Bill Ayers

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This article is about the professor of Education and former radical activist. For the disc jockey and anti-hunger leader, see Bill Ayres. For the former football player and manager, see Billy Ayre.
William C. Ayers
Born (1944-12-26) December 26, 1944 (age 79)
Glen Ellyn, Illinois
NationalityUnited States
CitizenshipUnited States
Known forUrban educational reform
Former member of the Weather Underground
Academic background
Alma materUniversity of Michigan
Bank Street College
Teachers College, Columbia University
Columbia University
Academic work
InstitutionsUniversity of Illinois at Chicago

William Charles "Bill" Ayers (born 26 December 1944)[1] is an American elementary education theorist and former leading 1960s militant. He is known for the radical nature of his activism in the 1960s and 1970s as well as his current work in education reform, curriculum, and instruction. In 1969 he cofounded the violent radical left organization Weather Underground which was active during the 1960s and 1970s. He is now a professor in the College of Education at the University of Illinois at Chicago, holding the honor of Distinguished Professor.

During the 2008 US presidential campaign, his name was associated with Barack Obama (See Obama–Ayers controversy).

Early life

Ayers grew up in Glen Ellyn, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois. He attended public schools there until his second year in high school, when he transferred to Lake Forest Academy, a small prep school.[2] Ayers earned an A.B. from the University of Michigan in American Studies in 1968. (His father, mother and older brother had preceded him there.)[2] He is the son of Thomas G. Ayers, former Chairman and CEO of Commonwealth Edison (1973 to 1980), Chicago philanthropist and the namesake of the Thomas G. Ayers College of Commerce and Industry.[3][4]

Ayers was affected when SDS President Paul Potter, at a 1965 Ann Arbor Teach-In against the Vietnam war, asked his audience, "How will you live your life so that it doesn't make a mockery of your values?" Ayers later wrote in his memoir, Fugitive Days, that his reaction was: "You could not be a moral person with the means to act, and stand still. [...] To stand still was to choose indifference. Indifference was the opposite of moral"[5]

In 1965, Ayers joined a picket line protesting an Ann Arbor, Michigan, pizzeria for refusing to seat African Americans. His first arrest came for a sit-in at a local draft board, resulting in 10 days in jail.

His first teaching job came shortly afterward at the Children's Community School, a preschool with a very small enrollment operating in a church basement, founded by a group of students in emulation of the Summerhill method of education.[6] The school was a part of the nationwide "free school movement". Schools in the movement had no grades or report cards, they aimed to encourage cooperation rather than competition, and the teachers had pupils address them by their first names. Within a few months, at age 21, Ayers became director of the school. There also he met Diana Oughton, who would become his girlfriend until her death in a bomb construction accident in 1970.[2]

Radical history

Further information: Weatherman (organization)
File:Bill Ayers mug shot.jpg
Bill Ayers' booking photo taken in 1968 by the Chicago Police Dept.

Ayers became involved in the New Left and the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).[7] He rose to national prominence as an SDS leader in 1968 and 1969. As head of an SDS regional group, the "Jesse James Gang", Ayers made decisive contributions to the Weatherman orientation toward militancy.[5]

The group Ayers headed in Detroit, Michigan became one of the earliest gatherings of what became the Weatherman. Between the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago and the June 1969 SDS convention, Ayers became a prominent leader of the group, which arose as a result of a schism in SDS.[5]

"During that time his infatuation with street fighting grew and he developed a language of confrontational militancy that became more and more extreme over the year [1969]", former Weatherman member Cathy Wilkerson (who characterizes the Weathermen's activity as "craziness") wrote in 2001. Ayers had previously become a roommate of Terry Robbins, a fellow militant who was two years younger and "came to idolize him", Wilkerson wrote. Robbins would later be killed while making a bomb.[8]

In June 1969, the Weatherman took control of the SDS at its national convention, where Ayers was elected "Education Secretary".[5]

Later in 1969, Ayers participated in planting a bomb at a statue dedicated to police casualties in the 1886 Haymarket Riot.[9] The blast broke almost 100 windows and blew pieces of the statue onto the nearby Kennedy Expressway.[10] (The statue was rebuilt and unveiled on May 4, 1970, and blown up again by other Weathermen on October 6, 1970.[11][10] Rebuilding it yet again, the city posted a 24-hour police guard to prevent another blast.[10]) Ayers participated in the Days of Rage riot in Chicago in October 1969, and in December was at the "War Council" meeting in Flint, Michigan.

Larry Grathwohl, an FBI informant in the Weatherman group from the fall of 1969 to the spring of 1970, thought that Ayers, along with Bernardine Dohrn, were probably the two most authoritative people within the organization.[12]

Years underground

In 1970 he "went underground" with several associates after the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, in which Weatherman member Ted Gold, Ayers' close friend Terry Robbins, and Ayers' girlfriend, Diana Oughton, were killed when a nail bomb (an anti-personnel device) they were assembling exploded. Kathy Boudin and Cathy Wilkerson survived the blast. Ayers was not facing criminal charges at the time, but the federal government later filed charges against him.[2]

Ayers participated in the bombings of New York City Police Headquarters in 1970, the United States Capitol building in 1971, and The Pentagon in 1972, as he noted in his 2001 book, Fugitive Days. Because of a water leak caused by the Pentagon bombing, aerial bombardments during the Vietnam War had to be halted for several days. Ayers writes:

Although the bomb that rocked the Pentagon was itsy-bitsy - weighing close to two pounds - it caused 'tens of thousands of dollars' of damage. The operation cost under $500, and no one was killed or even hurt. [13]

While underground, he and fellow member Bernardine Dohrn married, and the two remained fugitives together, changing identities, jobs and locations. By 1976 or 1977, with federal charges against both fugitives dropped due to prosecutorial misconduct (see COINTELPRO), Ayers was ready to turn himself in to authorities, but Dohrn remained reluctant until after she gave birth to two sons, one born in 1977, the other in 1980. "He was sweet and patient, as he always is, to let me come to my senses on my own", she later said.[2] The couple turned themselves in in 1980.

Ayers and Dohrn later became legal guardians to the son of former Weathermen David Gilbert and Kathy Boudin after the boy's parents were convicted and sent to prison for their part in the Brinks Robbery of 1981.[14]

Later reflections on his past

Fugitive Days: A Memoir

In 2001, Ayers published Fugitive Days: A Memoir, which he explained in part as an attempt to answer the questions of Kathy Boudin's son, and his speculation that Diana Oughton died trying to stop the Greenwich Village bomb makers.[15]

Some have questioned the truth, accuracy, and tone of the book. Brent Staples, wrote for The New York Times Book Review that "Ayers reminds us often that he can't tell everything without endangering people involved in the story. [16] Historian Jesse Lemisch (himself a former member of SDS) contrasted Ayers' recollections with those of other former members of Weatherman and has alleged serious factual errors.[17] Ayers, in the foreword to his book, states that it was written as his personal memories and impressions over time, not a scholarly research project.[14]

Statements made in 2001

Chicago Magazine reported that "just before the September 11th attacks," Richard Elrod, a city lawyer injured in the Weathermen's Chicago "Days of Rage," received an apology from Ayers and Dohrn for their part in the violence. "[T]hey were remorseful," Elrod says. "They said, 'We're sorry that things turned out this way.'" [1]

In the months before Ayers' memoir was published on September 10, 2001, the author gave numerous interviews with newspaper and magazine writers in which he defended his overall history of radical words and actions. Some of the resulting articles were written just before the September 11 terrorist attacks and appeared immediately after, including one often-noted article in The New York Times, and another in the Chicago Tribune. Numerous observations were made in the media comparing the statements Ayers was making about his own past just as a dramatic new terrorist incident shocked the public.

Much of the controversy about Ayers during the decade since the year 2000 stems from an interview he gave to the New York Times on the occasion of the memoir's publication.[18] The reporter quoted him as saying "I don't regret setting bombs" and "I feel we didn't do enough", and, when asked if he would "do it all again" as saying "I don't want to discount the possibility."[14] Ayers has not denied the quotes, but he protested the interviewer's characterizations in a Letter to the Editor published September 15, 2001: "This is not a question of being misunderstood or 'taken out of context', but of deliberate distortion."[19] In the ensuing years, Ayers has repeatedly avowed that when he said he had "no regrets" and that "we didn't do enough" he was speaking only in reference to his efforts to stop the United States from waging the Vietnam War, efforts which he has described as ". . . inadequate [as] the war dragged on for a decade."[20] Ayers has maintained that the two statements were not intended to imply a wish they had set more bombs.[20][21] The interviewer also quoted some of Ayers' own criticism of Weatherman in the foreword to the memoir, whereby Ayers reacts to having watched Emile de Antonio's 1976 documentary film about Weatherman, Underground: "[Ayers] was 'embarrassed by the arrogance, the solipsism, the absolute certainty that we and we alone knew the way. The rigidity and the narcissism.' "[14]

"We weren't terrorists," Ayers told an interviewer for the Chicago Tribune in 2001. "The reason we weren't terrorists is because we did not commit random acts of terror against people. Terrorism was what was being practiced in the countryside of Vietnam by the United States."[2] In a letter to the editor in the Chicago Tribune, Ayers wrote, "I condemn all forms of terrorism — individual, group and official". He also condemned the September 11 terrorist attacks in that letter. "Today we are witnessing crimes against humanity on our own shores on an unthinkable scale, and I fear that we may soon see more innocent people in other parts of the world dying in response."[22]

Views on his past expressed since 2001

Ayers was asked in a January 2004 interview, "How do you feel about what you did? Would you do it again under similar circumstances?" He replied:[23]

I’ve thought about this a lot. Being almost 60, it’s impossible to not have lots and lots of regrets about lots and lots of things, but the question of did we do something that was horrendous, awful? ... I don’t think so. I think what we did was to respond to a situation that was unconscionable.

On September 9, 2008, journalist Jake Tapper reported on the comic strip in Bill Ayers's blog explaining the soundbite: "The one thing I don't regret is opposing the war in Vietnam with every ounce of my being....'When I say, 'We didn't do enough,' a lot of people rush to think, 'That must mean, "We didn't bomb enough shit.'[24] But that's not the point at all. It's not a tactical statement, it's an obvious political and ethical statement. In this context, 'we' means 'everyone.'"[25]

Ayers' political views

In an interview published in 1995, Ayers characterized his political beliefs at that time and in the 1960s and 1970s: "I am a radical, Leftist, small 'c' communist ... [Laughs] Maybe I'm the last communist who is willing to admit it. [Laughs] We have always been small 'c' communists in the sense that we were never in the [Communist] party and never Stalinists. The ethics of Communism still appeal to me. I don't like Lenin as much as the early Marx. I also like Henry David Thoreau, Mother Jones and Jane Addams [...]"[26]

In 1970 Ayers was called "a national leader"[27] of the Weatherman organization and "one of the chief theoreticians of the Weathermen".[28] The Weathermen were initially part of the Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) within the SDS, splitting from the RYM's Maoists by claiming there was no time to build a vanguard party and that revolutionary war against the United States government and the capitalist system should begin immediately. Their founding document called for the establishment of a "white fighting force" to be allied with the "Black Liberation Movement" and other "anti-colonial" movements[29] to achieve "the destruction of US imperialism and the achievement of a classless world: world communism."[30] In June 1974, the Weather Underground released a 151-page volume titled Prairie Fire, which stated: "We are a guerrilla organization [...] We are communist women and men underground in the United States [...]"[31]

Sexual politics

The Weatherman leadership, including Bill Ayers, pushed for a radical reformulation of sexual relations under the slogan "Smash Monogamy".[32][33]

Barack Obama Connection

Bill Ayers and Barack Obama (Presidential Election 08) have been linked during their time in the city of Chicago. In the early 1990's Obama and Ayers lead a charge for education reform in the state of Illinois. Obama was then named the Chicago Annenberg Challenge board to oversee the distribution of grants in Chicago. Later in 1995, Ayers hosted a campaign fund raiser for Obama in his home, three blocks for the Obama residence. Obama says he has not visited Ayers during the presidential campaign. According to an interview with Bill O'Reilly on his show "The O'Reilly Factor" Obama says: "I have not seen him in a year and a half." When asked by O'Reilly why he is so comfortable with radicals like Ayers, Obama said, "... we were both working in the community." O’Reilly then pressed Obama by saying: “Last week, Billy Ayers said we did not do enough bombing. What is your reaction?” Obama’s responded by saying that Ayers was irrelevant, because it happened “…when I was 8 years old.”

Academic career

Ayers is currently a Distinguished Professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Education. His interests include teaching for social justice, urban educational reform, narrative and interpretive research, children in trouble with the law, and related issues.[34]

He began his career in primary education while an undergraduate, teaching at the Children’s Community School (CCS), a project founded by a group of students and based on the Summerhill method of education. After leaving the underground, he earned an M.Ed from Bank Street College in Early Childhood Education (1984), an M.Ed from Teachers College, Columbia University in Early Childhood Education (1987) and an Ed.D from Columbia University in Curriculum and Instruction (1987).

He has edited and written many books and articles on education theory, policy and practice, and has appeared on many panels and symposia.

Civic and political life

Ayers worked with Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley in shaping the city's school reform program,[35] and was one of three co-authors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge grant proposal that in 1995 won $49.2 million over five years for public school reform.[36] Since 1999 he has served on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, an anti-poverty, philanthropic foundation established as the Woods Charitable Fund in 1941.[37]

According to Ayers, his radical past occasionally affects him, as when, by his account, he was asked not to attend a progressive educators' conference in the fall of 2006 on the basis that the organizers did not want to risk an association with his past.[38]

Personal life

Ayers is married to Bernardine Dohrn, a fellow former leader of the Weather Underground. They have two adult children and shared legal guardianship of a third child, Chesa, who was Kathy Boudin's child with David Gilbert. Chesa was raised to adulthood while both his parents were in prison for the Brinks robbery. Ayers and Dohrn currently live in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago.[39][40]


Works

  • Education: An American Problem. Bill Ayers, Radical Education Project, 1968, ASIN B0007H31HU
  • Hot town: Summer in the City: I ain't gonna work on Maggie's farm no more, Bill Ayers, Students for a Democratic Society, 1969, ASIN B0007I3CMI
  • Good Preschool Teachers, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0807729472
  • The Good Preschool Teacher: Six Teachers Reflect on Their Lives, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0807729465
  • To Teach: The Journey of a Teacher, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0807732625
  • To Become a Teacher: Making a Difference in Children's Lives, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0807734551
  • City Kids, City Teachers: Reports from the Front Row, William Ayers (Editor) and Patricia Ford (Editor), New Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1565843288
  • A Kind and Just Parent, William Ayers, Beacon Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0807044025
  • A Light in Dark Times: Maxine Greene and the Unfinished Conversation, Maxine Greene (Editor), William Ayers (Editor), Janet L. Miller (Editor), Teachers College Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0807737217
  • Teaching for Social Justice: A Democracy and Education Reader, William Ayers (Editor), Jean Ann Hunt (Editor), Therese Quinn (Editor), 1998, ISBN 978-1565844209
  • Teacher Lore: Learning from Our Own Experience, William H. Schubert (Editor) and William C. Ayers (Editor), Educator's International Press, 1999, ISBN 978-1891928031
  • Teaching from the Inside Out: The Eight-Fold Path to Creative Teaching and Living, Sue Sommers (Author), William Ayers (Foreword), Authority Press, 2000, ISBN 978-1929059027
  • A Simple Justice: The Challenge of Small Schools, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0807739631
  • Zero Tolerance: Resisting the Drive for Punishment, William Ayers (Editor), Rick Ayers (Editor), Bernardine Dohrn (Editor), Jesse L. Jackson (Author), New Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1565846661
  • A School of Our Own: Parents, Power, and Community at the East Harlem Block Schools, Tom Roderick (Author), William Ayers (Author), Teachers College Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0807741573
  • Refusing Racism: White Allies and the Struggle for Civil Rights, Cynthia Stokes Brown (Author), William Ayers (Editor), Therese Quinn (Editor), Teachers College Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0807742044
  • On the Side of the Child: Summerhill Revisited, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0807744000
  • Fugitive Days: A Memoir, Bill Ayers, Beacon Press, 2001, ISBN 0807071242 (Penguin, 2003, ISBN 978-0142002551)
  • Teaching the Personal and the Political: Essays on Hope and Justice, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0807744611
  • Teaching Toward Freedom: Moral Commitment and Ethical Action in the Classroom, William Ayers, Beacon Press, 2004, ISBN 978-080703269-5
  • Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiques of the Weather Underground 1970-1974, Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers, and Jeff Jones, Seven Stories Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1583227268
  • Handbook of Social Justice in Education, William C. Ayers, Routledge, June 2008, ISBN 978-0805859270
  • City Kids, City Schools: More Reports from the Front Row, Ruby Dee (Foreword), Jeff Chang (Afterword), William Ayers (Editor), Billings, Gloria Ladson (Editor), Gregory Michie (Editor), Pedro Noguera (Editor), New Press, August 2008, ISBN 978-1595583383

See also

References

  1. ^ http://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath2a.pdf
  2. ^ a b c d e f Terry, Don (Chicago Tribune staff reporter, "The calm after the storm", Chicago Tribune Magazine, p 10, September 16, 2001, June 8, 2008
  3. ^ Obituary: Thomas Ayers Served as Board Chair from 1975 to 1986Northwestern University, June 19, 2007
  4. ^ Thomas G Ayers, 1915-2007 Cinnamon Swirl, June 18, 2007
  5. ^ a b c d Barber, David, "Fugitive Days; A Memoir - Book Review", Journal of Social History, Winter 2002, retrieved June 10, 2008
  6. ^ Before "going underground" he published an account of this experience, Education: An American Problem.
  7. ^ Fugitive Days: A Memoir
  8. ^ Cathy Wilkerson (2001-12-01). "Fugitive Days (book review)". Zmag magazine. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ Jacobs, Ron, The way the wind blew: a history of the Weather Underground, London & New York: Verso, 1997. ISBN 1-85984-167-8
  10. ^ a b c Avrich. The Haymarket Tragedy. pp. p. 431. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  11. ^ Adelman. Haymarket Revisited, p. 40.
  12. ^ Grathwohl, Larry, and Frank, Reagan, Bringing Down America: An FBI Informant in with the Weathermen, Arlington House, 1977, page 110: "Ayers, along with Bernardine Dohrn, probably had the most authority within the Weatherman."
  13. ^ Bill Ayers, Fugitive Days, pg. 261
  14. ^ a b c d Dinitia Smith, No Regrets for a Love Of Explosives; In a Memoir of Sorts, a War Protester Talks of Life With the Weathermen, The New York Times, September 11, 2001
  15. ^ Marcia Froelke Coburn, No Regrets, Chicago Magazine, August 2001
  16. ^ Staples, Brent, "The Oldest Rad", book review of Fugitive Days by Bill Ayers in New York Times Book Review, September 30, 2001, accessed June 5, 2008
  17. ^ Jesse Lemisch, Weather Underground Rises from the Ashes: They're Baack!, New Politics, Summer 2006
  18. ^ NB that although the interview was published on 9/11, it was completed prior to that and cannot be properly construed as a reaction to the events of that day.
  19. ^ Bill Ayers, Clarifying the Facts— a letter to the New York Times, 9-15-2001, Bill Ayers (blog), April 21, 2008
  20. ^ a b Bill Ayers, Episodic Notoriety–Fact and Fantasy, Bill Ayers (blog), April 6, 2008
  21. ^ Bill Ayers, I'M SORRY!!!!... i think, Bill Ayers (blog)
  22. ^ Ayers, Bill, letter to the editor, Chicago Tribune, September 23, 2001, retrieved June 8, 2008
  23. ^ Web page titled "Weather Underground/ Exclusive interview: Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers", Independent Lens website, accessed June 5, 2008
  24. ^ Bill Ayers: Violent Resistance Not Necessarily the Answer Blog post in Little Green Footballs with a copy of the cartoon including the word "shit"
  25. ^ Tapper, Jake In a Not-Remotely-Comic Strip, Bill Ayers Weighs In on What He Meant By 'We Didn't Do Enough' to End Vietnam War ABC News, Political Punch, September 9, 2008
  26. ^ Chepesiuk, Ron, "Sixties Radicals, Then and Now: Candid Conversations With Those Who Shaped the Era", McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers: Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995, "Chapter 5: Bill Ayers: Radical Educator", p. 102
  27. ^ Flint, Jerry, M., "2d Blast Victim's Life Is Traced: Miss Oughton Joined a Radical Faction After College", news article, The New York Times, March 19, 1970
  28. ^ Kifner, John, "That's what the Weathermen are supposed to be ... 'Vandals in the Mother Country'", article, The New York Times magazine, January 4, 1970, page 15
  29. ^ Berger, Dan (2006). Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity. AK Press. p. 95.
  30. ^ See document 5, Revolutionary Youth Movement (1969). ""You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows."". Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  31. ^ Franks, Lucinda, "U.S. Inquiry Finds 37 In Weather Underground", news article, The New York Times, March 3, 1975
  32. ^ Ron Jacobs, The Way the Wind Blew, p. 46.
  33. ^ No Regrets for a Love Of Explosives; In a Memoir of Sorts, a War Protester Talks of Life With the WeathermenNY Times, Sep 11, 2001
  34. ^ William Ayers University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Education]
  35. ^ Mike Dorning and Rick Pearson, Daley: Don't tar Obama for Ayers, The Chicago Tribune, April 17, 2008
  36. ^ Storch, Charles; Haynes, V. Dion (October 23, 1994). "Schools go after windfall; Millions for reform could be holiday gift". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-09-18.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Storch, Charles; Haynes, V. Dion (January 21, 1995). "Philanthropist puts his money on city schools". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-09-18.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Storch, Charles (January 23, 1995). "School reformers getting wish; Unity, commitment led to $49.2 million gift". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
    Haynes, V. Dion; Heard, Jacquelyn (January 24, 1995). "A clear present; Annenberg's millions bring hope to Chicago schools". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-09-18.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Ayers, William; Chapman, Warren; Hallett, Anne (January 31, 1995). "A booster shot for Chicago's public schools". Chicago Tribune. p. 15 (Perspective). Retrieved 2008-09-18.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Kipen, David (October 3, 2001). "Former '70s radical finds lessons in WTC tragedy". San Francisco Chronicle. p. B1. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
    Weissmann, Dan (1994). "Reform group maps plan to spend $50 million". Catalyst: a publication of Community Renewal Society. 6 (2): 24. ISSN 1058-6830. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
    Weissmann, Dan (1995). "Annenberg architects get ball rolling". Catalyst: a publication of Community Renewal Society. 6 (6): 20–1. ISSN 1058-6830. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
    Richardson, Lynette (1995). "Applications for Annenberg due out soon". Catalyst: a publication of Community Renewal Society. 6 (9): 20. ISSN 1058-6830. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
    Shipps, Dorothy; Sconzert, Karin; Swyers, Holly (March 1999). The Chicago Annenberg Challenge: The first three years. Chicago: Consortium on Chicago School Research. OCLC 50759574. Retrieved 2008-09-18.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ Woods Fund of Chicago (2008). "About the Woods Fund: Staff & Board Directory". Woods Fund of Chicago. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  38. ^ Interview with Bill Ayers: On Progressive Education, Critical Thinking and the Cowardice of Some in Dangerous Times, Revolution, October 1, 2006
  39. ^ Fusco, Chris; Pallasch, Abdon M. (April 18, 2008). "Who is Bill Ayers?". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 8. Retrieved 2008-10-05.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ http://billayers.wordpress.com/biography-history/

External links

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