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{{otheruses4|1=managing product design and production details|2=managing the life of a product in the market|3=Product life cycle management}}
[[Image:Gotwald, Luther2 5-12-07.jpg|thumb|240px|Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald, D.D., c.1890]]Rev. '''Luther Alexander Gotwald''', D.D. (1833 - 1900), Professor of Theology in the Wittenberg Theological Seminary was famously tried for heresy by the Board of Directors at [[Wittenberg College]] in [[Springfield, Ohio]] on [[April 4]] and [[April 5]], [[1893]], which put on trial many key issues that Lutherans still debate today. Gotwald was born in [[York Springs]], [[Adams County, Pennsylvania|Adams County]], [[Pennsylvania]], the fifth child of seven brothers and five sisters, the son of prominent Lutheran minister, Daniel Gotwald. He married Mary Elizabeth King after meeting her at Wittenberg College (now Wittenberg University). Gotwald died in 1900 in Springfield, Ohio.


{{Merge | Product lifecycle management | Talk:Product_lifecycle_management |date=October 2008 }}




'''Product lifecycle management''' ('''PLM''') is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a [[product (business)|product]] from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal.<ref>{{cite web
| title = About PLM
| publisher = CIMdata
| url = http://www.cimdata.com/PLM/aboutPLM.html
}} </ref> PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems and provides a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprise.<ref>{{cite web
| title = What is PLM?
| publisher = PLM Technology Guide
| url = http://plmtechnologyguide.com/site/?page_id=435
}} </ref>


It is one of the four cornerstones of a corporation's [[information technology]] structure.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Evans
| first = Mike
| title = The PLM Debate
| publisher = Cambashi
| url = http://www.cambashi.com/research/plm_debate/plm_scm.htm
}} </ref> All companies need to manage communications and information with their customers (CRM-[[Customer Relationship Management]]), their suppliers (SCM-[[Supply Chain Management]]), their resources within the enterprise (ERP-[[Enterprise Resource Planning]]) and their planning (SDLC-[[Systems Development Life Cycle]]). In addition, manufacturing engineering companies must also develop, describe, manage and communicate information about their products.


Documented benefits include:<ref>{{cite web
| last = Butts
| first = Seymore
| title = What is PLM
| publisher = Cad Digest
| date = 2002.04.15
| url = http://www.caddigest.com/subjects/PLM/select/day_plm.htm
}} </ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Hill
| first = Sidney
| title = A winning strategy
| publisher = Manufacturing Business Technology
| date = 2006.12.01
| url = http://www.mbtmag.com/current_issues/2006/sept/coverstory1.asp?CategoryID=66
}} </ref>
* Reduced [[time to market]]
* Improved product quality
* Reduced [[prototyping]] costs
* Savings through the re-use of original data
* A [[framework]] for product optimization
* Reduced waste
* Savings through the complete integration of engineering workflows


Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is more to do with managing descriptions and properties of a product through its development and useful life, mainly from a business/engineering point of view; whereas [[Product life cycle management]] (PLCM) is to do with the life of a product in the market with respect to business/commercial costs and sales measures.


== Luther's Remarkable Lutheran Family ==


[[Image:Gotwald, Daniel.JPG|thumb|left|70px|Rev. Daniel Gotwald (1793-1843), Father of Rev. Luther Gotwald]]
Rev. Gotwald was the son of Daniel and Susannah (Krone) Gotwald, both natives of Pennsylvania and of German ancestry. Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald was born in [[York Springs]], [[Adams County, Pennsylvania]] on January 31, 1833. The elder Rev. Gotwald was a prominent minister of the [[Lutheran Church]] and reportedly was "one of the most able and eloquent Lutheran ministers of his time". Daniel Gotwald was born in [[Manchester Township]], [[York County, Pennsylvania]], on December 16, 1793. Daniel's German immigrant parents were Andrew and Mary Magdalene Gottwald. Daniel was christened January 26, 1794 in Quickel's Church, [[Conewago Township]], Pennsylvania. Daniel and Susannah were married on July 22, 1819, in [[York, Pennsylvania]] by Rev. Dr. John George Schmucher, the then forty eight year old pastor of Christ Lutheran Church of York, Pennsylvania and the father of famous Lutheran theologian and educator,[[Samuel Simon Schmucker]].<ref>Rev. John George Schmucker, 48 years of age, was pastor of Christ Lutheran Church, York. He had not yet received his D. D. degree. His twenty year old son Simon had served temporarily as teacher at the [[York Academy]] having studied theology at home with his father and then having gone off to Princeton for formal theological training. The elder Schmucker was born in [[Michaelstadt, Germany]], of pious parents who emigrated to America in 1785. He studied theology under Lutheran pastors of his day and was admitted as a member of the [[Pennsylvania Synod]] in 1794. About this time, John Schmucker was an advocate of the proposed General Synod, a federation of Lutheran synods in America which came into being in the year 1820. J-2: pp. 682-684; W-4: pp. 9, 13, 16f.</ref> Daniel lived in [[York, Pennsylvania]], where he worked as a [[carpenter]], until the birth of his third child. In time, Daniel came to see himself as a very sinful man who was in great peril of "eternal death".


Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the title commonly applied to a set of application software that enables the New Product Development (NPD) business process.
{{prettyquote|Alarmed and almost bereft of reason by the wretchedness of his mind, he sold his farm, quit his business, bought a small home, placed mother and her little family in it and then, on horseback, started off on a long journey, scarcely knowing or caring whither, only anxious in some way to relieve his mind of the terrible spiritual burden with which it was constantly oppressed. He was absent some months, having journeyed up into [[New York State]], then out into [[Ohio]], then back through Pennsylvania. But his religious convictions still clung to him. Nor could he, for a long time, find the rest he desired. Day and night, as mother has often informed me, did he wrestle and plead with God for mercy. Meeting after meeting, for prayer and religious services, did he attend, but still the burden of sin rested upon his soul. At last, however, he found all, and more than he sought. Near his home, out in a secluded field, was a tree, at the foot of which he had often agonised in prayer for mercy. That was his spiritual birthplace. There his Saviour met him, and spoke peace to his soul. There the burden was removed. There God, through Christ, was reconciled to him and there he received the sweet and blessed assurance of his adoption into the family of [[God]].<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'', p.21.”</ref>}}
[[Image:Schmucker,_Samuel2_en.jpg‎|thumb|left|100px|Samuel Simon Schmucker]]
Daniel began preaching on his own, drawing surprisingly large crowds. However, Rev. John George Schmucher approached Daniel and convinced him that he needed a formal education in Luthernism. For a year and a half, Daniel walked five miles every week through the very thick "Penn's Woods" to York to recite to the elder Rev. Schmucker -- no small feat at the time. However, in time, this manner of instruction only whetted his taste for an even better education in the Lutheran ministry. So, he sold his home and moved his family to [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]] to begin his full and regular course of theological study in the [[Lutheran Theological Seminary]] there as preparation for his work in the ministry. He studied there for two and a half years under the Seminary's founder, Rev. Samuel Simon Schmucker, who later said Daniel was "one of the most diligent and successful students that the Seminary ever had."<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'', p.22. In 1826 Samuel Simon Schmucker organized the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and was its first professor. Since Daniel Gottwald entered the ministry in 1830, having studied two and one half years at Gettysburg, this places him among the first students to graduate from that school. Born in February 28, 1799, Schmucker, the son of the pastor who married Daniel Gotwald and Sussanah Krone, had received his theological training at Princeton Seminary, a puritanical school. Six years younger than Daniel Gottwald, this young professor, was, at this point in his life, the best educated Lutheran in America, and when compared to others of his day, was a conservative Lutheran, seeking to establish a seminary when as lately as eight years earlier (1818) the Pennsylvania Ministerium had named a committee of his father, Conrad Jaeger and H. A. Muhlenberg to plan a Union Seminary with the reformed branch of [[Protestantism]]. Schmucker also had served a pastorate in Shanandoah County, Virginia. Read A. R. Wentz’s Pioneer in ''Christian Unity–Samuel Simon Schmucker'' for a sympathetic approach to the enigmatic personality known as S. S. Schmucker. W-4, B-1: p. 106.</ref> Daniel Gotwald was among the first to graduate from Getttsburg Seminary.


Within PLM there are four primary areas;
Daniel had two pastorates, one in [[Adams County, Pennsylvania]] and one in [[Centre County, Pennsylvania]]. His pastorate in Centre County served sixteen churches, one being over seventy miles away, which required him to be on the road much of the time.<ref>Prepared Under the Editorial Supervision of Dr. Benjamin F. Prince, President Clark County Historical Society, ''A Standard History of Springfield and Clark County, Ohio: An Authentic Narrative of the Past, with Particular Attention to the Modern Era in the Commercial, Industrial, Educational, Civic and Social Development'', Volume II, published by the American Historical Society, Chicago and New York, 1922, p.358.</ref> Daniel was an ardent [[abolitionist]]in his ministry. Moreover, he fervently espoused the cause of [[temperence]], which caused some to accuse him of being a "[[Methodist]]". Rev. Luther Gotwald gives this further description of his father's imposing physical characteristics, which undoubtedly served him well in his ministry:
# [[Product management|Product]] and [[Project portfolio management|Portfolio Management]] (PPM)
# [[Product Design]] (CAx)
# [[Manufacturing Process Management]] (MPM)
# [[Product Data Management]] (PDM)


''Note: While application software is not required for PLM processes, the business complexity and rate of change requires organizations execute as rapidly as possible.''
{{prettyquote|In personal appearance, and physical qualities, my father was remarkable. He was six feet, two inches tall. He was straight as an arrow. His step was quick and firm. His movements were graceful and easy. His hair was raven black, his countenance sedate, almost severe. His complexion was dark. His eye was black and piercing. His lip was firm and expressive of great decision and determination. His whiskers were simply short, “Presbyterian” side whiskers. His dress was always specially neat and precise. He was a model of cleanliness, of industry, of activity, of precision and care in minute things, of honor and noble pride, of economy, and of all the manly graces and qualities which constitute a true Christian hero and gentleman.<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'', p.23.</ref>}}


Product Data Management is focused on capturing and maintaining information on products and/or services through its development and useful life.
Luther's father always preached in [[German language|German]] and never in [[English language|English]]. Rev. Luther Gotwald reported, in his own autobiography, as to his father's German language preaching that "As an orator and preacher he possessed great power. His voice was one of remarkable compass and sweetness. His thoughts logical and good, his imagination fine, his gestures graceful and wonderfully expressive, and his manner all earnestness, pathos, fire; his own soul all alive with the truth he was uttering, and his auditors held spell bound and weeping under his moving exhaltations of truth and his powerful appeals."<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'', arranged by Luther A. Gotwald, Jr., Davidsville, Pennsylvania, 2007, p.25.</ref> The elder Rev. Gotwald had a fiery temper, which his son, Luther said often caused his father great embarassment and remorse. However, Luther went on to give this amusing account of the effect of his father's equally fiery eloquence in the [[pulpit]], albeit in German.
Product and Portfolio Management is focused on managing resource allocation, tracking progress vs. plan for projects in the new product development projects that are in process (or in a holding status). Portfolio management is a tool that assists management in tracking progress on new products and making [[trade-off]] decisions when allocating scarce resources.


== Introduction to development process==
{{prettyquote|Father always preached in German. When he was pastor at Petersburg, an Irishman, named Timmy McLaughlin, regularly attended his preaching, and annually paid $2.50 towards his support. One of the deacons, on one occasion, when Timmy paid over his annual subscription, asked him why it was that, although not able to understand a word of what Father said, he still so faithfully came to hear him, and also helped to support him. Timmy’s reply was, “On faith, and it's worth it all sure just to see that elegant man’s motions."<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'', p32.</ref>}}
The core of PLM (product lifecycle management) is in the creation and central management of all product data and the technology used to access this information and knowledge. PLM as a discipline emerged from tools such as [[Computer-aided design|CAD]], [[Computer-aided manufacturing|CAM]] and [[Product Data Management|PDM]], but can be viewed as the integration of these tools with methods, people and the processes through all stages of a product’s life.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Teresko
| first = John
| title = The PLM Revolution
| publisher = IndustryWeek
| date = 2004.01.02
| url = http://www.industryweek.com/CurrentArticles/Asp/articles.asp?ArticleId=1558
}} </ref> It is not just about software technology but is also a business strategy.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Stackpole
| first = Beth
| title = There's a New App in Town
| publisher = CIO Magazine
| date = 2003.05.15
| url = http://www.cio.com/archive/051503/app.html
}} </ref>


[[Image:plm1.png|right|350px]]
Luther's mother, Susannah Krone Gotwald was a devout lady who taught her children her own deep piety and her own stern virtues. His mother could not read English. However, she read her German language bible every day.<ref>Luther Alexander Gotwald, Jr., ''The Gotwald Trial Revisited'', Davidsville, Pennsylvania, 1992, p.78. The first Luther Alexander Gotwald, Jr. (son of Luther and Mary) died young. So, the next Luther Alexander Gotwald was their grandson, which is why the author is "Jr." and not "III". The identifying term "Gotwald heresy trial book" is used, instead of "Rev. Gotwald", to avoid confusion between the two Reverend Gotwalds. There is more than one version of this book. The version held by the [http://ezra.wittenberg.edu/search/Xluther+a.+gotwald&SORT=D/Xluther+a.+gotwald&SORT=D&extended=0/1%2C8%2C8%2CB/frameset&FF=Xluther+a.+gotwald&SORT=D&4%2C4%2C Wittenberg University Library.] is the one referred to as the "Gotwald heresy trial book".</ref> She often went along with her husband on his ministerial travels, but she always made her home in her native Pennsylvania. Prof. Luther Alexander Gotwald had seven brothers and five sisters.<ref>''Biography of Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald, D.D. Portrait and Biographical Album of Greene and Clark Counties, Ohio'', Chapman Bros., Chicago. Copyright 1890, pps. 505 & 506 [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gen2/505.JPG p.505] [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gen2/506.JPG p.506]</ref> They were, Eliza Ana Gotwald who was born March 5. 1820, George Andrew Gotwald who was born May 6, 1821, Sarah Anna Gotwald who was born November 13. 1822, George Andrew Gotwald who was born July 22, 1824. Leah Gotwald who was born Junuary 1, 1826, Daniel Isaac Gotwald, who was born November 21, 1827, Susan Caroline Gotwald who was born in 1830, Luther Alexander Gotwald who was born January 31, 1833, Mary Catherine Gotwald who was born February 10. 1835, Washington Van Buren Gotwald who was born November 10, 1836, Jacob Henry Gotwald who was born October 6, 1838 and William Henry Harrison Gotwald who was born September 2, 1841. Four of their children died in childhood. George Gotwald, died at Liverpool, Pennsylvania at the age of two. Sarah Anna Gotwald died at Liverpool at the age of eleven months. Leah Gotwald died June 7, 1826 at Liverpool October 10, 1823 at the age of six days. Mary Catherine Gotwald died at Aaronsburg, Pennsylania on May 20, 1842 at the age of seven.


For simplicity the stages described are shown in a traditional sequential engineering workflow.
Luther's father, Rev. Daniel Gotwald died on March 11, 1843 in [[Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania]] after an illness of three months and three days and at the age of forty-nine years, two months and twenty-six days. "The attendance upon his funeral was immense. Three ministers officiated, Rev. Mr. Harris of the Presbyterian Church, Rev. Mr. Eggers of the Lutheran Church, and Rev. Mr. Fisher of the German Reformed Church."<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'', p23.</ref> He was buried in the Evangelical Lutheran Church yard at Aaronsburg.
The exact order of event and tasks will vary according to the product and industry in question but the main processes are:<ref>{{cite web
[[Image:Gotwald, Washington VanBuren Cr.jpg|thumb|left|70px|Luther's brother, Rev. Washington Van Buren Gotwald]]
| last = Goul
Rev. Daniel Gotwald's death left his wife of twenty-five years, Susannah with their eight surviving children to bring up and with meager financial means to do it. He left her with only a modest home and a few acres of land. Even so, this remarkable lady managed to bring up children who went on to distinguish themselves.
| first = Lawrence
| title = Additional ABCs About PLM
| publisher = Automotive Design and Production
| date = 2002.06.05
| url = http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/120506.html
}} </ref>
*Conceive
**Specification
**Concept design
*Design
**Detailed design
**Validation and analysis (simulation)
**Tool design
*Realize
**Plan manufacturing
**Manufacture
**Build/Assemble
**Test (quality check)
*Service
**Sell and Deliver
**Use
**Maintain and Support
**Dispose


The major key point events are:
Luther's older sister, Eliza Gotwald, married Rev. Jacob Scherer of Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania in May of 1845, when Luther was elven years old. Rev. Scherer became the second Lutheran minister in the State of Illinois. Rev. Jacob Scherer was born in [[Botetourt County]], Virginia. He graduated from Pennsylvania College in 1841 as the [[valedictorian]] of his class and two years later from Gettysburg Seminary. He served his first pastorate at [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] from 1843 until 1845. Rev. Scherer then had ministries at [[Wabash County, Illinois]], at [[Olney, Illinois]] and at [[Shelbyville, Illinois]]. He, with six other ministers, organized the Lutheran Synod of South West Virginia on September 20, 1841 at St. John's Church, [[Wythe County, Virginia]]. Rev. Scherer died near Shelbyville, Illinois, on October 15, 1851 while Luther was living as a guest in his home shortly before he left for Springfield, Ohio to begin his studies at Wittenberg College. Eliza remarried a man with the same name as her later first husband, Jacob Scherer. He was actually a distant relative of her first husband. Perhaps predictably, there was no way this second husband could come up to her first one in Luther's estimation. To begin with, he was a farmer and not a clergyman. Luther describes him as "a kind husband, but a man of little culture and no energy."<ref>Gotwald Autobiography, p. 20.</ref> Eliza died in [[Hillsboro, Illinois]], at the age of forty one on September 25, 1855. Luther said of her, "Eliza was a noble Christian women, a dutiful daughter, a kind sister, an affectionate wife, a loving mother, and a patient and self denying Christian, willing to suffer the loss of all things."<ref>Gotwald Autobiography, p. 20.</ref>
*Order
*Idea
*Kick-off
*Design freeze
*Launch


The reality is however more complex, people and departments cannot perform their tasks in isolation and one activity cannot simply finish and the next activity start. Design is an iterative process, often designs need to be modified due to manufacturing constraints or conflicting requirements.
Luther's brother, George Andrew Gotwald was a practicing physician in Slaterford, Pennsylvania. However, Luther still considered him to be the black sheep of the family. He reports that "For many years he was no Christian." But then, Luther continues with great relief that "when forty one years of age, he professed to give his heart to God, and has ever since lived a consistent Christian life." Luther attributes this great miracle to his "pious mother", who erstwhile prayed every day for forty years for that conversion and her son's resultant salvation. George was married to Miss Lizzie Rolinsen, of New Harmony, Posey County, Indiana, whom Luther pronounced to be "an excellent Christian woman".<ref>Gotwald Autobiography, p. 21.</ref>
Where exactly a customer order fits into the time line depends on the industry type, whether the products are for example Build to Order, Engineer to Order, or Assemble to Order.


== History ==
Strangely, Luther does not seem to have known much about his older brother, Daniel Isaac Gotwald. He was a printer who died in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1849 when he was twenty one. Luther says of him that "He was, I think, nobel and upright in all his deportment, respectful and happy in his disposition, and a genial favorite among all who knew him. At the time of his death, several of the Cincinnati papers spoke very favorably of him." Luther admits that he does not even know whether Daniel Isaac was a Christian, but continued that "Fervently do I hope that he was, for it is a dreadful thought that any of those we love, and especially one so dear as a Brother, should be called unprepared, from time into eternity, there to suffer forever for the misdeeds of this life."<ref>Gotwald Autobiography, p. 23.</ref>


'''Inspiration''' for the burgeoning business process now known as PLM came when [[American Motors Corporation]] (AMC) was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to [[François Castaing]], Vice President for Product Engineering and Development.<ref>[http://www.coe.org/coldfusion/newsnet/may03/technology.cfm Sidney Hill, Jr., "How To Be A Trendsetter: Dassault And IBM PLM Customers Swap Tales From The PLM Front"], retrieved on [[March 28]] [[2008]].</ref> After introducing its compact [[Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]], the vehicle that launched the modern [[sport utility vehicle]] (SUV) market, AMC began development of a new model, that later came out as the [[Jeep Grand Cherokee]]. The first part in its quest for faster product development was [[computer-aided design]] (CAD) software system that make engineers more productive. The second part in this effort was the new communication system that allowed conflicts to be resolved faster, as well as reducing costly engineering changes because all drawings and documents were in a central database. The product data management was so effective, that after AMC was purchased by Chrysler, the system was expanded throughout the enterprise connecting everyone involved in designing and building products. While an [[early adopter]] of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto industry's [[lowest-cost producer]], recording [[development cost]]s that were half of the industry average by the mid-1990s.<ref>[http://www.coe.org/coldfusion/newsnet/may03/technology.cfm Sidney Hill, Jr., "How To Be A Trendsetter: Dassault And IBM PLM Customers Swap Tales From The PLM Front"], retrieved on [[March 28]] [[2008]].</ref>
Rev. Gotwald's brother, Rev. Washington Van Buren Gotwald, was a Lutheran minister in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He attended Pennsylvania College from which he graduated in 1860. He served for one year as Tutor in the Preparatory Department at Gettysburg. He was a member of the Philo Literary Society and of the Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity. After a two years’ course in the Theological Seminary, he was ordained by the Pennsylvania Synod at its meeting in 1862 at Reading, Pennsylvania. He served first for four years as minister at [[Emmitsburg, Maryland]]. In 1866, he became the minister of St. John’s Lutheran Church at [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]. His work in both of these ministries was widely praised. Unfortunately, he died at Lancaster on June 10, 1869. His early death was greatly mourned by his parishioners and colleagues.


== Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies ==
Luther's younger brother, Rev. William Henry Harrison Gotwald also became a Lutheran minister. His wife was Annie C. Murray. He attended the public school during the winter and worked on a farm during the summer until he was eighteen years of age. He attended the Aaronsburg Academy and prepared himself for college. He entered Pennsylvania College in 1861, but his education was interrupted by the Civil War. After the Civil War, he reenrolled in Pennsylvania College and graduated from there in 1866. In the fall of that year, he became principal of the Aaronsburg Academy and continued as its principal for two years. Luther proudly notes that "It was during his Principalship that this Academy had a larger number of students in attendance than at any other time either before or since."<ref>Gotwald Autobiography, P. 177.</ref> Rev. William Henry Harrison Gotwald was ordained in the Lutheran ministry in 1868. His first ministry was at [[Loganton, Pennsylvania]] which had been a part of his father’s last charge. During his carrer in the Lutheran ministry, he served several churches and held a variety of offices in the Lutheran Church. In April 1873 became pastor to the Lutheran Church at [[Milton, Pennsylvania]] and continued as its pastor for nearly fifteen years, when he had to resign due to bronchial troubles. While he was serving as pastor at Milton, Pennyslvania, he was also President of Susquehanna Synod for three years and Chairman of the Examining Committee for many years. He served as a member of the Milton School Board for twelve years, being its President for three years. He was the originator and organizer of the Pennsylvania State School Directors’ Association and was its President for three years. He was a delegate to the General Synod and Director of the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg. He served as a [[Presbyterian]] minister in [[Ocala, Florida]], where he had gone due to his health. However, he built a Lutheran Church at [[Martin, Florida]]. He organized the St. Mark’s Evangelical Lutheran Church in [[Washington, D. C.]] and served as its pastor until June of 1897. He died on March 12, 1921.


Many software solutions have developed to organize and integrate the different phases of a product’s lifecycle. PLM should not be seen as a single software product but a collection of software tools and working methods integrated together to address either single stages of the lifecycle or connect different tasks or manage the whole process. Some software providers cover the whole PLM range while others a single niche application. Some applications can span many fields of PLM with different modules within the same data model. An overview of the fields within PLM is covered here. It should be noted however that the simple classifications do not always fit exactly, many areas overlap and many software products cover more than one area or do not fit easily into one category. It should also not be forgotten that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect knowledge that can be reused for other projects and to coordinate simultaneous concurrent development of many products. It is about business processes, people and methods as much as software application solutions. Although PLM is mainly associated with [[engineering]] tasks it also involves [[marketing]] activities such as [[Product Portfolio Management]] (PPM), particularly with regards to [[New product introduction]] (NPI).
Luther's younger brother, Jacob Henry Gotwald was a respected surgeoun, who died heroically at sea close to Charleston, South Carolina at the age of twenty four during the Civil War (discussed below).


=== Phase 1: Conceive===
Susan Crone Gotwald, who survived her husband by forty-four years, died in her sleep on July 17, 1881 in Aaronsburg, Centre County, Pennsylvania.
[[Image:Gotwald, Susanna.JPG|thumb|70px|Susanna (Krone) Gotwald (1801-1881), Mother of Rev. Luther Gotwald]] Rev. Gotwald said this of his remarkable mother in his autobiography.


'''Imagine, Specify, Plan, Innovate'''
{{prettyquote|She was, indeed, a true Christian, a faithful wife, an affectionate mother, and, in all respects as pure and gentle and lovely a Christian character as I have ever known. She was a woman of great energy and force and will. She shrank from doing nothing that she felt ought to be done.


The first stage in idea is the definition of its requirements based on customer, company, market and regulatory bodies’ viewpoints. From this a specification of the products major technical parameters can be defined.
When my father died, she was left with eight children, and no means of support, except the house in which she lived, and a few acres of land. But, through her economy and energy, she, in some way, managed, with God’s blessing, to raise us and raise us well. She was a women that, above all other women that I have ever known, and the power of governing children. Her government over us was mild, but very positive and firm. She ruled us more by love than by threats and punishments, and yet, she sometimes did punish, and, when she did, she did so severely. But she never did it in haste or anger. Her plan generally was to take us into “the back room,” and first calmly and tenderly talk to us, and show us our wrong, and how it wounded her, and how such conduct was especially displeasing to God. Generally also she would kneel in prayer with us. And then she would whip us and do it thoroughly. But, I would always much rather take Mother’s whippings, than her talks and prayers and was always glad when the time to whip had come. They hurt me less than her kind and tearful words of previous rebuke, and especially than her prayers. She was a woman of much prayer. She daily maintained family worship, which she always conducted herself in the German language. And she was also often and much engaged in secret prayer, we children frequently over hearing her whilst she was thus engaged. And this, no doubt, was the source of her comfort and strength during all her many years of widowhood, poverty, bereavement and trial of every kind. For God’s promise is “Ask and ye shall receive.”
Parallel to the requirements specification the initial concept design work is carried out defining the visual aesthetics of the product together with its main functional aspects. For the [[Industrial Design]], Styling, work many different media are used from pencil and paper, clay models to 3D CAID [[Computer-aided industrial design]] software.
She was, indeed, a true Christian, a faithful wife, an affectionate mother, and, in all respects as pure and gentle and lovely a Christian character as I have ever known. She was a woman of great energy and force and will. She shrank from doing nothing that she felt ought to be done.<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'', p.29.</ref>}}


===Phase 2: Design===
== Early Life and Education ==


'''Describe, Define, Develop, Test, Analyze and Validate'''
[[Image:Gotwald, Luther birth place En.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Parsonage Where Luther Gotwald Was Born, Petersburg (York Springs), Pa.]]
Luther Alexander Gotwald was the fifth child of his parents. He was baptized by the famous Samuel Simon Schmucker, himself, who was a great friend of his father and who had come to Petersburg to assist his father at a Communion Season. He lived most of his younger days in [[Petersburg, Pennsylvania]]. Rev. Gotwald said this of his native town of Petersburg in his autobiography:


This is where the detailed design and development of the product’s form starts, progressing to prototype testing, through pilot release to full product launch. It can also involve redesign and ramp for improvement to existing products as well as [[planned obsolescence]].
{{prettyquote|I was born into this world on the 31st day of January in the year 1833 in Petersburg or York Springs in Adams County, Pennsylvania. The town was a small bit of a place then, and is still small, but it is a capital place for all that. It is healthy, it has good society, and it especially has always been distinguished for its excellent morals. An almost Puritanic moral and religious serenity characterized it in my childhood days, and whilst in this respect it has, no doubt, somewhat relaxed and learned to know that religion does not consist in inflexible adherence or obedience to an iron code of rules, it has not, as is today the case so generally throughout almost the whole of Puritan New England, swung off into the opposite extremes or excess of irreligion and of every species of immorality. I have been back to the dear little town repeatedly since I am a man and must say that I like the type and ring of its social and religious life as much as that of any place I know.<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'',p.49</ref>}}
The main tool used for [[design]] and development is CAD [[Computer-aided design]]. This can be simple 2D Drawing / Drafting or 3D Parametric Feature Based Solid/Surface Modelling, Such software includes technology such as Hybrid Modeling, [[Reverse Engineering]], KBE ([[Knowledge-Based Engineering]]), NDT ([[Nondestructive testing]]), Assembly construction.


This step covers many engineering disciplines including: Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic, Software ([[Embedded system|embedded]]), and domain-specific, such as Architectural, Aerospace, Automotive, ... Along with the actual creation of geometry there is the analysis of the components and product assemblies. [[Simulation]], validation and optimization tasks are carried out using CAE ([[Computer-aided engineering]]) software either integrated in the CAD package or stand-alone. These are used to perform tasks such as:- Stress analysis, FEA ([[Finite Element Analysis]]); [[Kinematics]]; [[Computational fluid dynamics]] (CFD); and mechanical event [[simulation]] (MES). CAQ ([[Computer-aided quality]]) is used for tasks such as Dimensional [[Tolerance (engineering)]] Analysis.
Rev. Gotwald undertook his early studies at an "academy" near his home of which, as an adult, he admitted to remembering little. At the age of ten, he had to go to work as a clerk and errand boy in various stores to help support his family. He also worked as a carpenter and a carriage maker. However, Luther later wrote, "my desires for further education prevented me from so concentrating my mind at these trades as to make a success of them. I remember keeping books in the drawer of my work bench and at every spare moment, I would take occasion to read from them. In fact, my employer said that my mind was so set on the books that I managed to spoil more lumber than I was worth and I was discharged."<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'',p.53</ref> His sister, Eliza lived "out west", so he decided to follow her. Of this move, he reports.
Another task performed at this stage is the sourcing of bought out components, possibly with the aid of [[Procurement]] systems.


===Phase 3: Realize ===
{{prettyquote|In the year 1849 I decided to go West for work and as my sister [Eliza] lived in Illinois. I was naturally inclined in that direction. On this journey I was nearly drowned in a heavy storm on Lake Erie. After arriving at my destination, I worked at various forms of manual work in field and garden. I also worked at the printer’s trade in both Chicago and in Freeport , Illinois. At the latter place, I was cheated out of all the hard earned wages which I had saved from my labors in the cornfield, leaving me with only $3.50. From Freeport, I worked my way to Galena, Illinois, where I took boat for St. Louis. In this city I worked for various news papers. From St. Louis I went to Shelbyville, Illinois, where my sister Eliza, Mrs. Rev. Jacob Scherer, lived. There I obtained employment in the cornfields. I was present at the time of the death of my sister’s husband, Rev. Jacob Scherer, at the age of 35, in the Fall of 1851."<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'',p.54</ref>}}


'''Manufacture, Make, Build, Procure, Produce, Sell and Deliver'''
In the Spring of 1851 and at the age of 19, Luther Gotwald entered [[Wittenberg College]], a Lutheran college in [[Springfield, Ohio]] in the Preparatory Department. He only had fourteen dollars when he arrived and he had to work to pay his way.<ref>Gotwald, p.53</ref> He remained at Wittenberg until his Sophomore year. There is a book written by his Lutheran cleric, great grandson, Rev. Luther A. Gotwald, Jr., called ''The Gotwald Trial Revisited'' (the "Gotwald heresy trial book" for short). The book states that Luther took up with college sweetheart, Mary Elizabeth King, who was only fifteen years old at the time. Luther met Mary Elizabeth King through her brothers. She had three brothers, David King, Jr., Robert Quigley King and Samuel Noble King, who were his classmates at Wittenberg. The Gotwald heresy book notes that the King family was sufficiently wealthy to send all three of them to college at the same time. Not only that, the King Family lived close enough to the Wittenberg campus that they were able to walk to class. However, Luther became so infatuated with her that his family feared it would adversely affect his studies. So, they pulled him out of Wittenberg and sent him to Pennsylvania where he continued his studies in Lutheran theology.<ref>Gotwald, p.54.</ref> In 1855 he entered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg from which he graduated with honors in 1857. Next he entered the Theological Seminary of Gettysburg and after taking a two year’s course graduated from that institution in 1859. The Lutheran Synod of West Pennsylvania ordained Luther Alexander Gotwald at [[Waynesboro, Pennsylvania]]. A year later the same Synod licensed him to preach.<ref>Dr. Benjamin F. Prince, p.359.</ref>


Once the design of the product’s components is complete the method of [[manufacturing]] is defined. This includes CAD tasks such as tool design; creation of [[CNC]] Machining instructions for the product’s parts as well as tools to manufacture those parts, using integrated or separate CAM [[Computer-aided manufacturing]] software. This will also involve analysis tools for process simulation for operations such as casting, molding, and die press forming.
== Marriage ==
Once the manufacturing method has been identified CPM comes into play. This involves CAPE (Computer-aided Production Engineering) or CAP/CAPP – (Production Planning) tools for carrying out Factory, Plant and Facility Layout and Production Simulation. For example: Press-Line Simulation; and Industrial Ergonomics; as well as tool selection management.
Once components are manufactured their geometrical form and size can be checked against the original CAD data with the use of Computer Aided Inspection equipment and software.
Parallel to the engineering tasks, [[sales]] product configuration and [[marketing]] documentation work will be taking place. This could include transferring engineering data (geometry and part list data) to a web based sales configurator and other [[Desktop Publishing]] systems.


===Phase 4: Service===
Once he had completed his studies, he made haste to return to Springfield to claim Mary Elizabeth King as his bride. Mary Elizabeth King married<ref>Clark County, Ohio Marriage Records, Marriage Licenses: Volume 5 (September 20, 1858 to August 5, 1863). [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohclark/marriage/Vol5/ccml5eg.htm Gotwald-King marriage record]</ref> newly ordained Rev. Luther A. Gotwald on [[October 13]], [[1859]] in her home, which was called at the time the “King Homestead”, located at 2 Ferncliff Place, Springfield, Ohio (today the [[Chi Omega]] Sorority House of Wittenberg University).<ref>Gotwald, p.74.</ref> [[Image:Gotwald, Luther & Mary 7-28-1900 En.jpg|1900px|center|thumb|Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald and Mary Elizabeth King Gotwald in front of "King Homestead", Springfield, Ohio July 28, 1900]][[Image:Hamlin,_Hannibal_photo.jpg|right|100px|thumb|Hannibal Gilman Hamlin, Mary Gotwald's childhood guardian]]His bride, Mary Elizabeth King was born [[April 1]], [[1837]], in [[Tarlton]], [[Ohio]]. She was the daughter of David and Almena (Caldwell) King. Her father, David King was probably born in Baltimore, Maryland. Her mother, Almena Caldwell King was born in Hillsboro, New Hampshire on August 16, 1809. However, she moved with her parents when she was young to early Portsmouth, Ohio, which is in southernmost Ohio at the confluence of the Scioto River and the Ohio River, where her father established a successful carpentry business. Both of Mary's parents had been orphans. Her father, David King, was found as a toddler wandering the streets of Baltimore, Maryland during a [[yellow fever]] epidemic in which both his parents presumably died. David knew only his own name and could tell nothing about his parents. He was found in a Baltimore hotel and taken in by a Robert Quigley<ref>See Mrs. Belle McKinney Hays Swope, ''History of the Families of McKinney-Brady-Quigley'', Newville, Pennsylvania., Chambersburg, Pennsylvania., Franklin repository pritery, 1905, p.228., for a biography of Robert Quigley, which does not mention his foster unadopoted son, David King. [http://files.usgwarchives.org/pa/1pa/history/family/swope/mck04.txt Bio of Robert Quigley on line.] A hard copy of this biography is held by the State Library of Pennsylvania, Call number 929.1 Sw77. Robert Quigley was also the Uncle of Captain [[Samuel Brady]], son of his sister, Mary Quigley Brady. Swope, p.140. Captain Brady is still remembered for having leaped the Cuyahoga River near present day [[Kent, Ohio]] to escape pursuing Indians in what is known today as "Brady's Leap". There is a park in Kent, Ohio today and a rest stop on the [[Ohio Turnpike]] named "Brady's Leap" in his honor. Samuel Brady was a foster cousin to David King (Mary Gotwald's father). However, Samuel died in 1895, before David King was born, which means they never met.</ref> who had a farm near [[Shippensburg]], Pennsylvania, who reared and educated him.[[Image:King,_Almena_Caldwell_8-29-07.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Almena Caldwell King, Mary Gotwald's mother]]


'''Use, Operate, Maintain, Support, Sustain, Phase-out, Retire, Recycle and Disposal'''
[[Image:King, David EnCr.jpg|Left|100px|thumb|David King, Mary Gotwald's father]]Upon attaining adulthood, David King obtained an apprenticeship as a store clerk in Portsmouth, Ohio, where he met teenage Almena Caldwell. However, her older brother and father fell from a small boat and drowned in the nearby [[Scioto River]]. Soon thereafter, Almena’s mother died of grief. Her Uncle Hannibal Gilman Hamlin (first cousin to [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln’s]] first [[Vice President]], [[Hannibal Hamlin]]) became the guardian of her and her brother, Hamlin Caldwell, moved them to [[Cincinnati]] and saw to their education, David King married her there when she was seventeen. Rev. Gotwald wrote a loving biography of his parents-in-law in which, ever the defender of what is right, he still saw the need to point out sternly that Almena was too young to marry at seventeen. <ref>Rev. Luther A. Gotwald, D.D, ''David King'' (Circa 1880), unpublished. [http://genforum.genealogy.com/quigley/messages/1573.html Luther's bio of David & Almena on line with commentary] Hard copy of original held by Clark County Public Library, Springfield, Ohio.</ref> The Kings moved to Tarlton, Ohio, where they opened a general store. Several of Robert Quigley’s (her father’s foster father) grandchildren moved to Springfield, Ohio.<ref>Robert Quigley probably took in David King out of "empty nest syndrome", since his own children were grown and likely out on their own at the time he found David. According to the Swope Family History, Robert Quigley's second daughter Jennet "Jane" Quigley married her Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, neighbor, James Rodgers and continued to live near the Robert Quigley farm. So, it was Robert Quigley's grandchildren, Richard Rodgers, Mary Rodgers, Rachel Rodgers, Dr. Robert Rogers and William Rodgers who lived close to the Quigley farm during David's childhood. They would have been the children with whom David King grew up and with whom he would have been particularly close. Their daughter, Mary Rodgers married Cumberland County neighbor, Isaac Ward. Their daughter, Rachel Rodgers never married. Their son, Dr. Robert Rodgers, M.D. married Effie Harrison, daughter of a Pennsylvania Militia Brigadier General. Their son, William Rodgers married the sister of Effie Sarah Harrison.


The final phase of the lifecycle involves managing of in service information. Providing customers and service engineers with support information for [[repair and maintenance]], as well as [[waste management]]/[[recycling]] information. This involves using such tools as Maintenance, Repair and Operations Management ([[Maintenance, Repair and Operations|MRO]]) software.
All of these Quigley grandchildren, their spouses and families, apparently except Eleanor, moved to Springfield, Ohio in 1831 (source below says 1833). Springfield was prospering at the time on the newly expanding National Trail (modern day U.S. Route 40 or more roughly Interstate 70).


===All phases: product lifecycle===
Modern day Littleton & Rue Funeral Home now occupies the Rodgers mansion at 830 North Limestone Street, Springfield, Ohio. Its web site has this to say about the Rodgers family in Springfield.


'''Communicate, Manage and Collaborate'''
"Dr. Robert Rodgers came to Springfield in 1833. He was born September 17, 1807 in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. The young physician lived with his wife, Effie Harrison Rodgers, and their seven children in a large two story brick house that stood on the north east corner of North Limestone Street and North Street. This site is now occupied by the Springfield News/Sun Newspaper plant. A few doors up North Street in a house that early Clark County Historians describe as "handsome" lived his brother and sister-in-law, William and Sarah Harrison Rodgers. These two brothers worked very closely together. When William first came to Clark county in 1832, he was a merchant. When ill health caused his retirement from that field, he bought a tract of "wild" land north of the city. He supervised the clearing and the partial improvements to the land. Then in 1851 he was a constituent member of the company who organized the Springfield Bank. Located on the west side of North Limestone Street close to Main Street, it later became The First National Bank. William would serve on the Board of Directors for many years. While no children were mentioned for William and Sarah, Dr. Rodger's two sons would become very active in the banking industry.


None of the above phases can be seen in isolation. In reality a project does not run sequentially or in isolation of other product development projects. Information is flowing between different people and systems.
Three doors south of the bank Dr. Rodgers had his office. Here was organized the Clark County Medical Society on May 31, 1850 with Dr. Rodgers serving as the President. At one meeting of the Medical Society, Dr. Rodgers, being a skilled surgeon, read a paper describing a new operation he had performed, the first Caesarian Section done in Clark County.
A major part of PLM is the co-ordination of and management of product definition data. This includes managing engineering changes and release status of components; configuration product variations; document management; planning project resources and timescale and risk assessment.


For these tasks graphical, text and metadata such as product BOMs ([[Bill of Materials]]) needs to be managed. At the engineering departments level this is the domain of PDM – ([[Product Data Management]]) software, at the corporate level EDM (Enterprise Data Management) software, these two definitions tend to blur however but it is typical to see two or more data management systems within an organization. These systems are also linked to other corporate systems such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. Associated with these system are [[Project Management]] Systems for Project/Program Planning.
A few years after his arrival in Springfield, he began buying land in the northern section of Springfield. In 1848 he laid out the first of five additions. In 1909 a Richard Rodgers laid out the sixth. These additions include the area north from Chestnut Street to the alley between Cassilly and Cecil streets and from North Limestone Street to Rodgers Drive. On an early city map, they list Limestone Street as the "Urbana Pike." Also listed for this area were streets by the name of Gallagher, Hill, Center and Race." The webs site also states the comedian [[Jonathan Winters]] is a direct lineal descendant of this family and thereby of Robert Quigley as well.[http://www.littletonandrue.com/_mgxroot/page_10720.php Rodgers family in Springfield]</ref> So, David and Almena King moved there as well in 1840. David proceeded to build a significant portion of early downtown Springfield, which was known for long thereafter as "King's Row".<ref>''Sketches of Springfield: Containing an Account of the Early Settlement'', "By a Citizen", January 1, 1952, p.41. [http://omp.ohiolink.edu/OMP/Previews?oid=971600&results=10&fieldname=xml&sort=title&searchstatus=1&hits=1&count=1&searchmark=0&searchstring=sketches+of+springfield+1852&format=list&searchtype=kw&p=40 Sketches of Springfield on line] Hard copy of original held by Clark County Public Library, Springfield, Ohio.</ref> Unfortunately, David King died on August 8, 1849 in a cholera epidemic, which he contracted while caring for other victims of the outbreak.<ref> ''Obituary of David King'', Weekly Republic newspaper (long defunct Springfield newspaper), Springfield, Ohio on Tuesday, August 10, 1849, Volume 10, Number 51, Page 3, columns 1 & 2. [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohclark/obituary/query001.htm#5691 David King obituary on line.]</ref> <ref>See ''Obituary of Robert Quigley King'' (son of David King), Daily News, Springfield, Ohio on Tuesday, November 27, 1917, p.1, for an account of how David King died. [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohclark/obituary/query012.htm#4115 On line account of David's death in the obituary of his son, Robert Quigley King.]</ref> According to the Gotwald heresy book, Almena built the Ferncliff Place homestead (which was out in the country when first built) to get her boys away from the bars near their home in Springfield proper.<ref>Gotwald, p.73. She bought the land for this home from Isaac Ward, who had married a granddaughter of Robert Quigley. Isaac Ward also sold a large parcel of land to Wittenberg, forming the eastern part of its present day campus, which is why the main street through Wittenberg is still called "Ward Street".</ref>


This central role is covered by numerous [[Collaborative Product Development]] tools which run throughout the whole lifecycle and across organizations. This requires many technology tools in the areas of Conferencing, Data Sharing and Data Translation. The field being [[Product visualization]] which includes technologies such as DMU ([[Digital mockup|Digital Mock-Up]]), [[Immersive Virtual Digital Prototyping]] ([[virtual reality]]) and Photo realistic Imaging.
[[Image:King Homestead.jpg|300px|left|thumb|"King Homestead", 2 Ferncliff Place, Springfield, Ohio, c.1900]] [[Image:Ferncliff -- King Mansion Side 5-20-07.jpg|thumb|350px|right|"King Homestead" today, Chi Omega Sorority House of Wittenberg University]]
Mary King Gotwald was lavishly praised in the Gotwald heresy trial book as a perfect minister's wife.<ref>Gotwald, p.113</ref> Her obituary<ref>''Obituary of Mary Elizabeth King Gotwald'', Daily Morning Sun, Springfield, Ohio, November 14, 1919. [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohclark/obituary/query012.htm#5687 Mary King Gotwald's Obituary on line.]</ref> added in this respect that “Mrs. Gotwald was always interested in church activities. She was also active in missionary development in the Lutheran church at large.” Luther and Mary King Gotwald had nine children: seven sons, and two daughters who were named respectively, David King Gotwald; who was born October 31, 1860, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania; George Daniel Gotwald, who was born September 18, 1862 in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania; Robert Caldwell Gotwald, who was born September 25, 1864 in Lebanon, Pennsylvania; Luther Alexander Gotwald, Jr., who was born October 26, 1866 in Dayton, Ohio, but who died young on July 11, 1881; Frederick Gebhart Gotwald, who was born May 11, 1869, in Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania; William Washington Gotwald, who was born June 2, 1871 in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania and who died young on May 2, 1888; Charles Hamlin Gotwald, who was born August 25, 1874 in York, Pennsylvania and died in infancy on July 12, 1875; Almena Gotwald, who was born June 29, 1876 in York, Pennsylvania; and, Mary Susan Gotwald; who was born August 2, 1879 in York, Pennsylvania.<ref>''Genealogy, Ancestry, and Family History of the Caldwell Family''. [http://www.shypuppy.net/caldwell/getperson.php?personID=I11688&tree=caldwell Gotwald family history on Caldwell family web site.]</ref>


'''User Skills'''
Luther says of his deceased son, Charles Hamlin Gotwald, "he was was ever a frail, delicate child and was not destined to live long. . . . In the summer of 1875 he was brought to Springfield, Ohio, on a visit and died there at the home of his grandmother [Almena Caldwell King] on Monday, July 12th, 1875. He was buried in the family lot in Ferncliff Cemetery.<ref>Gotwald Autobiography, p. 181.</ref>


The broad array of solutions that make up the tools used within a PLM solution-set (e.g., CAD, CAM, CAx…) were initially used by dedicated practitioners who invested time and effort to gain the required skills. Designers and engineers worked wonders with CAD systems, manufacturing engineers became highly skilled CAM users while analysts, administrators and managers fully mastered their support technologies. However, achieving the full advantages of PLM requires the participation of many people of various skills from throughout an extended enterprise, each requiring the ability to access and operate on the inputs and output of other participants.
Luther says of his deceased son, Luther Alexander Gotwald, Jr., "His death was due to lock jaw, resulting from accidently jumping on an iron rake while playing in Leber’s yard, South Beaver Street, York, Pennsylvania, a week before, July 4th 1881. His early education was received at the York County Academy and he was examined and ready to enter the Freshman Class at Pennsylvania College the following September. . . He was buried in the family lot at Springfield, Ohio, Ferncliff Cemetery. The funeral at York was attended by the Sunday School in a body and by his fellow students of the Academy in a body.<ref>Gotwald Autobiography, p. 185.</ref>


Despite the increased ease of use of PLM tools, cross-training all personnel on the entire PLM tool-set has not proven to be practical. Now, however, advances are being made to address ease of use for all participants within the PLM arena. One such advance is the availability of “role” specific user interfaces. Through [[NX_5#Tailorable_UI|Tailorable UIs]], the commands that are presented to users are appropriate to their function and expertise.
Of his deceased son, William Washington Gotwald, Luther writes:
{{prettyquote|His early education was received at the York County Academy, York, Pennsylvania, where he prepared himself for College. In December 1885 he entered the Freshman Class of Wittenberg College and was a Junior when he died May 2nd 1888 after a protracted case of typhoid fever. . . He possessed an unusually strong, clear and mature mind and ranked high in his class. He had decided to study for the Lutheran ministry, and if practicable, to go as a missionary to Africa. His death was the first to occur at Wittenberg since 1857. It produced profound sorrow among his fellow students, professors and friends in the Second Lutheran Church and in the city. The funeral was one of the largest ever held in the city. Addresses were made by Dr. J. B. Helwig of First Lutheran Church and Dr. S. A. Ort and Rev. E. L. Fleck of the Third Lutheran Church. Resolutions of esteem and sympathy were adopted by Alpha Psi Chapter of Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity, Ohio Beta Chapter of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, the Y.M.C.A. of the city, the Second Lutheran Church, the Class of 1889 and the Excelsior Literary Society. He was buried in the family lot at Ferncliff Cemetery beside his brothers, Charles Hamlin and Luther Alexander, Jr., on the 4th of May 1888.<ref>Gotwald Autobiography, pp. 182-183.</ref>}}


== Product development processes and methodologies ==
[[Image:King, Sara Jane.jpg|thumb|left|60px|Sarah Jane "Jenny" King, sister to Mary Gotwald, August 18, 1917]]Mary Gotwald's mother, Almena Caldwell King died of diabetes on May 30, 1878.<ref>''Obituary of Almena Caldwell King'', Weekly Republic (long defunct Springfield newspaper), Springfield, Ohio, May 31, 1878. [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohclark/obituary/query001.htm#5690 Obituary]</ref> Rev. Gotwald had been out West on Church business and stopped in Springfield on his return train trip to find Almena on her death bed.<ref>Gotwald, p.61.</ref> He immediately telegraphed for Mary to come by train. He was at Almena's side when she died and was undoubtedly a great comfort to her. Unfortunately, Mary was unable to arrive until the next day. After Almena's death, various family members, including Mary's unmarried sister, Sarah Jane King lived in the King Homestead. When Luther and Mary Gotwald first returned to Springfield to serve as a minister, they first lived in the parsonage of his Church. However, when he became a Professor at Wittenburg, Luther and Mary Gotwald moved into the King Homestead on Ferncliff Place with Sarah Jane King, whom he called in his David King biography "one of the sweetest and best 'Old Maids' that the world has ever had". They continued to live in the King Homestead for the rest of their lives. They were living there at the time that Luther’s famous heresy trial took place at nearby Wittenberg College.
A number of established methodologies have been adopted by PLM and been further advanced. Together with PLM digital engineering techniques, they have been advanced to meet company goals such as reduced time to market and lower production costs. Reducing lead times is a major factor as getting a product to market quicker than the competition will help with higher revenue and profit margins and increase market share.


These techniques include:-
==Lutheran Church==
*Concurrent engineering workflow
[[Image:Gotwald, Luther c1868 En.jpg|thumb|150px|Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald, D.D. during his Dayton ministry, c.1868]]
*[[Industrial Design]]
Rev. Gotwald first ministry was in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1863. The Gotwald heresy trial book states that, during this ministry in Shippensburg, his wife, Mary was able to thoroughly enjoy living among members of the Quigley family, who had brought up her orphan father and after whom her brother, Robert Quigley King was named.<ref>Gotwald, p.58.</ref> He then became the pastor in Lebanon, Pennsylvania for two years, where he preached until 1865. He went from Lebanon in 1865 to serve as the pastor to the First Lutheran Church at Dayton, where he remained until 1869, when he had to resign his ministry because of throat problems, which forced him to take a year off from the ministry to recuperate.<ref>Dr. Benjamin F. Prince, p.359.</ref> In October of 1870, Rev. Gotwald had recovered and was able to assume the ministry at the Lutheran Church in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, where he preached until 1874. Dr. Gotwald received his honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from Pennsylvania College in 1874, some fifteen years after completing his initial studies. Afterward, for nearly twelve years he was pastor of Saint Paul’s English Lutheran Church in York, Pennsylvania. In December of 1885, he returned to Springfield and became pastor of the Second Lutheran Church there for three years, which was to be his last pastorate. In December of 1888, he was fatefully elected to the Professorship of Practical and Historical Theology in the Wittenberg Theological Seminary in Springfield.
*Bottom-up design
*Top-down design
*Front loading design workflow
*Design in context
*Modular design.
*NPD [[New product development]]
*DFSS [[Design for Six Sigma]]
*DFMA Design for manufacture / assembly
*Digital simulation engineering.
*Requirement driven design
*Specification managed validation


=== Concurrent engineering workflow ===
Prof. Luther A. Gotwald, D.D.<ref>''Biography of Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald'', Appletons' Cyclopædia of American biography, 1887, p.691. [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohclark/history.htm Prof. Luther A. Gotwald, D.D. Biography on line.]</ref> made many intellectual contributions to his beloved Lutheran Church during his long service to it. He was a frequent contributor to the Quarterly Review of the Lutheran Church, published at Gettysburg and authored various other papers and periodicals, including a number of pamphlets on historic and ecclesiastical subjects. Two volumes of his sermons were published, which were widely praised. He also authored his 1879 learned work, “Church Orders: Of the Necessity of a Right Call to the Ministry.”<ref>Dr. Benjamin F. Prince, p.359.</ref>


'''Concurrent engineering''' (British English: '''simultaneous engineering''') is a workflow that instead of working sequentially through stages, carries out a number of tasks in parallel. For example: starting tool design before the detailed designs of the product are finished, or the engineer starting on detail design solid models before the concept design surfaces models are complete. Although this does not necessarily reduce the amount of manpower required for a project, it does drastically reduce lead times and thus time to market.
Rev. Gotwald served as a Director of Wittenberg College from 1865 until 1869, a Trustee of Pennsylvania College from 1873 until 1885, a Director of the Gettysburg Theological Seminary from 1871 until 1880, a member of the Board of Lutheran Home Missions from 1881 until 1885, President of the West Pennsylvania Synod from 1873 until 1876 and a member of the Board of Church Extension from 1874 until 1885. He was often a delegate to the Lutheran General Synod.<ref>Dr. Benjamin F. Prince, p.359. </ref>
Feature based CAD systems have for many years allowed the simultaneous work on 3D solid model and the 2D drawing by means of 2 separate files, with the drawing looking at the data in the model; when the model changes the drawing will associatively update. Some CAD packages also allow associative copying of geometry between files. This allows, for example, the copying of a part design into the files used by the tooling designer. The manufacturing engineer can then start work on tools before the final design freeze; when a design changes size or shape the tool geometry will then update.
Concurrent engineering also has the added benefit of providing better and more immediate communication between departments, reducing the chance of costly, late design changes. It adopts a problem prevention method as compared to the problem solving and re-designing method of traditional sequential engineering.


=== Bottom-up design ===
He helped found the Third Lutheran Church in Springfield in 1887. He later helped found in Springfield the Fifth Lutheran Church in 1891, the Fourth Lutheran Church in 1898 and the Calvary Lutheran Church in 1900.<ref>Dr. Benjamin F. Prince, p.359.</ref>
Bottom-up design (CAD Centric) is where the definition of 3D models of a product starts with the construction of individual components. These are then virtually brought together in sub-assemblies of more than one level until the full product is digitally defined. This is sometimes known as the review structure showing what the product will look like. The BOM contains all of the physical (solid) components; it may (but not also) contain other items required for the final product BOM such as paint, glue, oil and other materials commonly described as 'bulk items'. Bulk items typically have mass and quantities but are not usually modelled with geometry.


== Civil War ==
=== Top-down design ===
Top-down design (Part Centric) follows closer the true design process. This starts with a layout model, often a simple 2D sketch defining basic sizes and some major defining parameters. [[Industrial Design]], brings creative ideas to product development. Geometry from this is associatively copied down to the next level, which represents different sub-systems of the product. The geometry in the sub-systems is then used to define more detail in levels below. Depending on the complexity of the product, a number of levels of this assembly are created until the basic definition of components can be identified, such as position and principal dimensions. This information is then associatively copied to component files. In these files the components are detailed; this is where the classic bottom-up assembly starts.
The top down assembly is sometime known as a control structure. If a single file is used to define the layout and parameters for the review structure it is often known as a skeleton file.


Defence engineering traditionally develops the product structure from the top down. The system engineering process<ref>Incose SYSTEMS ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, A “HOW TO” GUIDE
Dr. Gotwald was a stanch Lincoln Republican and, during the [[American Civil War]], he was a strong Union man. He did all he could to further the interests of the Union cause. To illustrate Rev. Gotwald's feeling toward slavery, his autobiography reports this incident from his youth:
For All Engineers, Version 2.0, July 2000. pg 358</ref> prescribes a functional decomposition of requirements and then physical allocation of product structure to the functions. This top down approach would normally have lower levels of the product structure developed from CAD data as a bottom up structure or design.


=== Front loading design and workflow ===
{{prettyquote|Among the reminiscences of that very early portion of my life is one that made a deep and terrible impression upon me, and which, later in my life, I came to understand far better than I did then. I refer to the kidnapping of a poor black man who had escaped from slavery somewhere in the South, and who was fleeing north and in search of freedom. If my memory serves me rightly, it occurred on a Sunday afternoon, and the only thing I distinctly recollect was my sitting on our front porch sobbing and crying with breaking heart over the hellish outrage and wrong of the act, and, child as I was, I remember that I felt that it was inexpressibly mean and cowardly in us all to see that poor black man helpless in the hands of his brutal captors and run back again into the terrible life of slavery without putting forth a single effort to assist and deliver him. My blood even now boils with indignation over the wrongs inflicted in the past by this hell born demon of slavery, and, more indignant yet I become when I recall the base and truculent spirit of the South which coldly, for the mere sake of peace and mercenary gain allowed and connived at it all! But God has avenged the wrongs of the oppressed. Slavery in our land is among the things that are past. And for their sin in connection with this great evil both the North and South have been baptized with a very baptism of blood, and the whole land has been scourged with the besom of destruction! Thank God that Slavery has gone down, even though it did go down, and could perhaps only go down, in blood and war and fire and the very death throes of the nation!<ref>Luther A. Gotwald, ''An Autobiography'',p. 52.</ref>}}
Front loading is taking top-down design to the next stage. The complete control structure and review structure, as well as downstream data such as drawings, tooling development and CAM models, are constructed before the product has been defined or a project kick-off has been authorized. These assemblies of files constitute a template from which a family of products can be constructed. When the decision has been made to go with a new product, the parameters of the product are entered into the template model and all the associated data is updated. Obviously predefined associative models will not be able to predict all possibilities and will require additional work. The main principle is that a lot of the experimental/investigative work has already been completed. A lot of knowledge is built into these templates to be reused on new products. This does require additional resources “up front” but can drastically reduce the time between project kick-off and launch. Such methods do however require organizational changes, as considerable engineering efforts are moved into “offline” development departments. It can be seen as an analogy to creating a concept car to test new technology for future products, but in this case the work is directly used for the next product generation.


=== Design in context ===
Lutheran Minister, Reverend Abraham Essick writes in his diary that he bumped into Rev. Gotwald on May 8, 1861 at the train depot in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (right after the April 13, 1861 fall of [[Fort Sumter]]), who was taking his family to Springfield, Ohio to leave them there (without doubt at the King Homestead, with his mother in law, Almena Caldwell King), while he joined the Union Army to serve as a Chaplain or even a private.<ref> [http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/personal/essick.html Essick diary]</ref> Rev. Gotwald did not so serve, probably for health reasons. While apparently not formerly enlisted in the Union Army, he did serve as the chaplain for a group of Shippensburg soldiers who were getting ready to go off to war. This ended in March of 1863, when he assumed a parish in Lebanon, Pennsylvania. There were many Confederate sympathizers in Lebanon. So, Rev. Gotwald's unwavering support of the Union cause was not popular with all his parishioners. When the Confederate Army invaded the North in June of 1863, he was forced to move his family to safety with his mother, who lived in Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania.<ref>Gotwald, p.60</ref>
Individual components cannot be constructed in isolation. [[Computer-aided design|CAD]]; [[Computer-aided industrial design|CAiD]] models of components are designed within the context of part or all of the product being developed. This is achieved using [[assembly modelling]] techniques. Other components’ geometry can be seen and referenced within the CAD tool being used. The other components within the sub-assembly, may or may not have been constructed in the same system, their geometry being translated from other [[Collaborative Product Development|CPD]] formats. Some assembly checking such as [[Digital mockup|DMU]] is also carried out using [[Product visualization]] software.


== PLM 2.0 ==
Luther's brother, Dr. Jacob H. Gotwald was the chief surgeon on board the ship, “Keystone” under the command of Rear-Admiral [[Samuel Francis Du Pont]] in the fight at Charleston, South Carolina. His ship was participating in the blockade of Charleston Harbor, when, on January 31,1863, a Confederate shell hit the ship's boiler causing it to explode and kill several of its crew. Dr. Jacob H. Gotwald was scalded to death while rendering surgical aid to one of the wounded men. He was found still clutching the bandage. Tragically, this death occurred on Luther Gotwald's thirtieth birthday.<ref>Gotwald, p.55</ref>


In [[2008]], following the revolution around [[Web 2.0]], one of the key commercial players in PLM introduced the notion of '''PLM 2.0''', which encompasses a social community approach to PLM.
Luther's younger brother, Washington Van Buren Gotwald was a theological student at the Gettysburg Seminary at the time of the [[Battle of Gettysburg]] and actually got caught up in the prelude to the battle.


PLM 2.0 is about reuse of Web 2.0 like terminology and concept in the domain of PLM. More than a technology, it is a philosophy where:
{{prettyquote|The residents of Gettysburg needed no official notification to inform them of the proximity of the opposing army. In the large clearings dotting the eastern slope of South Mountain, the camp fires of Southern troops were clearly visible. There were also constant rumors of Rebel foraging parties roaming the surrounding countryside.
* PLM applications are web-based ([[Software as a Service]])
* PLM applications focus on online collaboration, collective intelligence and online communities
* PLM expands to new usages like [[crowdsourcing]] and real world web, extending the reach PLM outside the enterprise
* PLM business processes can easily be activated, configured and used, with online access


Currently, PLM 2.0 is still more an idea and a concept than a reality. But more and more PLM offering will embrace the concepts that has been listed here.
Therefore, it was with much trepidation that Marin Luther Culler and Washington Van Buren Gotwald accepted a request by the pastor of the Emmetsburg charge for two Gettysburg Seminary students to fill the pulpit at Fairfield, Pennsylvania, for the morning and evening services scheduled for Sunday, June 28th. The village of Fairfield was located near a gap in South Mountain only ten miles south of Cashtown. During the journey it was decided that Gotwald would preach in the morning, since he was senior to Culler in both age and years of study at the Seminary.


== Product and process lifecycle management (PPLM) ==
Near the close of the morning service, a contingent of Confederates dashed into the village, greatly frightening the citizens, who did not hang around for the benediction. The curiosity of the students was greatly aroused, however, and in the early afternoon the walked toward the Rebel camp on the outskirts of the town for a closer look. From a respectful distance, they cautiously observed the Southerners. Suddenly, two Union scouts rode up and halted nearby. The Yankees took cover behind a hedgerow, discharged their carbines at the enemy troops, and dashed away unobserved. The Confederates immediately returned fire in the direction of the rising white smoke. The bullets passed dangerously close to the students and the pair immediately scampered into a nearby house. A moment later, an angry group of Southern soldiers burst through the door, thrusting their weapons into the faces of the suspected gunmen. The prisoners were marched out of the house where they were met by the Rebel captain. Gotwald, visibly shaken by the experience, was speechless. Conversely, his companion maintained his composure. After respectfully saluting the officer, Culler earnestly narrated the true sequence of events and the mistaken identity which had occurred in the midst of the confusion. The captain admitted that the story seemed plausible, but he did not appear entirely convinced of the innocence of the two young men. A painful silence followed.


Product and process lifecycle management (PPLM) is a alternate genre of PLM in which the process by which the product is made is just as important as the product itself. Typically, this is the life sciences and advanced specialty chemicals markets. The process behind the manufacture of a given compound is a key element of the regulatory filing for a new drug application. As such, PPLM seeks to manage information around the development of the process in a simlar fashion that baseline PLM talks about managing information around development of the product.
Acting decisively, Culler cleverly turned the tables on his interrogator. "Captain, you do not arrest men of the gospel, do you?" He asked forcefully. The surprised captain immediately queried, "Are you men ministers?" In replying in the affirmative, the Seminarian did not believe he had told an egregious lie. they were, after all, ministerial students, and they had indeed come preaching.


==Major commercial players==
Feeling more at ease with the polite officer, Martin pointed to the Lutheran church and stated: "Do you see that brick church yonder? There we were holding religious service this morning. This man you see with me was preaching. Your men rushed into town and this hinders me from preaching the splendid sermon which I intended to preach this evening.


Total spending on PLM software and services is estimated to be above $15 billion a year but it is difficult to find any two market analysis reports that agree on figures.<ref>
The captain smiled and replied that he did not arrest ministers of the gospel unless they were bearing arms. He then inquired into the quality of the horse they had ridden into town on. "It is old, blind and poor in flesh", Culler answered. "We are Yankee enough to know better than to venture anywhere near your army with a good horse." The officer laughed heartily and assured the "ministers" they could return home undisturbed on such a specimen. Later, Culler conceded that the Fairfield congregation did not "lose much" in missing his sermon.<ref>Michael A. Dreese, ''The Hospital on Seminary Ridge at the Battle of Gettysburg'', Published by McFarland, 2002, pp. 48-49</ref>}}
{{cite press release
| title = Comprehensive Information and Analysis of the PLM Market
| publisher = CIMdata…
| date = [[2006-10-11]]
| url = http://www.cimdata.com/press/PR06-1011.htm
| accessdate = }}</ref> <ref>
{{cite press release
| title = PLM Market Projected to Reach $12 Billion in 2006, Up 14%
| publisher = Daratech
| date = [[2006-03-13]]
| url = http://www.daratech.com/press/releases/2006/060313a.html
| accessdate = }}</ref>
Market growth estimates are in the 10% area.


Looking at segment split, currently most of the revenue generated is in the area of EDA and high end MCAD (each above 15%), followed by AEC, low-end MCAD, and PDM (each above 10%). The other notable segment is CAE at above 5%. It is however predicted that the collaborative PDM and visualization areas will increase in dominance.
Luther's brother, William Henry Harrison Gotwald suspended his studies for the ministry and joined the Union Army. He served at the Headquarters at [[Camp Curtin]], near [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]] during the War.
[[Image:Caldwell, Hamlin 6-10-1865.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Hamlin Caldwell, Uncle to Mary Gotwald]][[Image:Caldwell, David Sr..jpg|thumb|right|100px|David King Caldwell, cousin to Mary Gotwald]] Interestingly, the Civil War did bring a family to the King Homestead in Springfield, Ohio for the duration. Mary King Gotwald's father, David King had staked his brother in law, Hamlin Caldwell to a cotton business in then booming [[Scottsboro, Alabama]], which business flourished.<ref>Hamlin Caldwell first resided in and started his cotton business in Bellefonte, Alabama which was at the time a bustling river port on the Tennessee River close to Scottsboro. However, he later moved his family to Scottsboro. Today, Bellefonte is little more than a wide place in the road.</ref> He married Southern belle, Martha Jane Snodgrass, started a family and even owned slaves. However, when the Civil War began, his New Hampshire roots won out, which placed his sympathies with the North, making him a "damyankee" and not for succession. Those sentiments, plus his family kinship to then Vice President and ardent abolitionist, Hannibal Hamlin, from whose family he took his first name, made his position in Scottsboro untenable and forced him to flee to the North with his family. However, his sixteen year old son, David King Caldwell had been reared in the South and was every bit the southerner. He ran away and attempted to enlist in the Confederate Army, which forced his father to prevail upon his brother in law, Confederate Colonel John Snodgrass to reject his enlistment and send him back to his family, which he did, to the utter humiliation of young David.<ref>Lala Caldwell Palmer, (Granddaughter of Hamlin Caldwell and daughter of David King Caldwell) in her ''The Scotch-Irish Snodgrass Family in Alabama Politics, by a Double Snodgrass'', date unknown writes that her grandparents, Hamlin Caldwell and Martha Jane Snodgrass Caldwell “went, taking my father [David King Caldwell], a sixteen year old boy with them. He slipped off and showed up at Clarksville, Tennessee, the day before Col. John and his company of Jackson County Hornets were due to go into battle. Col. John said, 'Son you do not want to be sworn in today for we go into battle tomorrow.' My father said, 'I can too fight.' But much to the lifetime disappointment of my father, just then a German came dashing up on a splendid horse and said that he had been sent down by the Vice President Hamlin family to take the place of the young Jackson County boy that had run away from Cincinnati to join Col. John Snodgrass and his Hornets. The army was so much in need of trained soldiers and good horses that the trade was made and my father wanted to go to South America, he felt so humiliated." However, Lala's sister, prolific Snodgrass family historian, Daisy Caldwell adds in her Snodgrass family history the not surprising fact that it was David’s father, Hamlin Caldwell who hired and sent the German substitute. She opined that Col. John did not accept David King Caldwell, because his brother-in-law, Hamlin Caldwell asked him not to, unbeknownst to his teenage and headstrong son, David. [http://www.network54.com/Forum/48472/viewall-page-3 Caldwell history.]Ironically, strident abolistionist Vice President, Hannibal Hamlin undoubtedly would have been horrified to hear that a soldier had been sent to the Confederacy in his name, ruse or not. One of history's great "what ifs" is what would have happened to the South, had he been Vice President when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. There is little doubt that, unlike border state President Andrew Johnson (accused by those who tried to impeach him of being too soft), Hannibal Hamlin would not have treated the South kindly.</ref> Hamlin Caldwell then weathered the Civil War with his sister, Almena Caldwell King in the King Homestead in Springfield. Unfortunately, this experience, plus losing a child while living in Springfield, was too much for his southern wife, Martha Jane, whose mental condition deteriorated greatly during her stay in Springfield. She remained mentally incompetent for the rest of her life. David King Caldwell, however, attended Wittenberg College while they were in Springfield. After the war, the family promptly returned to Scottsboro, where they stayed and prospered.<ref>There is a Caldwell Street in Scottsboro. Hamlin Street in Scottsboro dead ends at Caldwell School. David King Caldwell is the father of the late Tyler, Texas multimillionaire and philanthropist, David King Caldwell, Jr. (who often went by "King Caldwell"), who was the founder of the [[Caldwell Zoo]] in Tyler. King Caldwell never forgot his Scottsboro, Alabama roots, where he gave generously to local causes. King-Caldwell Park in Scottsboro is named after him. Scottsboro residents recall the time he went to Caldwell School and handed every child in the school a newly minted, shiny quarter (a lot at the time). He gave every one of his financially struggling relatives a hundred dollars every year at Christmas during the Depression, which the child of one of those families recalled with deep gratitude was like a million dollars to them at the time. Another relative recalled that he was like a god to them.</ref>


There are many companies that supply software to support the PLM process; the largest by revenue are mentioned here.
[[Image:King, Col, David 4-20-07.jpg |thumb|left|100px|Col. David King, Jr., brother in law]] Rev. Gotwald's brother in law, David King, Jr. served as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Union Army and actively fought in many major battles, including the Battle of Lookout Mountain in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Col. David King was for many years after the war the Grand Marshall of the Springfield Memorial Day parade.<ref>''Obituary of Col. David King, Jr.'', Springfield Daily News, Springfield, Ohio, October 4, 1926. [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohclark/obituary/query017.htm Obituary of Col. David King]</ref> Rev. Gotwald's brother in law, Samuel Noble King enlisted in the Union Army as a private, but earned a battlefield promotion to Lieutenant and ended the War as a Captain in the Union Army. Rev. Gotwald's sister in law, Sarah Jane (Jennie) King was active in the Sanitary Society (which promoted better sanitary conditions for Union soldiers) in Springfield during the war.<ref>''The History Of Clark County, Ohio'', Chicago, Illinois, W. H. Beers & Co., 1881, p.300.</ref>
Some companies such as [[Dassault Systèmes]] ($1.7B),[[Siemens PLM Software]] ($1.4B), [[Altair Engineering]] ($0.15B), [[Agile Software Corporation]] (now part of [[Oracle Corporation]]) and [[SofTech, Inc.]] (.011B) provide software products that cover most of the areas of PLM functionality; some like [[Parametric Technology Corporation|PTC]] ($0.8B) cover a number of segments; other companies for example [[MSC Software]]($0.3B)and Wrench Solutions provide packages specializing in specific topics. One company, [[Aras Corp]] offers Microsoft-based [[open source]] enterprise PLM solutions,<ref>{{cite web
| last = Stackpole
| first = Beth
| title = Aras Embraces Microsoft .NET Platform to Offer Open Source PLM
| publisher = Design News
| date = 2007.01.16
| url = http://www.designnews.com/article/CA6407555.html?ref=nbra
}} </ref> and both [[Datastay Corp.]] and [[Arena Solutions]], provide on-demand PLM ([[Software as a service]]) solutions. [[KnowledgeBench]] provides web-based PLM applications that are used by pharmaceutical and food and beverage manufacturers. Additional unique offerings include [[Selerant]] which specializes only in the process industry and provides formulation optimization and regulatory management. Also, Datastay PLM, as well as Omnify Software's PLM, incorporate traditionally disparate systems (quality, training, corrective action/preventive action) to augment support for regulatory compliance across all verticals.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Swain
| first = Erik
| title = Software Systems Breaking Boundaries for Device Makers
| publisher = Medical Device & Diagnostic Industry
| date = 2007.09.17
| url = http://www.devicelink.com/mddi/archive/07/09/017.html
}} </ref>
Other companies provide web-based PLM solutions mainly for apparel<ref>{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Jim
| title = Research Rap: PLM for the Fashion Police (the anti-Metal Benders)
| publisher = Manufacturing Business Technology
| date = 2008.02.27
| url = http://www.mbtmag.com/blog/1690000369/post/1180022518.html
}} </ref>, footwear, accessories, and consumer brand manufacturers, including [[Centric Software]] and ecVision.


Independent PLM solution providers such as [[Atos Origin]], SIA Conseil, accenture, Infosys, Integware and [http://www.meta-fore.com Metafore] deliver PLM consulting and system integration services and help companies to identify, design, implement and operate appropriate PLM practices, processes and technologies.
==Heresy trial==


There are also companies whose main revenue is not from PLM but do attribute some of their income from PLM software, such as [[SAP AG|SAP]]($11B), [[SSA Global Technologies|SSA Global]] , [[Oracle Corporation]] and [[Autodesk]] ($1.5B). Other companies in this market, such as [[Atos Origin]], [[IBM]] ($88.9B), [[EDS]] ($19.8B),[[NEC]] ($45B), [[Accenture]], [[Infosys Technologies Limited|Infosys]] (INFY), [[Geometric Limited|Geometric]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]] (TCS),WRENCH Solutions (P) Ltd ,[[ITC Ltd.|ITC Infotech]] provide outsourcing and consulting services some of which is in the field of PLM. 3DPLM is a joint venture between Dassault systeme and Geometric to develop specialised PLM solutions.
Rev. Gotwald was tried for [[heresy]] by the Board of Trustees at [[Wittenberg College]] in [[Springfield, Ohio]] on [[April 4]] and [[April 5]], [[1893]]. In his book ''The Gotwald Trial Revisited'', Rev. Luther A. Gotwald, Jr. tells the story of this trial in blow by blow detail of why and how the author’s famous ancestor was tried for heresy on a charge of “false teachings”. This charge was brought by three members of the First Lutheran Church of Dayton, Ohio, who were members of the Wittenberg Board of Trustees. These Board members alleged that his teachings espoused the doctrine of the “General Council” denomination of the Lutheran Church.<ref>There was considerable pre-trial wrangling concerning the specifics of the charges upon which Professor Gotwald would be charged. However, in the end, the amended charges against him became these.


Many of these companies have emerged out of the CAD and PDM market. For a more comprehensive list see [[List of CAD companies]].
GENERAL CHARGE
The said Luther A. Gotwald, D.D., is disqualified to be a professor in Wittenberg College, for the following reasons:


== See also ==
SPECIFIC CHARGES
* [[Building lifecycle management]]
First.
* [[Collaborative Product Development]]
Contrary to the Oath and Obligation administered to him at the time of his installation as Professor of Theology at Wittenberg College, his dominant attitude as professor in said college has been, and now is. that of opposition to the type of Lutheranism of the General Synod, which is the type of Lutheranism that dictated the establishment of Wittenberg College, that animated its founders in undertaking it, and in whose interests the original trust was created, in this, to wit:
* [[Concept car]]
First, That he stated before the Board of Directors of Wittenberg College, at its annual session of the College in June, 1882, that the Symbolic Books were the logical development of the Augsburg Confession: that what he conscientiously believed, that, he would teach whenever he had an opportunity.
* [[Extending the Product Life Cycle]]
Second, That he believes in baptismal regeneration independent of faith of the subject: that it is so stated in a sketch of his life in Jenssen's Biography of Lutheran Ministers. Also, he so stated the same to Prof. H.R. Geiger, at Springfield, Ohio, in the summer of 1892, that he taught the same in a lecture dictated to his class in theology in Wittenberg College.
* [[Industrial Design]]
* [[ISO 10303]] - Standard for the Exchange of Product model data
* [[Mass production]]
* [[New product development]] (NPD)
* [[Product Life Cycle Management]]
* [[Product management]]
* [[Toolkits for User Innovation]]
* [[User Centered Design]]


== References ==
Second.
<div class="references-small">
He holds on to the type of Lutheranism characteristic of the General Council and opposed to the Lutheranism of Wittenberg College and of the General Synod, in this, to wit: That he stated before the Board of Directors, at its annual session in June, 1892, that he could endorse the General Council except in the matter of pulpit and altar fellowship or the "Galesburg Rule."
<references/>
</div>


== Further reading ==
Third.
{{external links}}
He holds that all doctrines of the Augsburg Confession are fundamental to salvation, to wit: Address before the Board at its June meeting.
*[http://www.meta-fore.com/education/wpreg.php 10 Best Practices for Successful PLM Evaluations] - White Paper
* {{cite book
| title =Product Lifecycle Management(Hardcover)
| last =Saaksvuori
| first =Antti
| publisher = Springer
| date =3 edition (May, 2008)
| url =http://www.plm-info.com/My_Homepage_Files/Page2.html
| id =ISBN 3540781730 }}


*[http://www.sme.org/downloads/communities/techgroups/plm/matrix.pdf SME Product Lifecycle Management Tech Group PLM Matrix]
Fourth
* {{cite book
He holds that the doctrinal position of the General Synod, when rightly interpreted, is identical with that of the General Council. And this charge is made upon statement of Professor Geiger in an address made before the Wittenberg Synod at its annual meeting in 1892; the time and place of the making of these declarations by Dr. Gotwald to Professor Geiger and others, this committee is unable to state.
| title =Product Lifecycle Management: Driving the Next Generation of Lean Thinking (Hardcover)
| last =Grieves
| first =Michael
| publisher = McGraw-Hill
| date =1 edition (2006)}}
* {{cite book
| title =Product Lifecycle Management: 21st century Paradigm for Product Realisation (Hardcover)
| last =Stark
| first =John
| publisher = Springer
| date =1 edition (August 27, 2004)
| url =http://www.johnstark.com/PLM_Paradigm.html
| id =ISBN 1-85233-810-5 }}
* {{cite book
| title =Global Product: Strategy, Product Lifecycle Management and the Billion Customer Question (Hardcover)
| last =Stark
| first =John
| publisher = Springer
| date =1 edition (August 24, 2007)
| url =http://www.johnstark.com/PR_090307.html
| id =ISBN 1-84628-914-9 }}


[[Category:Product lifecycle management]]
Fifth.
[[Category:Computer-aided design]]
Contrary to the Oath and Obligation administered to him at the time of his installation as Professor of Theology in Wittenberg College, his teaching accords with the type of Lutheranism of the General Council, instead of that which is the Lutheranism of Wittenberg College and of the General Synod, in this, to wit: That he teaches in Wittenberg College what we have already stated to be his dominant attitude under Charge. First: That he further teaches the exclusive type of Lutheranism characteristic of the General Council, namely that all the doctrines of the Augsburg Confession are fundamental: and that teaches private confession and absolution and other like doctrines, never received by the General Synod and contrary to her whole history and her original principles. And that he teaches the schismatic spirit of Lutheran exclusiveness relative to so-called true Lutheran Doctrine of the Lord's Supper. And he teaches that type of Lutheranism which disrupted the General Synod at Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1866, and which is now threatening to revolutionize the doctrines and ritual of the General Synod in the interest of the General Council. Our authority for this statement is the charge made by Alexander Gebhart, Joseph R. Gebhart and Rev. E.E. Baker, in their charges filed with the President of the Board.
[[Category:Product management]]
M.J. FIREY,
[[Category:Production and manufacturing]]
E.P. OTIS,
[[Category:Information technology management]]
SAMUEL SCHWARM. Gotwald, p.95-6.</ref>[[Image:Samuel Schmucker.jpg|thumb|left|70px|Rev. Samuel Simon Schmucker]]
The author states that “As unusual as it is for a theological professor to have such charges preferred against him, what is even more unusual is the fact that the two competing denominations were making overtures toward closer cooperation with hopes of their eventual merger.”<ref>Gotwald, p.1.</ref> According to ''A History of Wittenberg College'', "the 'trial' of Professor L. A. Gotwald at Wittenberg, in 1893, arose from fear that the liberal traditions of the college were threatened by a rising 'exclusive and conservative spirit' symbolized by Gotwald."<ref>Harold H. Lentz, ''A History of Wittenberg College'' (1845-1945) (Springfield, Ohio, 1946), 176-178.</ref> As the Gotwald heresy trial book put it, "The 1890s were times when Lutheran were choosing between two identities -- Lutherans who were adapting their teachings and practices to Protestant America following the lead of Dr. [[Samuel Simon Schmucker]]; and those who sought their role as maintaining the understandings of the Lutheranism of the Sixteenth Century Reformer Martin Luther. Both sides maintained they were true."<ref>Gotwald, p.1.</ref> Professor Gotwald was defended at this trial by Judge Joseph W. Adair of Noble County, Indiana. At the conclusion of the trial, it is telling that even the prosecutors joined in the unanimous vote for his acquittal.<ref>Note on Gotwald heresey trial, Christian Cyclopedia, Erwin L. Lueker, Luther Poellot, Paul Jackson, Concordia Publishing House, 2000. [http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=g&word=GOTWALD.LUTHERALEXANDER Note on Gotwald Trial]</ref>[[Image:Adair, Joseph Judge.jpg|thumb|right|60px|Judge Joseph W. Adair, Defense Attorney for Prof. Gotwald]]

The charges that Professor Gotwald was not teaching correct Lutheran theology swirled around quite some time before formal charges were brought to the Wittenberg Board of Trustees. It undoubtedly owed much of its genesis to Rev. Gotwald's ministry in Dayton in which he became embroiled in many stormy debates about church doctrine with some other church leaders. It reached the point that his health gave out and he had to resign his ministry and spend a period of time away from the ministry to recover. It was no coincidence that his most vocal critics and accusers came from Dayton.<ref>Gotwald, pp.28-31</ref> Perhaps most damaging in the leadup to the trial were articles in the ''Lutheran Evangelist'' that named "Luther Gotwald as a teacher not fit to teach in a General Synod Seminary".<ref>Gotwald pp.83.</ref>

[[Image:Baker, Rev. Ernest E En.jpg|thumb|left|60px|Rev. Ernest E. Baker, Accuser of Prof. Gotwald]] A minority of the Wittenberg Board of Directors, consisting of Rev. Ernest E. Baker, Alexander Gebhart and Joseph R. Gebhart sent a minority report to the Miami Synod Convention, which was held in Springfield, Ohio on October 5 through October 7 of 1892, requesting that it investigate whether Prof. Gotwald "gloried in the idea that the logical interpretation of the [Augsburg Confession, i.e., orthodox Lutheranism] would lead to the doctrinal basis of the General Council (i.e., unorthodox and, at the time, actively competing Lutheranism)."<ref>Gotwald, p.84.</ref> The Board of Directors, after lengthy debate, pointedly supported all their facaulty of their seminary.

[[Image:Gebhart, Alexander 2 En.jpg|thumb|right|60px|Alexander Gebhart, Accuser]] Further, a majority of the Wittenberg Board of Directors had little heart to hear the heresy charges against Prof. Gotwald. In fact, the Wittenberg Board of Directors as well as the Miami Synod Convention passed up the chance to act on these heresy charges against Prof. Gotwald, brought by this minority of the Wittenberg Board of Directors.<ref>Gotwald pp.84-88.</ref> Some Wittenberg Theological Seminary faculty members even tried to talk the accusers out of their intention to take action against Rev. Gotwald.<ref>Gotwald, p.84.</ref>

Even so, these accusations motivated Prof. Gotwald to assure the Wittenberg Board of Directors in writing on October 31, 1892, that he had "never contemplated a change in the doctrinal basis of the General Synod".<ref>Gotwald, p.86.</ref> His assurance included a list of the theological positions he accepted and those he rejected. He requested the opportunity to go before the Board and make this assurance in person. However, at this point, the President of the Board saw no need, after their lengthy discussion at their regular meeting, to call a special meeting to deal with what it seemed to consider frivolous accusations.

The Gotwald heresy trial book states that "the three rebuffed accusers from Dayton were determined all the more to bring the matter to the Wittenberg Board of Directors for final resolution in a formal heresy trial in the Spring of 1893." <ref>Gotwald, p.87.</ref> Thus, these detractors continued to argue that while Prof. Gotwald started with orthodox Lutheran doctrine, his interpretation of that doctrine and his teaching, based on his logical extension of that doctrine, ended up in unorthodox beliefs and teachings. The persons who formally brought charges against Rev. Gotwald before the Directors of Wittenberg College were, of course, his arch detractors, Ernest E. Baker, Alexander Gebhart and Joseph R. Gebhart. They based their charges on what they said he had said to them personally, what he had said at various Lutheran functions and even what had been written about him in his biography in a Lutheran publication as to what he believed himself and as to what he intended to teach his students. The Gotwald heresy trail book says that Professor of English and Latin, Charles Lewis Ehrenfeld, was also heavily involved behind the scenes in the drafting of charges against Professor Gotwald. Professor Ehrenfeld had recently survived a student request to the Wittenberg Board of Director that he be dismissed, but still had resigned from Wittenberg as a result.<ref>Gotwald, pp.83.</ref>[[Image:Ehrenfeld, Charles Lewis.jpg|thumb|left|60px|Prof. Charles Lewis Ehrenfeld, Helped draft charges]]
The charges, as initially filed, were that "The said Luther A. Gotwald, D.D. is DISQUALIFIED to be a Professor of Theology in Wittenberg College." They included a list of seven charges, all of which probably may be summed in the charge that he was not teaching "the type of Lutheranism that dictated the establishment of Wittenberg College, that animated its founders in undertaking it, and in whose interests the original trust was created."<ref>Gotwald, p.88.</ref> Under Board rules, the filing of these formal charges required Board President John L. Zimmerman to call a special Board meeting to hear evidence regarding those accusations. He called that meeting to begin at 2:00 P.M. on April 4, 1893 in the Wittenberg Recitation Hall, located in the College Building on the Wittenberg campus. The accusing Board members persuaded a reluctant Board Member, Rev. E.D. Smith to serve as the initial prosecutor. Judge Joseph W. Adair and Pastor G.M. Grau, D.D. represented the defense.

At the outset of the trial, the defense moved that the charges be made more specific. The Board required the prosecution to do so. There was much heated argument over what those specifics should be. When the Board finally adopted the amended charges to be tried, "the accusers refused to bring the amended charges claiming that the altered charges were not their charges." <ref>Gotwald, p.91.</ref> The original prosecutor, Rev. E.D. Smith, also declined to continue, since the amended charges were not those that he had agreed to prosecute. Board member, Rev. M.J. Firey, D.D. reluctantly agreed to continue the prosecution of the case against Prof. Gotwald on the amended charges.<ref>Gotwald, p.96.</ref>

[[Image:Firey, Rev. M.J DD.JPG |thumb|left|60px|Rev. M.J. Firey, D.D., Substitute Prosecutor]]Rev. Firey had little luck in prosecuting the case, since the original accusers all steadfastly refused to participate in any way and, unlike in a regular court of law, he had no way to force their testimony.<ref>Gotwald, p.100. See also, ''Wittenberg Torch'', April 1887, pp.108-109.</ref> All the rest of the testimony he called at the trial from fellow faculty members and even a student was basically supportive of Prof. Gotwald. With no help from the instigators of the charges, M.J. Firey could not make his case.<ref>Board President John L. Zimmerman was not a clergyman, but a brilliant lawyer, with aspirations of running for governor. His disdain for what he, lacking a doctor of divinity degree, may well have seen as hair splitting esoterics is rather apparent in his pointed attempt to just ignore the whole thing. It would have been easy for a man of his training and talents to arrange the amended charges so the accusers could not win. If the prosecution could not make its case, neither he nor the other Board Members had to come down on either side of the merits of the dispute. Untrained in the law, the accusers could not match wits with him and they likely never had a chance. Their bitter assertion that the amended charges were not their charges was likely correct.</ref> The trial ended abruptly in acquittal, before Prof. Gotwald had a chance to put on the bulk of his defense – apparently to his great disappointment. Twenty five court members voted to acquit, including prosecutors Rev. M.J. Firey and Rev E.D. Smith. His three accusers, Ernest E. Baker, Alexander Gebhart, and Joseph R. Gebhart abstained from the vote.<ref>Gotwald, p.103.</ref> If it is not crystal clear what this trial was all about, it is because what were clearly the vague and generalized charges against Rev. Gotwald never did come into focus, since his accusers refused to participate in the process of bringing them into focus. For instance, the prosecution was asked at the trial to define the word "fundamental" in its charges, which it could not or would not do. Nevertheless, Wittenberg later published and distributed Prof. Gotwald's unpresented defense to these unclear charges.

Still, his accusers later stated in ''The Lutheran Evangelist'' that the proceeding against Prof. Gotwald had been a "mock trial." They even threatened to appeal the outcome to the Ohio Supreme Court, but they never did and, of course, legally, they never could appeal the outcome of a church trial to a secular court.<ref>Gotwald, p.105.</ref>

Following the trial and at least in partial response to the publicity attending it, the General Synod at Canton and the General Counsel of Fort Wayne, Indiana made large steps in resolving the differences between them.<ref>Gotwald p.106-109.</ref> The General Synod and the General Council joined into the United Lutheran Church in America on November 15, 1918 in New York City. John L. Zimmerman, who presided at the Gotwald trial, was elected to its Executive Board.<ref>Gotwald p.118.</ref>

Even so, as is true with virtually all major denominations, the debate between the conservative and liberal persuasions of the Lutheran Church continues today. For instance, as this Wikipedia article on Lutheranism puts it, "Today, Lutheran groups vary on the nature and limits of biblical inerrancy, with each group claiming to represent the true Reformation position. Conservative groups tend to stress biblical inerrancy, confessionalism, and the orthodoxy of 17th century Lutheranism, while liberal groups seek to make use of the higher criticism method of biblical interpretation."<ref>Lutheranism, Wikipedia, p.1[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism]</ref> As the Gotwald heresy trial book puts it, in "the Twenty-first Century, in the wake of the ecumenical movement, Lutherans are again being challenged to identify their reasons for being and knowing their true identity. Readers will find many of the same issues which dominated the trial of Luther Gotwald are still with us today, making it a good reason for becoming acquainted with its issues and how they were dealt with."<ref>Gotwald, p.1.</ref>

==Later life ==
[[Image:Gotwald, Luther Standing En.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Luther Alexander Gotwald & Frederick Gotwald, holding Luther, Jr. July 28, 1900]]
[[Image:Gotwald, Luther chair.jpg|thumb|Right|80px|Prof. Gotwald's chair, in which he is seated in 1900 photo above. He died seated in this chair. Owned by Rev. Luther Gotwald, Jr., Davidsville, Pa.]]
Professor Luther A. Gotwald continued to serve as a Professor at Wittenburg, where he continued to be much loved and held in high esteem. Sadly, he was stricken with paralysis in 1895 and had to resign. The ''Wittenberg Torch'' gives this account of it. "About 6:30 last Saturday evening, just after the reverend doctor had arisen from the supper table and gone to his study, his family heard him fall. His groans soon brought them to his side. It was found that he was unconscious and his son, Dr. [David] King Gotwald was hastily sent for [he only lived two houses north of the King Homestead]. He together with Dr. [John Harrison] Rodgers [a great grandson of Robert Quigley] worked with the patient for some time before consciousness was restored. It was discovered that his right side was paralyzed. He suffered greatly Saturday evening, but throughout the Sabbath he rested easily. He was unable to use his voice until Sunday evening, when he spoke a few words. The entire body of students greatly sympathize with Dr. Gotwald and his family in their affliction. The reverend professor is universally loved and respected by all, and it is hoped that he will soon be restored to his accustomed health."<ref>''Wittenberg Torch'', Springfield, Ohio, November 5, 1895, p.53.</ref> The stroke affected his speech and left him partially paralyzed on the right side - unable to perform further either as a professor or in the ministry. In his autobiography, he resigns himself to this fate by merely exclaiming, "God Reins".<ref>Gotwald Autobiography, p. 69.</ref>

He was then cared for by his son George, his daughters, Almena and Mary Susan Gotwald, who were living in the King Homestead during the time period, and, of course, by his ever-faithful wife Mary Elizabeth for the next five years. The fact that he did recover some of this health is evidenced by photos taken of him standing and smiling and in the fact that he participated in the founding of the Calvary Lutheran Church in Springfield in 1900 -- the year of his death. However, he died in Springfield, Ohio later that year on September 15, 1900. As his Grandson, Luther A. Gotwald, Sr. reports it, "on [that] evening, as he sat in his chair by his desk, he had just asked his wife to open the Bible and read their evening lesson together. Suddenly, as a result of another heart attack, he passed away, painlessly and quietly".<ref>Gotwald, p.114.</ref>
[[Image:Ort, Samuel Pres Close.jpg|thumb|left|80px|Wittenberg Pres. Samuel A. Ort]]
The fact that his trial had not damaged his esteem at Wittenberg can be seen in the fact that the President of Wittenberg, Dr. Samuel A. Ort delivered an eloquent oration at his funeral which was full of affection and praise for the reverend professor.<ref>''Wittenberg Torch'', Springfield, Ohio, September 22, 1900, p.1. Here is Dr. Ort's entire oration. Friends and Brethren: And what shall I say? A most devoted, an ever faithful husband, a very loving and loveable father, a true man of God, a Christian indeed, an earnest pungent preacher of the Gospel of our Lord, a workman that needed not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth, a brother beloved, a friend, firm and lasting, is with us in earthly life no longer.

On the evening of last Saturday, just when the twilight had shaded into night, his spirit swept through the gates of the Eternal City, and Luther A. Gotwald was among the glorious company of the just, beholding the One whom he had served so well, and uniting with the multitude of the redeemed in singing the new song:

"Worthy is that lamb that was slain, to receive riches and power and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and blessing."

Happy soul! Beyond the toil, the trouble and the evil of the restless world; beyond the pain, the sadness and the care of mortal life; in the society of the heavenly great and good; more than that, with those he longed to greet again, his own; still more, with his elder brother, the crucified, the risen and exalted One, in the bosom of the Father, what joyous state! "What radiancy of glory, what light beyond compare," enswathes him!
"Happy spirit! Thou art fled.
Where no grief can entrance find; lulled to rest the aching head.
Soothed the anguish of the mind."

But we miss thee; miss thee at home, in the house of worship, in the social circle, in the place of learning, everywhere we miss thee, husband, father, friend! True, thou hast left behind a richest legacy of a manly, Christian life, of love that will never perish, of friendship that can never be lost, of deeds that are immortal. But still we miss thee, thou worthy soul, and must mourn thy going from us, and can talk with thy God face to face, and behold his glory.

Twelve years ago, Dr. Gotwald, at the call of Wittenberg College, laid aside an active ministerial life and accepted the position of teacher in the Theological Seminary. He occupied the chair of Practical Theology. Five years ago he was suddenly deprived of the use of his powers, and in this condition remained until a short while since. Dr. Gotwald came to Wittenberg College from a long and busy pastoral life. Twenty nine years had gone when he turned from the public sphere, rich in the experiences of a matchless pastor, to give his thought and care to the training of the young men for the great and precious work of the Gospel ministry. To his last calling he brought a mind well stored with practical knowledge, a heart aglow with truest sympathy, and a soul burning with zeal for God and his Church. He was about his Father's business, whether in the pulpit, in his study, in the sick room or among the people. With his unswerving devotion he came to Wittenberg college to be a potent factor in its progressive life. Immediately on his entrance on the new relation of Divinity professor, he made the greatest good of the Seminary a chief concern. Previously, on solicitation to begin the movement of a Divinity Hall and the placing of our Theological Seminary in right position for most profitable service to the Church, with little hesitation, he responded heartily, with a liberality always characteristic of the man. No sooner was he settled in his new profession, than he proffered unselfish help in the prosecution of much needed undertaking. Through his faithful endeavor, in the face of difficulties, which seemed at times to render impossible a successful ending, and when the hope was gone, the enterprise of a Theological building was brought to a cheering reality. Dr. Gotwald possessed peculiar ability in prompting men and women to benevolent acts. This power backed by faith in divine promise, he was ever willing to exercise, not for vain glory, but for the advantage of a worthy cause. In the exercise of this excellence, he gave himself without grudging to the effort of advancing the prosperity of Wittenberg College. Through term time and vacation period, he toiled for the larger development of our higher educational concerns. He was a man truly valuable to Wittenberg College in all its affairs. With a most unselfish aim and pure purpose, with an ambition to be great only in a loving service of his Lord and Master, he addressed himself with all the energy of his soul to the uplifting of our beloved Wittenberg College on a plane of stronger power and wider influence. For this school he prayed and wrought, to it he gave freely of his treasure, and, in behalf of its better destiny, he ever stood loyal and true. At last, worn and weary, he fell under the first stroke of death to linger awhile helpless and apart from his final work, waiting for the glad summons; Beloved servant, come up higher! How through these days and years we longed to have him back again in the vigor of life. We have wept that we might once more open to him our hearts and talk of the cause so dear to his soul, but the gates remained closed. A noble comrade, a true yoke fellow, we must extol him and say, his value to Wittenberg College was beyond price. And what would his students say were they here today? What precious memories would come trooping back to mind; memories of a pure soul, absorbed in holy work, of a soul so constantly in company with its God and Savior, a soul so hearty and honest in its sympathy for the troubled and discouraged, tender and loving in its every hearing; memories of kind words and helpful deeds, of cheering look and godly walk, of a true and worthy Christian man. He is out of the class room; his lips are closed; his voice is hushed, but he still lives in the life of the young men under his tuition, and whom he ever sought to bring into more intimate communion with their Savior so they might have power with God and men. His influence abides in the hearts of his students, and through them he continues to preach the unsearchable riches of grace. Ah, how many under his eyes during the seven years of his Seminary life could this day rise up and say, he was to me father indeed, so kind, so tender in his sympathy, so loving, so Christ like in spirit, so sincere in his ways. We can never forget him. We have him with us always, his devotion, his unselfish zeal, his faithfulness, his care for our greatest good, his faith and his love, even the man himself in all those qualities, which constitute a worthiest manhood.

He is gone. But we can still say while we linger beside his lifeless form:

"How blest the righteous when he dies,
When sinks a weary soul to rest!
How mildly beam the closing eyes!
How gently cheaves the expiring beast!

So fades a summer cloud away;
So sinks the gale when storms are o'er;
So gently shuts the eye of day;
So dies a wave along the shore.

A holy quiet reigns around,
A calm which life nor death destroys;
And nought disturbs that peach profound,
Which his unfettered soul enjoys.

Life's labor done, as sinks the clay,
Light from its load the spirit flies,
While heaven and earth combine to say,
How blest the righteous when he dies."

Luther A. Gotwald is now of the saints in glory. Farewell brother, farewell! Till be meet beyond the river, on the shining shore, and together in the temple of our God adore and worship Him who has saved us by His grace. Till then, good bye!</ref> Among the many words of praise Dr. Ort had for Professor Gotwald was that "he gave himself without grudging to the effort of advancing the prosperity of Wittenberg College. Through term time and vacation period, he toiled for the larger development of our higher educational concerns. He was a man truly valuable to Wittenberg College in all its affairs." He also called him "A noble comrade, a true yoke fellow, we must extol him and say, his value to Wittenberg College was beyond price."

Mary Elizabeth King Gotwald died on November 13, 1919, also in Springfield, Ohio. Rev. David H. Bauslin, Dean of Hamma Divinity School of Wittenberg College was one of the speakers at her funeral.<ref>Mary King Gotwald Obitaury.</ref> They are buried in[http://www.taralink.com/Client_Sites/Ferncliff/index.htm Ferncliff Cemetery]in Springfield, Ohio, not too far from their home.

All of the Gotwald children who survived to adulthood became respected and prominent citizens.

[[Image:Gotwald, Dr. David King c.1920.JPG|thumb|left|70px|Dr. David King Gotwald, M.D.]]Their son Dr. David King Gotwald (who went by "King Gotwald) became a prominent physician in Springfield, who was known for his modest billing for his services. Dr. King Gotwald kept no financial records on his patients. rather, once each year he sent them all the same bill of fifty dollars with a promise of caring for them during that year. He received his early education at the York County Academy and the York Collegiate Institute. He began his medical carrer by studying pharmacy in a drug stores in York and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvnai. He next read medicine with a Dr. Jacob Hay of York. Ultimately, he entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1878 and took a complete four years’ course in medicine, from which he graduated with honors in 1882. He shared the “Henry C. Lea” Prize of $200 for the best graduating thesis, with Mr. Horace F. Jayne, there being 117 in the class. He was then honored by the appointment of resident physician in Blockeley Hospital in Philadelphia. In the fall of 1883, he married Julia B. Kurtz of York, Pennsylvania. He moved his practice to Springfield, Ohio on April 1, 1895. He built his own stately home two houses north of the King Homestead, at 505 North Fountain Avenue, Springfield, Ohio and even closer to Wittenberg College than the King Homestead. This home was recently restored and looks very much as it did when Dr. Gotwald had it built. In 1898, as Assistant Surgeon of the Ohio National Guard, he served with his regiment, the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in the Spainish American War. He served as a Director of Wittenberg College. His son, Rev. Dr. William King Gotwald followed the family calling into the Lutheran ministry and university teaching. He attended Wittenburg College and Hamma Divinity School. He earned his PhD. from John Hopkins. He had Lutherean pastorates in churches in Kalamazoo, Michigan and Wapakoneta, Ohio. He taught history at West Virginia Wesleyan College at Buchanan, West Virginia. He was a Professor at Newberry College, South Carolina. In his last nine years he was a Professor of Ancient and Medieval History at Wittenberg College.<ref>''Obituary of Dr. William King Gotwald'', Springfield News, August 15, 1932.</ref>

[[Image:Gotwald,_George_c.1885.jpg|thumb|right|70px|Rev. George Gotwald]]
[[Image:Remsberg, Robert Prof..jpg|thumb|left|80px|Prof. Robert Gotwald Remsberg]]
Their son Rev. George Daniel Gotwald followed in his father's footsteps by graduating from Gettysburg Seminary and serving as a Lutheran clergyman in Kansas. From the time of his birth his parents consecrated him to the Lutheran ministry. They baptized him in infancy and confirmed him in Easter of 1876 in St. Paul’s Church in York, Pennsylvania.He attended York County Academy and graduated with honors form Pennsylvania College and was graduated in 1882.
He attended the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg for three years. Afterward, he was ordained by the West Pennsylvania Synod in St. Paul’s Church at York, Pennsylvania, at the same altar at which he had been confirmed. He married Mary B. Baugher in the summer of 1885. His first ministry was the Mission Church at Salina, Kansas where he was "held in remarkably high esteem by both the congregation and the community."<ref>Gotwald autobiography, p. 190</ref> He was chairman of the Music Committee from Pennsylvania College which published ''The American College Song Book'' in 1882. In 1888, he became the pastor of the Children’s Memorial Lutheran Church in Kansas City, Missouri. Unfortunately, he came down with pneumonia, contracted through a cold, which he caught at a funeral on Christmas Day of 1889. He died on January 12, 1890 after a ministry at Kansas City of only a year and two months. George's grandson, Prof. Robert Gotwald Remsberg became a highly respected philosophy professor at Wittenberg University. He was also an ordained Lutheran Minister and served as University Pastor. Wittenberg University still honors him with a scholarship it awards in his name.<ref>2008 Wittenberg University Academic Catalog — Prizes & Awards, "The Remsberg/Klive Award established in honor of Robert Gotwald Remsberg (professor of philosophy 1940-1975) and Visvaldis V. Klive (professor of philosophy 1966-1994), this recognition is given to the outstanding senior philosophy major and includes a book award."[http://www4.wittenberg.edu/administration/catalog/current/scholarships/ Remsberg/Klive Award.]</ref>

Their son, Robert Caldwell Gotwald became a well known architect, who designed many buildings in Springfield and elsewhere. He is still remembered and honored today. He designed the old Springfield City Hospital in Springfield and was on the Springfield Board of Building Commissioners, at the time of his death, which was constructing the new Springfield City Hospital, which still stands and operates today.<ref>The Springfield Preservation Alliance of Springfield, Ohio has a donation category (Corporate Membership) it calls the "Robert C. Gotwald Society" that a corporation can join in exchange for a five hundred dollar donation.[http://www.restorespringfield.org/members/join.html Robert C. Gotwald Society]</ref> Buildings in downtown Springfield bore the Gotwald name. There was the Gotwald Building, which he designed for his brother, Dr. David King Gotwald and in which Robert Gotwald kept his office. There was the old YMCA Building, which was called the King-Gotwald Building. He designed several of the Lutheran churches in Springfield as well as the old Zimmerman Library Building at Wittenberg.

[[Image:Gotwald, Robert Caldwell En.jpg|thumb|left|80px|Architect Robert Caldwell Gotwald]]

[[Image:Gotwald, Frederick2 5-12-07.jpg|thumb|80px|left|Rev. Frederick Gebhart Gotwald]]
[[Image:Gotwald, Luther, Sr En.jpg|thumb|80px|Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald, Sr.]]
[[Image:Gotwald, Luther, Jr., Davidsville, Pa. En 8-8-08.jpg|thumb|80px|Author Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald, Jr.]]
Their son, Rev. Frederick Gebhart Gotwald graduated from Wittenberg College and from the Hamma Divinity School of that college. He became an instructor at Hamma Divinity School at Wittenberg College. He served as a member of the Board of Directors of Wittenberg College from 1894 until 1898. He became the Editor of The Lutheran World in 1885, where he served for fifteen years. He founded the Fifth Lutheran Church in Springfield in 1891 and served for many years as its pastor. In 1900, he organized the Calvary Lutheran Church in Springfield, Ohio. He was transferred to York, Pennsylvania in 1904, to become General Secretary of the Lutheran Board of Education in which position he served up until the time of his death on February 4, 1926. Before his death, he founded the Advent Lutheran Church in York, Pennsylvania in 1924.<ref>''Obituary of Dr. Frederick G. Gotwald''. The Springfield Daily News, February 5, 1926.</ref>

Rev. Frederick Gebhart Gotwald was the father of Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald, Sr., who graduated from York Academy, Gettysburg College and the Lutheran Theological Seminary. Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald, Sr. served in the Mission Field of the United Lutheran Church in Madras Presidency, India. He held the position of Executive Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church. He was also the Executive Secretary of the Division of Foreign Missions of the National Council of the Churches of Christ. His son and the great grandson of the original Rev. Luther Gotwald, Rev. Luther Alexander Gotwald, Jr. is a Lutheran cleric and the author of the Gotwald heresy trial book. He was born to his missionary parents in India. He graduated from Gettysburg College and the Lutheran Theological Seminary. The Central Pennsylvania Synod ordained him as a minister of the United Lutheran church. He had three pastorates in Pennsylvania and acted as an assistant to the Bishop of the Allegheny Synod. He retired in 1992.<ref>A special thanks to Rev. Luther A. Gotwald, Jr., who reviewed this article with his expert eye and made many helpful suggestions for its improvement.</ref>

[[Image:Gotwald,_Almena_5-12-07.jpg|left|thumb|90px|Almena Gotwald (not holding paper)]]
The daughter of Luther and Mary Gotwald, Almena Gotwald graduated from Wittenberg College. She married Glenn Morris Cummings, an attorney, who became Chief Counsel of the Cleveland Trust Company.[[Image:Gotwald, Mary 5-12-07.jpg|thumb|80px|Mary Susan Gotwald]]

Their daughter, Mary Susan Gotwald graduated from Wittenberg College. She married attorney and jurist Hubert Clay Pontius, of Canton, Ohio who served as Prosecuting Attorney and Judge in Stark County, Ohio.<ref>''Obituary of Mary Gotwald Pontius'', Springfield News, July 17, 1960.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[cs:Product Lifecycle Management]]
[[Category:1833 births]]
[[de:Product Lifecycle Management]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[es:Administración del ciclo de vida de productos]]
[[Category:Wittenberg University alumni]]
[[fr:Product Lifecycle Management]]
[[ko:제품 수명 주기 관리]]
[[it:Gestione del ciclo di vita del prodotto]]
[[no:Product Lifecycle Management]]
[[ru:PLM]]
[[fi:Elinjakso]]

Revision as of 21:00, 10 October 2008

This article is about managing product design and production details. For managing the life of a product in the market, see Product life cycle management.


Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal.[1] PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems and provides a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprise.[2]

It is one of the four cornerstones of a corporation's information technology structure.[3] All companies need to manage communications and information with their customers (CRM-Customer Relationship Management), their suppliers (SCM-Supply Chain Management), their resources within the enterprise (ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning) and their planning (SDLC-Systems Development Life Cycle). In addition, manufacturing engineering companies must also develop, describe, manage and communicate information about their products.

Documented benefits include:[4][5]

  • Reduced time to market
  • Improved product quality
  • Reduced prototyping costs
  • Savings through the re-use of original data
  • A framework for product optimization
  • Reduced waste
  • Savings through the complete integration of engineering workflows

Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is more to do with managing descriptions and properties of a product through its development and useful life, mainly from a business/engineering point of view; whereas Product life cycle management (PLCM) is to do with the life of a product in the market with respect to business/commercial costs and sales measures.


Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the title commonly applied to a set of application software that enables the New Product Development (NPD) business process.

Within PLM there are four primary areas;

  1. Product and Portfolio Management (PPM)
  2. Product Design (CAx)
  3. Manufacturing Process Management (MPM)
  4. Product Data Management (PDM)

Note: While application software is not required for PLM processes, the business complexity and rate of change requires organizations execute as rapidly as possible.

Product Data Management is focused on capturing and maintaining information on products and/or services through its development and useful life. Product and Portfolio Management is focused on managing resource allocation, tracking progress vs. plan for projects in the new product development projects that are in process (or in a holding status). Portfolio management is a tool that assists management in tracking progress on new products and making trade-off decisions when allocating scarce resources.

Introduction to development process

The core of PLM (product lifecycle management) is in the creation and central management of all product data and the technology used to access this information and knowledge. PLM as a discipline emerged from tools such as CAD, CAM and PDM, but can be viewed as the integration of these tools with methods, people and the processes through all stages of a product’s life.[6] It is not just about software technology but is also a business strategy.[7]

File:Plm1.png

For simplicity the stages described are shown in a traditional sequential engineering workflow. The exact order of event and tasks will vary according to the product and industry in question but the main processes are:[8]

  • Conceive
    • Specification
    • Concept design
  • Design
    • Detailed design
    • Validation and analysis (simulation)
    • Tool design
  • Realize
    • Plan manufacturing
    • Manufacture
    • Build/Assemble
    • Test (quality check)
  • Service
    • Sell and Deliver
    • Use
    • Maintain and Support
    • Dispose

The major key point events are:

  • Order
  • Idea
  • Kick-off
  • Design freeze
  • Launch

The reality is however more complex, people and departments cannot perform their tasks in isolation and one activity cannot simply finish and the next activity start. Design is an iterative process, often designs need to be modified due to manufacturing constraints or conflicting requirements. Where exactly a customer order fits into the time line depends on the industry type, whether the products are for example Build to Order, Engineer to Order, or Assemble to Order.

History

Inspiration for the burgeoning business process now known as PLM came when American Motors Corporation (AMC) was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to François Castaing, Vice President for Product Engineering and Development.[9] After introducing its compact Jeep Cherokee (XJ), the vehicle that launched the modern sport utility vehicle (SUV) market, AMC began development of a new model, that later came out as the Jeep Grand Cherokee. The first part in its quest for faster product development was computer-aided design (CAD) software system that make engineers more productive. The second part in this effort was the new communication system that allowed conflicts to be resolved faster, as well as reducing costly engineering changes because all drawings and documents were in a central database. The product data management was so effective, that after AMC was purchased by Chrysler, the system was expanded throughout the enterprise connecting everyone involved in designing and building products. While an early adopter of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto industry's lowest-cost producer, recording development costs that were half of the industry average by the mid-1990s.[10]

Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies

Many software solutions have developed to organize and integrate the different phases of a product’s lifecycle. PLM should not be seen as a single software product but a collection of software tools and working methods integrated together to address either single stages of the lifecycle or connect different tasks or manage the whole process. Some software providers cover the whole PLM range while others a single niche application. Some applications can span many fields of PLM with different modules within the same data model. An overview of the fields within PLM is covered here. It should be noted however that the simple classifications do not always fit exactly, many areas overlap and many software products cover more than one area or do not fit easily into one category. It should also not be forgotten that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect knowledge that can be reused for other projects and to coordinate simultaneous concurrent development of many products. It is about business processes, people and methods as much as software application solutions. Although PLM is mainly associated with engineering tasks it also involves marketing activities such as Product Portfolio Management (PPM), particularly with regards to New product introduction (NPI).

Phase 1: Conceive

Imagine, Specify, Plan, Innovate

The first stage in idea is the definition of its requirements based on customer, company, market and regulatory bodies’ viewpoints. From this a specification of the products major technical parameters can be defined. Parallel to the requirements specification the initial concept design work is carried out defining the visual aesthetics of the product together with its main functional aspects. For the Industrial Design, Styling, work many different media are used from pencil and paper, clay models to 3D CAID Computer-aided industrial design software.

Phase 2: Design

Describe, Define, Develop, Test, Analyze and Validate

This is where the detailed design and development of the product’s form starts, progressing to prototype testing, through pilot release to full product launch. It can also involve redesign and ramp for improvement to existing products as well as planned obsolescence. The main tool used for design and development is CAD Computer-aided design. This can be simple 2D Drawing / Drafting or 3D Parametric Feature Based Solid/Surface Modelling, Such software includes technology such as Hybrid Modeling, Reverse Engineering, KBE (Knowledge-Based Engineering), NDT (Nondestructive testing), Assembly construction.

This step covers many engineering disciplines including: Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic, Software (embedded), and domain-specific, such as Architectural, Aerospace, Automotive, ... Along with the actual creation of geometry there is the analysis of the components and product assemblies. Simulation, validation and optimization tasks are carried out using CAE (Computer-aided engineering) software either integrated in the CAD package or stand-alone. These are used to perform tasks such as:- Stress analysis, FEA (Finite Element Analysis); Kinematics; Computational fluid dynamics (CFD); and mechanical event simulation (MES). CAQ (Computer-aided quality) is used for tasks such as Dimensional Tolerance (engineering) Analysis. Another task performed at this stage is the sourcing of bought out components, possibly with the aid of Procurement systems.

Phase 3: Realize

Manufacture, Make, Build, Procure, Produce, Sell and Deliver

Once the design of the product’s components is complete the method of manufacturing is defined. This includes CAD tasks such as tool design; creation of CNC Machining instructions for the product’s parts as well as tools to manufacture those parts, using integrated or separate CAM Computer-aided manufacturing software. This will also involve analysis tools for process simulation for operations such as casting, molding, and die press forming. Once the manufacturing method has been identified CPM comes into play. This involves CAPE (Computer-aided Production Engineering) or CAP/CAPP – (Production Planning) tools for carrying out Factory, Plant and Facility Layout and Production Simulation. For example: Press-Line Simulation; and Industrial Ergonomics; as well as tool selection management. Once components are manufactured their geometrical form and size can be checked against the original CAD data with the use of Computer Aided Inspection equipment and software. Parallel to the engineering tasks, sales product configuration and marketing documentation work will be taking place. This could include transferring engineering data (geometry and part list data) to a web based sales configurator and other Desktop Publishing systems.

Phase 4: Service

Use, Operate, Maintain, Support, Sustain, Phase-out, Retire, Recycle and Disposal

The final phase of the lifecycle involves managing of in service information. Providing customers and service engineers with support information for repair and maintenance, as well as waste management/recycling information. This involves using such tools as Maintenance, Repair and Operations Management (MRO) software.

All phases: product lifecycle

Communicate, Manage and Collaborate

None of the above phases can be seen in isolation. In reality a project does not run sequentially or in isolation of other product development projects. Information is flowing between different people and systems. A major part of PLM is the co-ordination of and management of product definition data. This includes managing engineering changes and release status of components; configuration product variations; document management; planning project resources and timescale and risk assessment.

For these tasks graphical, text and metadata such as product BOMs (Bill of Materials) needs to be managed. At the engineering departments level this is the domain of PDM – (Product Data Management) software, at the corporate level EDM (Enterprise Data Management) software, these two definitions tend to blur however but it is typical to see two or more data management systems within an organization. These systems are also linked to other corporate systems such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. Associated with these system are Project Management Systems for Project/Program Planning.

This central role is covered by numerous Collaborative Product Development tools which run throughout the whole lifecycle and across organizations. This requires many technology tools in the areas of Conferencing, Data Sharing and Data Translation. The field being Product visualization which includes technologies such as DMU (Digital Mock-Up), Immersive Virtual Digital Prototyping (virtual reality) and Photo realistic Imaging.

User Skills

The broad array of solutions that make up the tools used within a PLM solution-set (e.g., CAD, CAM, CAx…) were initially used by dedicated practitioners who invested time and effort to gain the required skills. Designers and engineers worked wonders with CAD systems, manufacturing engineers became highly skilled CAM users while analysts, administrators and managers fully mastered their support technologies. However, achieving the full advantages of PLM requires the participation of many people of various skills from throughout an extended enterprise, each requiring the ability to access and operate on the inputs and output of other participants.

Despite the increased ease of use of PLM tools, cross-training all personnel on the entire PLM tool-set has not proven to be practical. Now, however, advances are being made to address ease of use for all participants within the PLM arena. One such advance is the availability of “role” specific user interfaces. Through Tailorable UIs, the commands that are presented to users are appropriate to their function and expertise.

Product development processes and methodologies

A number of established methodologies have been adopted by PLM and been further advanced. Together with PLM digital engineering techniques, they have been advanced to meet company goals such as reduced time to market and lower production costs. Reducing lead times is a major factor as getting a product to market quicker than the competition will help with higher revenue and profit margins and increase market share.

These techniques include:-

  • Concurrent engineering workflow
  • Industrial Design
  • Bottom-up design
  • Top-down design
  • Front loading design workflow
  • Design in context
  • Modular design.
  • NPD New product development
  • DFSS Design for Six Sigma
  • DFMA Design for manufacture / assembly
  • Digital simulation engineering.
  • Requirement driven design
  • Specification managed validation

Concurrent engineering workflow

Concurrent engineering (British English: simultaneous engineering) is a workflow that instead of working sequentially through stages, carries out a number of tasks in parallel. For example: starting tool design before the detailed designs of the product are finished, or the engineer starting on detail design solid models before the concept design surfaces models are complete. Although this does not necessarily reduce the amount of manpower required for a project, it does drastically reduce lead times and thus time to market. Feature based CAD systems have for many years allowed the simultaneous work on 3D solid model and the 2D drawing by means of 2 separate files, with the drawing looking at the data in the model; when the model changes the drawing will associatively update. Some CAD packages also allow associative copying of geometry between files. This allows, for example, the copying of a part design into the files used by the tooling designer. The manufacturing engineer can then start work on tools before the final design freeze; when a design changes size or shape the tool geometry will then update. Concurrent engineering also has the added benefit of providing better and more immediate communication between departments, reducing the chance of costly, late design changes. It adopts a problem prevention method as compared to the problem solving and re-designing method of traditional sequential engineering.

Bottom-up design

Bottom-up design (CAD Centric) is where the definition of 3D models of a product starts with the construction of individual components. These are then virtually brought together in sub-assemblies of more than one level until the full product is digitally defined. This is sometimes known as the review structure showing what the product will look like. The BOM contains all of the physical (solid) components; it may (but not also) contain other items required for the final product BOM such as paint, glue, oil and other materials commonly described as 'bulk items'. Bulk items typically have mass and quantities but are not usually modelled with geometry.

Top-down design

Top-down design (Part Centric) follows closer the true design process. This starts with a layout model, often a simple 2D sketch defining basic sizes and some major defining parameters. Industrial Design, brings creative ideas to product development. Geometry from this is associatively copied down to the next level, which represents different sub-systems of the product. The geometry in the sub-systems is then used to define more detail in levels below. Depending on the complexity of the product, a number of levels of this assembly are created until the basic definition of components can be identified, such as position and principal dimensions. This information is then associatively copied to component files. In these files the components are detailed; this is where the classic bottom-up assembly starts. The top down assembly is sometime known as a control structure. If a single file is used to define the layout and parameters for the review structure it is often known as a skeleton file.

Defence engineering traditionally develops the product structure from the top down. The system engineering process[11] prescribes a functional decomposition of requirements and then physical allocation of product structure to the functions. This top down approach would normally have lower levels of the product structure developed from CAD data as a bottom up structure or design.

Front loading design and workflow

Front loading is taking top-down design to the next stage. The complete control structure and review structure, as well as downstream data such as drawings, tooling development and CAM models, are constructed before the product has been defined or a project kick-off has been authorized. These assemblies of files constitute a template from which a family of products can be constructed. When the decision has been made to go with a new product, the parameters of the product are entered into the template model and all the associated data is updated. Obviously predefined associative models will not be able to predict all possibilities and will require additional work. The main principle is that a lot of the experimental/investigative work has already been completed. A lot of knowledge is built into these templates to be reused on new products. This does require additional resources “up front” but can drastically reduce the time between project kick-off and launch. Such methods do however require organizational changes, as considerable engineering efforts are moved into “offline” development departments. It can be seen as an analogy to creating a concept car to test new technology for future products, but in this case the work is directly used for the next product generation.

Design in context

Individual components cannot be constructed in isolation. CAD; CAiD models of components are designed within the context of part or all of the product being developed. This is achieved using assembly modelling techniques. Other components’ geometry can be seen and referenced within the CAD tool being used. The other components within the sub-assembly, may or may not have been constructed in the same system, their geometry being translated from other CPD formats. Some assembly checking such as DMU is also carried out using Product visualization software.

PLM 2.0

In 2008, following the revolution around Web 2.0, one of the key commercial players in PLM introduced the notion of PLM 2.0, which encompasses a social community approach to PLM.

PLM 2.0 is about reuse of Web 2.0 like terminology and concept in the domain of PLM. More than a technology, it is a philosophy where:

  • PLM applications are web-based (Software as a Service)
  • PLM applications focus on online collaboration, collective intelligence and online communities
  • PLM expands to new usages like crowdsourcing and real world web, extending the reach PLM outside the enterprise
  • PLM business processes can easily be activated, configured and used, with online access

Currently, PLM 2.0 is still more an idea and a concept than a reality. But more and more PLM offering will embrace the concepts that has been listed here.

Product and process lifecycle management (PPLM)

Product and process lifecycle management (PPLM) is a alternate genre of PLM in which the process by which the product is made is just as important as the product itself. Typically, this is the life sciences and advanced specialty chemicals markets. The process behind the manufacture of a given compound is a key element of the regulatory filing for a new drug application. As such, PPLM seeks to manage information around the development of the process in a simlar fashion that baseline PLM talks about managing information around development of the product.

Major commercial players

Total spending on PLM software and services is estimated to be above $15 billion a year but it is difficult to find any two market analysis reports that agree on figures.[12] [13] Market growth estimates are in the 10% area.

Looking at segment split, currently most of the revenue generated is in the area of EDA and high end MCAD (each above 15%), followed by AEC, low-end MCAD, and PDM (each above 10%). The other notable segment is CAE at above 5%. It is however predicted that the collaborative PDM and visualization areas will increase in dominance.

There are many companies that supply software to support the PLM process; the largest by revenue are mentioned here. Some companies such as Dassault Systèmes ($1.7B),Siemens PLM Software ($1.4B), Altair Engineering ($0.15B), Agile Software Corporation (now part of Oracle Corporation) and SofTech, Inc. (.011B) provide software products that cover most of the areas of PLM functionality; some like PTC ($0.8B) cover a number of segments; other companies for example MSC Software($0.3B)and Wrench Solutions provide packages specializing in specific topics. One company, Aras Corp offers Microsoft-based open source enterprise PLM solutions,[14] and both Datastay Corp. and Arena Solutions, provide on-demand PLM (Software as a service) solutions. KnowledgeBench provides web-based PLM applications that are used by pharmaceutical and food and beverage manufacturers. Additional unique offerings include Selerant which specializes only in the process industry and provides formulation optimization and regulatory management. Also, Datastay PLM, as well as Omnify Software's PLM, incorporate traditionally disparate systems (quality, training, corrective action/preventive action) to augment support for regulatory compliance across all verticals.[15] Other companies provide web-based PLM solutions mainly for apparel[16], footwear, accessories, and consumer brand manufacturers, including Centric Software and ecVision.

Independent PLM solution providers such as Atos Origin, SIA Conseil, accenture, Infosys, Integware and Metafore deliver PLM consulting and system integration services and help companies to identify, design, implement and operate appropriate PLM practices, processes and technologies.

There are also companies whose main revenue is not from PLM but do attribute some of their income from PLM software, such as SAP($11B), SSA Global , Oracle Corporation and Autodesk ($1.5B). Other companies in this market, such as Atos Origin, IBM ($88.9B), EDS ($19.8B),NEC ($45B), Accenture, Infosys (INFY), Geometric, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS),WRENCH Solutions (P) Ltd ,ITC Infotech provide outsourcing and consulting services some of which is in the field of PLM. 3DPLM is a joint venture between Dassault systeme and Geometric to develop specialised PLM solutions.

Many of these companies have emerged out of the CAD and PDM market. For a more comprehensive list see List of CAD companies.

See also

References

  1. ^ "About PLM". CIMdata.
  2. ^ "What is PLM?". PLM Technology Guide.
  3. ^ Evans, Mike. "The PLM Debate". Cambashi.
  4. ^ Butts, Seymore (2002.04.15). "What is PLM". Cad Digest. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Hill, Sidney (2006.12.01). "A winning strategy". Manufacturing Business Technology. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Teresko, John (2004.01.02). "The PLM Revolution". IndustryWeek. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Stackpole, Beth (2003.05.15). "There's a New App in Town". CIO Magazine. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Goul, Lawrence (2002.06.05). "Additional ABCs About PLM". Automotive Design and Production. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Sidney Hill, Jr., "How To Be A Trendsetter: Dassault And IBM PLM Customers Swap Tales From The PLM Front", retrieved on March 28 2008.
  10. ^ Sidney Hill, Jr., "How To Be A Trendsetter: Dassault And IBM PLM Customers Swap Tales From The PLM Front", retrieved on March 28 2008.
  11. ^ Incose SYSTEMS ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, A “HOW TO” GUIDE For All Engineers, Version 2.0, July 2000. pg 358
  12. ^ "Comprehensive Information and Analysis of the PLM Market" (Press release). CIMdata…. 2006-10-11. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ "PLM Market Projected to Reach $12 Billion in 2006, Up 14%" (Press release). Daratech. 2006-03-13. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Stackpole, Beth (2007.01.16). "Aras Embraces Microsoft .NET Platform to Offer Open Source PLM". Design News. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Swain, Erik (2007.09.17). "Software Systems Breaking Boundaries for Device Makers". Medical Device & Diagnostic Industry. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Brown, Jim (2008.02.27). "Research Rap: PLM for the Fashion Police (the anti-Metal Benders)". Manufacturing Business Technology. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Further reading

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