Macadam and Boötes: Difference between pages

Boötes
Constellation
	List of stars in Boötes
Abbreviation	Boo
Genitive	Bootis
Right ascension	15
Declination	+30
Area	907 sq. deg. (13th)
Main stars	7, 15
Bayer/Flamsteed; stars	59
Stars with planets	4
Stars brighter than 3.00m	3
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)	6
Brightest star	Arcturus (α Boo) (−0.04m)
Messier objects	0
Meteor showers	January Bootids; June Bootids; Quadrantids
Bordering; constellations	Canes Venatici; Coma Berenices; Corona Borealis; Draco; Hercules; Serpens Caput; Virgo; Ursa Major
	Visible at latitudes between +90° and −50°.; Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of June.; Other designations: Arctophylax

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Revision as of 20:10, 10 October 2008

Boötes (Template:Pron-en,^[1] Greek: Βοώτης or herdsman) is one of the 88 modern constellations and was also one of the 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy. Boötes is generally referred to as the Bear Watcher, since it appears to be watching over the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. It contains the third brightest star in the night sky, Arcturus. Note that the "ö" in the name is a diaeresis, not an umlaut.

The constellation is located between 0° and +60° declination, 13 and 16 hours of right ascension on the celestial sphere.

Notable features

τ Boötis, a relatively Sun-like star, has the massive hot Jupiter τ Boötis Ab. It is the fourth extrasolar planet discovered and is one of the most studied.

Boötes also hosts a large number of double stars suitable for viewing by amateur astronomers.

NGC 5466 is a loose globular cluster that can be observed with most telescopes. It was discovered by William Herschel on May 17, 1784.

The Boötes void, a large section of the universe devoid of galaxies, is located in the area of Boötes.

Mythology

Including the fainter stars, Boötes appears to look like a large human figure, looking toward Ursa Major^[2]. Exactly whom Boötes is supposed to represent is not clear. According to one version, he was a ploughman who drove the oxen in the constellation Ursa Major using his two dogs Chara and Asterion (from the constellation Canes Venatici). The oxen were tied to the polar axis and so the action of Boötes kept the heavens in constant rotation.

Boötes was also supposed to have invented the plough. This is said to have greatly pleased Ceres, the goddess of agriculture who asked Jupiter to give Boötes a permanent fixture in the heavens as a reward for doing this.

Another version portrays Boötes as a grape grower called Icarius, who one day invited the Roman god Bacchus, also called Dionysus, to inspect his vineyards. Bacchus revealed the secret of wine making to Icarius, who was so impressed by this alcoholic beverage that he invited his friends round to sample it. Having never tasted wine before, they all drank too much and woke up the next morning with terrible hangovers; and they made the mistaken assumption that Icarius had tried to poison them. It was decided that Icarius should pay the price with his own life, and he was swiftly murdered in his sleep. Bacchus placed Icarius in the stars to honor him.

Following another reading the constellation is identified with Arcas, son of Zeus and Callisto. Arcas was brought up by his maternal grandfather Lycaon, to whom one day Zeus went and had a meal. To verify that the guest was really the king of the gods, Lycaon killed his grandson and prepared a meal made from his flesh. Zeus noticed and became very angry, transforming Lycaon into a wolf and gave back life to his son.

In the meantime Callisto had been transformed into a she-bear, by Zeus' wife, Hera, who was angry at Zeus' infidelity. When he was grown up, Arcas met with the she-bear and, since obviously he didn't recognize her as his mother, he began to chase Callisto. Callisto, followed by Arcas, sheltered herself in a temple, a sacred place whose profaners were convicted to death. To avoid such fate, Zeus decided to set them in the sky, Arcas as Boötes and Callisto as Ursa Major.

This is a rare version of the myth surrounding Ursa Major, as the myth usually holds that Arcas is transformed into a bear as well (becoming Ursa Minor), and in such versions Boötes has no part. Ursa Minor, and Ursa Major, are constellations whose identification only originated in later classical Greece, and in Rome, and as such Boötes kept separate associations dating from much earlier.

Boötes was considered to be Atlas by some ancient Greek legends, as well as those in other early Mediterranean cultures, since it takes an appropriate position in the sky (its arms near the pole star, but its body standing on/near the ecliptic). As such, together with earlier interpretations of other constellations in the zodiac sign of libra (i.e. of Draco (constellation), Ursa Major and Ursa Minor it may have formed the origin of the myth of the apples of the Hesperides, which forms part of The Twelve Labours of Herakles.

Graphic visualization

File:Bootes constellation map visualization.PNG

Diagram of an alternate way to connect the stars of the constellation Boötes.

The stars of the constellation Boötes can be connected in an alternative way, which graphically shows the herdsman seated and smoking a pipe.^[3]

The stars ε Boo, δ Boo, μ Boo, β Boo, γ Boo, ρ Boo, and σ Boo form the herdsman's head. In addition, the stars δ Boo, μ Boo, and β Boo may be seen to form a cap.

The stars γ Boo, λ Boo, θ Boo, and κ Boo form the herdsman's pipe. Star γ Boo is of the third magnitude and would be the herdsman's mouth.

Stars ε Boo, ζ Boo, and α Boo (Arcturus) form the herdsman's body. Star ε Boo is of the third magnitude whereas Arcturus is of magnitude zero.

Stars α Boo, η Boo and υ Boo form the herdsman's leg, with η Boo being the knee. Finally, stars υ Boo and τ Boo form the herdsman's foot. Star η Boo is of the third magnitude.

Citations

^ OED
^ http://borghetto.astrofili.org/costellazioni/bootes.JPG
^ H. A. Rey, The Stars — A New Way To See Them. Enlarged World-Wide Edition. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1997. ISBN 0-395-24830-2.

References

Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. ISBN 978-0007251209. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 978-0691135564.
Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning, New York, Dover: various dates, ISBN 0-486-21079-0.
Thomas Wm. Hamilton, Useful Star Names, Holbrook, NY, Viewlex: 1968.

External links

[1] OED

[2] ttp://borghetto.astrofili.org/costellazioni/bootes.JPG

[3] H. A. Rey, The Stars — A New Way To See Them. Enlarged World-Wide Edition. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1997. ISBN 0-395-24830-2.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Infobox Constellation|
-{{For|the regions of imperceptible colour differences|MacAdam ellipse}}
+name = Boötes |
-[[Image:Makadam.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Construction of the first macadamised road in the United States (1823 painting). In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two-inch ring."<ref name=rakeman>[http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/rakeman/1823.htm "1823 - First American Macadam Road"] ''(Painting - Carl Rakeman)'' US Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration (Accessed 2008-10-10)</ref> ]]
+abbreviation = Boo |
-{{Wiktionary}}
+genitive = Bootis |
-'''Macadam''' is a type of [[road construction]] pioneered by the [[Scotland|Scotsman]] [[John Loudon McAdam]] in around 1820. The method simplified what had been considered state-of-the-art at that point.
+symbology = the [[Bear]] [[Grigori|Watcher]]|
+RA = 15 |
+dec= +30 |
+areatotal = 907 |
+arearank = 13th |
+numbermainstars = 7, 15 |
+numberbfstars = 59 |
+numberstarsplanets = 4 |
+numberbrightstars = 3 |
+numbernearbystars = 6 |
+brighteststarname = [[Arcturus]] (α Boo) |
+starmagnitude = &minus;0.04 |
+neareststarname = [[Xi Bootis|ξ Boo]] |
+stardistance = 21.8 |
+numbermessierobjects = 0 |
+meteorshowers = [[January Bootids]]<br />[[June Bootids]]<br />[[Quadrantids]] |
+bordering = [[Canes Venatici]]<br />[[Coma Berenices]]<br />[[Corona Borealis]]<br />[[Draco (constellation)|Draco]]<br />[[Hercules (constellation)|Hercules]]<br />[[Serpens|Serpens Caput]]<br />[[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]<br />[[Ursa Major]] |
+latmax = 90 |
+latmin = 50 |
+month = June |
+notes='''Other designations:''' Arctophylax}}
+'''Boötes''' ({{pron-en|boʊˈoʊtiːz}},<ref>[[OED]]</ref> Greek: Βοώτης or ''herdsman'') is one of the 88 modern [[constellation]]s and was also one of the 48 constellations listed by [[Ptolemy]]. Boötes is generally referred to as the Bear Watcher, since it appears to be watching over the constellations [[Ursa Major]] and [[Ursa Minor]]. It contains the [[List of brightest stars|third brightest star]] in the night sky, [[Arcturus]]. Note that the "ö" in the name is a [[diaeresis]], not an [[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]].
+The constellation is located between 0° and +60° [[declination]], 13 and 16 hours of [[right ascension]] on the [[celestial sphere]].
-==Before McAdam==
-Before McAdam, French road director [[Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet]] had recommended a roadway consisting of  three layers of stones laid on a crowned [[subgrade]] with side ditches for drainage. The first two layers consisted of angular hand-broken [[Aggregate (composite)|aggregate]], maximum size 3 [[inch]]es (75 [[millimeter|mm]]), to a total depth of about 8 inches (200 mm). The third layer was about 2 inches (50 mm) thick with a maximum [[aggregate]] size of 1 inch (25 mm). Each layer would be compacted with a heavy [[road roller|roller]], causing the angular stones to lock together.
+== Notable features ==
-McAdam's method was simpler and yet more effective at protecting roadways: he discovered that massive foundations of rock upon rock were unnecessary, and asserted that native soil alone would support the road and traffic upon it, as long as it was covered by a road crust that would protect the soil underneath from water and wear. He used 2-inch broken stones in a layer 6-10 inches deep and depended on the road traffic to pack it into a dense mass, although for quicker compacting, a cast-iron [[roller (agricultural tool)|roller]] could be used.<ref name=rakeman/>
+[[Tau Boötis|τ Boötis]], a relatively [[Sun]]-like star, has the massive [[hot Jupiter]] [[Tau Boötis Ab|τ Boötis Ab]]. It is the fourth [[extrasolar planet]] discovered and is one of the most studied.
+Boötes also hosts a large number of double stars suitable for viewing by amateur astronomers.
-==Water-bound macadam==
-This basic method of construction is sometimes known as "water-bound macadam". Although this method required a great deal of manual labour, it resulted in a strong and free-draining pavement. Roads constructed in this manner were described as "macadamised".
+[[NGC 5466]] is a loose globular cluster that can be observed with most telescopes. It was discovered by [[William Herschel]] on [[May 17]], [[1784]].
-==Tar-bound macadam==
-With the advent of [[motor vehicle]]s, dust became a serious problem on macadam roads. The [[vacuum]] created under fast-moving vehicles sucks dust from the road surface, creating dust clouds and a gradual raveling (pulling apart) of the road material. This problem was later rectified by spraying [[tar]] on the surface to create "tar-bound macadam" ([[tarmac]]). <!--Non-sequitur?: This may have led to the common misuse of the word macadam to refer to a road made with [[asphalt concrete]].--> While macadam roads have now been resurfaced in most [[Developed country|developed countries]], some are preserved along stretches of roads such as the [[United States]]' [[National Road]].  Due to uses of macadam as a road surface in former times, roads in some parts of the United States (as parts of [[Pennsylvania]]) are often referred to as macadam, even though they might be made of [[asphalt]] or [[concrete]].  <!--Parochial: The misidentified relative - [[tarmac]] - can still be sometimes found in New England.-->
+The [[Boötes void]], a large section of the [[universe]] devoid of galaxies, is located in the area of Boötes.
-==See also==
-*[[History of road transport]] – ''covers the development of road-building techniques''
-==References==
+== Mythology ==
+Including the fainter stars, Boötes appears to look like a large human figure, looking toward [[Ursa Major]]<ref>http://borghetto.astrofili.org/costellazioni/bootes.JPG</ref>. Exactly whom Boötes is supposed to represent is not clear.  According to one version, he was a ploughman who drove the oxen in the constellation [[Ursa Major]] using his two dogs ''Chara'' and ''Asterion'' (from the constellation [[Canes Venatici]]). The oxen were tied to the polar axis and so the action of Boötes kept the heavens in constant rotation.
+Boötes was also supposed to have invented the [[plough]].  This is said to have greatly pleased [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]], the goddess of agriculture who asked [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] to give Boötes a permanent fixture in the heavens as a reward for doing this.
+Another version portrays Boötes as a grape grower called [[Icarius]], who one day invited the Roman god Bacchus, also called [[Dionysus]], to inspect his vineyards. Bacchus revealed the secret of [[wine making]] to Icarius, who was so impressed by this alcoholic beverage that he invited his friends round to sample it. Having never tasted wine before, they all drank too much and woke up the next morning with terrible [[hangover]]s; and they made the mistaken assumption that Icarius had tried to poison them. It was decided that Icarius should pay the price with his own life, and he was swiftly murdered in his sleep. Bacchus placed Icarius in the stars to honor him.
+Following another reading the constellation is identified with [[Arcas]], son of [[Zeus]] and [[Callisto (mythology)|Callisto]]. Arcas was brought up by his maternal grandfather [[Lycaon]], to whom one day Zeus went and had a meal. To verify that the guest was really the king of the gods, Lycaon killed his grandson and prepared a meal made from his flesh. Zeus noticed and became very angry, transforming Lycaon into a wolf and gave back life to his son.
+In the meantime Callisto had been transformed into a she-bear, by Zeus' wife, [[Hera]], who was angry at Zeus' infidelity. When he was grown up, Arcas met with the she-bear and, since obviously he didn't recognize her as his mother, he began to chase Callisto. Callisto, followed by Arcas, sheltered herself in a temple, a sacred place whose profaners were convicted to death. To avoid such fate, Zeus decided to set them in the sky, Arcas as Boötes and Callisto as Ursa Major.
+This is a rare version of the myth surrounding Ursa Major, as the myth usually holds that Arcas is transformed into a bear as well (becoming Ursa Minor), and in such versions Boötes has no part. Ursa Minor, and Ursa Major, are constellations whose identification only originated in later classical Greece, and in Rome, and as such Boötes kept separate associations dating from much earlier.
+Boötes was considered to be [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]] by some ancient Greek legends, as well as those in other early Mediterranean cultures, since it takes an appropriate position in the sky (its arms near the [[polaris|pole star]], but its body standing on/near the [[ecliptic]]). As such, together with earlier interpretations of other constellations in the [[zodiac]] sign of [[libra (astrology)|libra]] (i.e. of [[Draco (constellation)]], [[Ursa Major]] and [[Ursa Minor]] it may have formed the origin of the myth of the apples of the [[Hesperides]], which forms part of [[The Twelve Labours]] of [[Herakles]].
+==Graphic visualization==
+[[Image:Bootes constellation map visualization.PNG|thumb|160px|right|Diagram of an alternate way to connect the stars of the constellation Boötes.]]
+The stars of the constellation Boötes can be connected in an alternative way, which graphically shows the [[Herder|herdsman]] seated and smoking a [[smoking pipe|pipe]].<ref>[[H. A. Rey]], ''The Stars &mdash; A New Way To See Them''.  Enlarged World-Wide Edition.  Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1997.  ISBN 0-395-24830-2.</ref>
+The stars [[Epsilon Boötis|ε Boo]], [[Delta Boötis|δ Boo]], [[Mu Boötis|μ Boo]], [[Beta Boötis|β Boo]], [[Gamma Boötis|γ Boo]], [[Rho Boötis|ρ Boo]], and [[Sigma Boötis|σ Boo]] form the herdsman's head.  In addition, the stars δ Boo, μ Boo, and β Boo may be seen to form a cap.
+The stars γ Boo, [[Lambda Boötis|λ Boo]], [[Theta Boötis|θ Boo]], and [[Kappa Boötis|κ Boo]] form the herdsman's pipe. Star γ Boo is of the third magnitude and would be the herdsman's mouth.
+Stars ε Boo, [[Zeta Boötis|ζ Boo]], and [[Arcturus|α Boo]] (Arcturus) form the herdsman's body. Star ε Boo is of the third magnitude whereas Arcturus is of magnitude zero.
+Stars α Boo, [[Eta Boötis|η Boo]] and [[Upsilon Boötis|υ Boo]] form the herdsman's leg, with η Boo being the knee. Finally, stars υ Boo and [[Tau Boötis|τ Boo]] form the herdsman's foot. Star η Boo is of the third magnitude.
+==Named Stars==
+*''[[Bayer designation|Bayer]]''....''Name''....  ''Origin''...''Meaning''
+*    ά....        [[Arcturus]]....  Greek....   Bear chaser
+*    β....        [[Nekkar]]......  Arabic...   constellation name
+*    γ....        Seginus.....  Arabic...   name
+*    ε....        [[Izar]]............Arabic...   girdle
+*    η....        [[Muphrid]].....  Arabic...   solitary one
+*    μ....        [[Alkalurops]]..  Arabic...   herdsman's staff
+*    h....        Merga.......  Latin....   rake or hoe
+*    ψ....        Nadlat......  Arabic...   little ones
+== Citations ==
 {{reflist}}
+== References ==
-<BR>
+* Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). ''Stars and Planets Guide'', Collins, London. ISBN 978-0007251209. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 978-0691135564.
-{{Road types}}
+* Richard Hinckley Allen, ''Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning'', [[New York]], Dover:  various dates, ISBN 0-486-21079-0.
+* [[Thomas Wm. Hamilton]], ''Useful Star Names'', Holbrook, NY, Viewlex: 1968.
+== External links ==
+*[http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/bootes/ The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Bootes]
+*[http://www.sky-map.org/?ra=14.708070616074996&de=31.19825554370019&zoom=2&locale=EN&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=0&show_galaxies=1 '''WIKISKY.ORG''': Boötes]
+* [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/bootes.htm Star Tales – Boötes]
+{{navconstel}}
+{{Commons|Boötes}}
+[[Category:Boötes constellation| ]]
-<!--Categories-->
-[[Category:Pavements]]
+[[Category:Constellations]]
-[[Category:Scottish inventions]]
-[[Category:Industrial Revolution]]
+[[az:Naxırçı]]
-<!--Other languages-->
+[[bn:ভূতেশ মণ্ডল]]
-[[da:Makadam]]
+[[be:Сузор'е Валапас]]
-[[de:Makadam]]
-[[eo:Makadamo]]
+[[bg:Воловар]]
+[[ca:Bover (constel·lació)]]
-[[es:Macadam]]
-[[eu:Macadam (sistema)]]
+[[cs:Souhvězdí Pastýře]]
-[[fi:Murske]]
+[[co:Boötes]]
-[[fr:Macadam (route)]]
+[[da:Bjørnevogteren]]
-[[it:Macadam]]
+[[de:Bärenhüter]]
-[[nl:Macadam]]
+[[el:Βοώτης]]
-[[no:Makadamisering]]
+[[es:Boötes]]
+[[eo:Bovisto (konstelacio)]]
-[[pt:Macadame]]
+[[fa:گاوران (صورت فلکی)]]
-[[sv:Makadam]]
+[[fr:Bouvier (constellation)]]
+[[ga:An tAoire]]
+[[gl:Boötes]]
+[[ko:목동자리]]
+[[hr:Volar]]
+[[id:Boötes]]
+[[it:Boote (costellazione)]]
+[[he:שומר הדובים]]
+[[la:Bootes]]
+[[lv:Vēršu Dzinējs]]
+[[lb:Bootes (Stärebild)]]
+[[lt:Jaučiaganis]]
+[[hu:Ökörhajcsár csillagkép]]
+[[nl:Ossenhoeder]]
+[[ja:うしかい座]]
+[[no:Bjørnevokteren]]
+[[nn:Bjørnepassaren]]
+[[pl:Gwiazdozbiór Wolarza]]
+[[pt:Boötes]]
+[[ro:Boarul (constelaţie)]]
+[[ru:Волопас (созвездие)]]
+[[sk:Súhvezdie Pastier]]
+[[sl:Volar (ozvezdje)]]
+[[fi:Karhunvartija]]
+[[sv:Björnvaktaren]]
+[[th:กลุ่มดาวคนเลี้ยงสัตว์]]
+[[vi:Mục Phu]]
+[[tr:Boötes (takımyıldız)]]
+[[uk:Волопас (сузір'я)]]
+[[zh:牧夫座]]