releasing 500 wild horses and torching the Bureau of Land Management in Burns, in protest of BLM's intention to round up the wild horses and process them for the sale of horsemeat.[24][34]

However, this claim contradicts the Southern Poverty Law Center, which states that the first incident of cooperation between the two movements was 6 months prior to these events in October 1996, when the ALF & ELF were both responsible for firebombing a Forest Service truck in Detroit. Sometime later, on March 11th 1997, four were trucks torched, costing the Agricultural Fur Breeders Co-Op $1 million in damages, this action was also claimed by the ALF & ELF.[47]

None the less, the concept was established and a year later, on the 21st June 1998, the United States Forest Service wildlife research centre near Olympia in Washington was set on fire with "Eco-Defense" and "Earth Liberation" spray painted on construction machinery, which had recieved extensive damage in New Jersey on the 2nd July. Both the actions were claimed jointly by the ALF & ELF, and were estimated to of caused one of the worst damages yet, estimated at $1.9 million. The same claim was made when 310 animals were taken from a fur farm involved in experimental research based in Madison, Wisconsin, which were stolen the day later.[48][34]

Actions

Further information: List of acts claimed by the ALF

Actions claimed by both the ALF and ELF jointly has appeared across the globe, nearly as much as the ELF has, causing more activists from the ALF and other movements to become involved; believing in "No Compromise in Defence of Mother Earth",[48] a popular Earth First! slogan used and populated in the 1980s.[49]

Despite this, in comparison to the ALF, there have been few communiques in recent years that have been released to the media or ELF Press Offices, with now no known ELF PO's in Europe or elsewhere. This is largely due to the style of the ELF, whom are much less likely to report their actions, or even leave a message to notify their targets regarding why they have been attacked.[19]

File:ALFattackpork.JPG
The aftermath of an ALF attack on Cherryfield Ltd, a pork producer in Croydon, near London.

Although ALF and ELF combined actions have continued,[50] one of the latest string of jointly claimed arsons[51] was publicised was in November 2002, when activists sent a communique to Bite Back and also the ELF Press Office, claiming responsibility for the arson at Mindek Brothers Fur Farm.[52] In a press release, the groups stated the reason for their action:[53][54]

Working together, cells from A.L.F. & E.L.F. demolished this feed facility due to its role in the systematic torture and killing of thousands of innocent creatures yearly - animals which possess the same complex emotional/physiological traits as loved household pets, yet are denied all reasonable consideration and confined to a miserable "existence" in tiny wire cages hardly large enough to turn around in.

In popular culture

  • Folk musician David Rovics performs a song dedicated to the ELF called "Song for the Earth Liberation Front"[55]
  • In the 2004 novel by Michael Crichton, State of Fear, a fictional group based on the Earth Liberation Front, but called the Environmental Liberation Front instead, is the main villain.
  • In the novel by Nicholas Evans, The Divide, a main character is involved in ELF activities.

Criticism

Further information: Eco-terrorism

The FBI designated the ELF as "eco-terrorists."[9] Representative Scott McInnis, then chairman of the US House Subcommittee on Forests and Forest Health, subpoenaed Craig Rosebraugh in an effort to investigate the ELF's activities. On hearing Rosebraugh's testimony, McInnis suggested it was "luck" no one has been killed by an ELF (or ALF) attack.[56]

Referring to the Earth Liberation Front and the Animal Liberation Front, ATF Deputy Assistant Director Carson Carrol has said, "The most worrisome trend to law enforcement and private industry alike has been the increase in willingness by these movements to resort to the use of incendiary and explosive devices."[57] In 2005, the FBI announced that the ELF, is America's greatest domestic terrorist threat, responsible for over 1,200 "criminal incidents" amounting to tens of millions of dollars in damage to property.[18] The United States Department of Homeland Security confirmed that the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front are the most serious threats to the nation.[57]

It has also been claimed the ELF's actions harm the environment, a spokesman for the Vail Ski Resort, which the ELF fire bombed in 1998 in protest of a planned extension, explained, "more logs were used to rebuild the resort than were cut for the [original] expansion".[56] In 2001 the ELF targeted the University of Washington's Center for Urban Horticulture in with the aim of disrupting research into genetic engineering. However, the targeted researcher was investigating hybridization in poplar trees, and the resulting fire killed a significant number of endangered plants.[58]

ELF was also featured in commentator Bernard Goldberg's book 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America as #23, "The Unknown American Terrorist". They were listed and criticised for damaging property and acting like a terrorist group in the name of saving the environment.[59]

Further reading

  • Best, Steven and Nocella, Anthony J. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, AK Press, 2006. ISBN 1-904859-56-9
  • Leslie Pickering. Earth Liberation Front: 1997-2002, Arissa Media Group, 2006. ISBN 0-974288-40-3.
  • Rosebraugh, Craig. Burning Rage of a Dying Planet: Speaking for the Earth Liberation Front Lantern Books, 2004. ISBN 1-59056-064-7

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p.50. Cite error: The named reference "sf1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ SUV Armageddon Approaching?, Car Keys, 29th August 2003.
  3. ^ a b c d Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 52 & 53.
  4. ^ a b c Updates from the Frontlines: ALF and ELF, San Diego Indymedia, January 10th 2003.
  5. ^ a b c d Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 49.
  6. ^ Article:405, Arkangel
  7. ^ a b Earth Liberation Front is now FBI's No. 1: Mainstream media finally pick up on the concern of ecoterrorism, Property Rights Foundation of America, Inc, March 2001. Cite error: The named reference "fbi2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b Congressional Testimony: "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism", FBI, February 12th 2002.
  9. ^ a b c d e Eco-vigilantes: All in 'The Family?, Christian Science Monitor, January 20th 2006. Cite error: The named reference "elf" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ What is the Earth Liberation Front?, Satya, March 2004.
  11. ^ ATF address domestic terrorism, FBI, May 19, 2005.
  12. ^ Burning Rage: Reports On Extremists Now Deemed Biggest Domestic Terror Threat, CBS, November 10th 2005.
  13. ^ a b Profile: Earth Liberation Front, MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base.
  14. ^ Collectively written. Earth First! National Meeting, Brighton, 1992.
  15. ^ "The man, the activist", first published in Arkangel.
  16. ^ FIRE, Greenfield.
  17. ^ Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 51 & 52.
  18. ^ a b c Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 47.
  19. ^ a b c Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 52.
  20. ^ a b c Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 52-56. Cite error: The named reference "sb7" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  21. ^ Globe and Mail, Toronto, 12 July 1995.
  22. ^ a b Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 55.
  23. ^ Diary of Actions of the Earth Liberation Front 1996-2001, reposted by Portland Indymedia.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 56. Cite error: The named reference "sb9" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  25. ^ Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 410.
  26. ^ Paul Watson: Assault on the foundations of freedom, New Zealand Herald, February 27th 2006.
  27. ^ Craig Subpoenaed to Federal Grand Jury in Eugene; ELF Investigation Continues, Portland Indymedia, February 15th 2006.
  28. ^ Earth to ELF: Come In, Please, LA Weekly, December 22nd 2005.
  29. ^ a b Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 50 & 51.
  30. ^ Burning Down The Houses, The Environmental Magazine, May 2001.
  31. ^ a b c Eco-Terror Incictments: 'Operation Backfire' Nets 11, FBI, 20th January 2006.
  32. ^ Militant group suspected of torching condo project, Sign On San Diego, August 2nd 2003.
  33. ^ Luxury Homes Burn in Apparent Eco-Attack, Associated Press, March 3rd 2008.
  34. ^ a b c of Dreams homes burned, eco-terrorists suspected, Seattle Pie, March 3rd 2008. Cite error: The named reference "hist" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  35. ^ Arson a hallmark of the Earth Liberation Front, Herald Net, March 4th 2008.
  36. ^ About: Spirit of Freedom, Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network].
  37. ^ waste & abuse - controversy over a temporary dirt road built by Vail Resortsand its effect on wetlands, BNet, September 27th 1999.
  38. ^ The eco-terrorist anthrax connection, ESR, October 21st 2001.
  39. ^ Earth Liberation Army Claims Responsibility For SUV Firebombing, Free Republic, January 4th 2003.
  40. ^ Resentencing date set for Jeff Luers, Freedom4um, 29th December 2007.
  41. ^ a b ELF Archives, Original ELF.
  42. ^ ELF declares 'war' on pesticides, The Independent, May 20th 1977, Santa Cruz CA.
  43. ^ Interview with ELF Founder: John Hanna
  44. ^ Operation Backfire Press Conference, FBI, January 20th 2006.
  45. ^ Archives, Food Safety, June 13th 2001.
  46. ^ Toni Bartone. Total Liberation in Erie, Thomas Merton Center.
  47. ^ a b Eco-Violence: The Record, Southern Poverty Law Center.
  48. ^ a b Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 57.
  49. ^ No Compromise in Defence of Mother Earth", Earth First!.
  50. ^ Bite Back Archive, See ELF.
  51. ^ Bite Back Archives, See 2002/2003 for ALF/ELF.
  52. ^ English introduces bill condemning eco-terrorism, The Herald, April 2nd 2003.
  53. ^ ALF/ELF Burn Down Mink Farm, Bite Back, December 2nd 2002.
  54. ^ Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 414.
  55. ^ David Rovics, Lyrics, AOL.
  56. ^ a b Stop Eco-Violence, Stop Eco-Violence, February 12th 2002.
  57. ^ a b FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism, CNN, May 19th 2005.
  58. ^ Irreplaceable books ruined in arson blaze at UW, Museum Security, May 30th 2001.
  59. ^ 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America? And Why?, Philosphistry, August 8th 2005.

External links

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