Extraversion and introversion and Billy Elliot the Musical: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Musical
{{For|the software company|Introversion Software}}
|name= Billy Elliot
|image= Billyelliot-logo.gif
|caption= [[West End theatre|West End]] Poster
|music= [[Elton John]]
|lyrics= [[Lee Hall (playwright)|Lee Hall]]
|book=[[Lee Hall (playwright)|Lee Hall]]
|basis= 2000 Film ''[[Billy Elliot]]''
|productions= 2005 [[West End theatre|West End]] <br> 2007 [[Australia]] <br> 2008 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]
|awards= [[Olivier Award for Best New Musical]]
}}


'''''Billy Elliot the Musical''''' is a [[musical theatre|musical]] based on the 2000 film ''[[Billy Elliot]]''. The music is by [[Sir Elton John]], and book and lyrics are by [[Lee Hall (playwright)|Lee Hall]] (who wrote the film's screenplay). The musical revolves around motherless Billy, who trades boxing gloves for ballet shoes. The story of his personal struggle and fulfilment are balanced against a counterstory of family and community strife caused by the 1980s coal miners' strike. Hall's screenplay was inspired in part by [[A.J. Cronin]]'s novel, ''[[The Stars Look Down]]'', and the musical's opening song is an [[homage]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/s2.cfm?id=1432002 | title = ''Scotsman'' interview (2002)}}</ref>
The [[trait theory|trait]] of '''Extraversion-Introversion''' is a central dimension of human [[personality psychology|personality]]. ''Extraverts'' (also spelled ''extroverts''<ref>The spelling ''extrovert'' is common in general use ([[Merriam-Webster]] has ''extravert'' as a variant of ''extrovert''), but ''extravert'' is more typical in psychology ([[Corsini]]'s ''Encyclopedia of Psychology'' prefers ''extravert'').</ref>) are [[gregarious]], [[assertive]], and generally seek out excitement. ''Introverts'', in contrast, are more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable. They are not necessarily [[loner|asocial]], but they tend to have smaller circles of friends, and are less likely to thrive on making new social contacts.


The musical opened in London's [[West End theatre|West End]] in 2005 and was nominated for nine [[Laurence Olivier Awards]], winning four including Best New Musical. The success of ''Billy Elliot the Musical'' has led to productions in Australia and on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].
The terms introversion and extraversion were first popularized by [[Carl Jung]].<ref name=Psychologischen>Jung, C.J. (1921). ''Psychologischen Typen.'' Rascher Verlag, Zurich - translation H.G. Baynes, 1923.</ref> Virtually all comprehensive models of personality include these concepts. Examples include Jung's [[analytical psychology]], Eysenck's [[Hans Eysenck|three factor model]], Cattell's [[16 personality factors]], the [[Big Five personality traits]], the [[four temperaments]], the [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory]], the [[Myers Briggs Type Indicator]], and [[Socionics]].


==Productions==
Extraversion and introversion are typically understood as a single [[Continuum (theory)|continuum]]. Thus, to be high on one is necessarily to be low on the other. That said, people fluctuate in their behavior all the time, and even extreme introverts and extraverts do not always act consistently.


==Varieties==
=== West End ===
===Extraversion===
[[Image:Women on bench talking.jpg|thumb|Extraverts typically thrive in large groups.]]
''Extraversion'' is "the act, state, or habit of being predominantly concerned with and obtaining gratification from what is outside the self".<ref name="mw">Merriam Webster Dictionary.</ref> Extraverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be [[enthusiastic]], [[talkative]], [[assertive]], and [[gregarious]]. They take pleasure in activities that involve large social gatherings, such as parties, community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups. Acting, teaching, directing, managing, brokering are fields that favor extraversion. An extraverted person is likely to enjoy time spent with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They enjoy risk-taking and often show leadership abilities.<ref name=extra>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0002/ai_2602000236 Extroversion] ''Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence''. Gale Research, 1998.</ref>


The work premiered in March 2005 at the [[Victoria Palace Theatre]] in [[London]], where it is still showing; it reportedly cost £5.5 million to make (the original film version cost $5 million).<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/04/11/btgwynne11.xml Interview with Haydn Gwynne]</ref> It is directed by [[Stephen Daldry]] and choreographed by [[Peter Darling]], as was the original film. The producers were [[Working Title Films]], Old Vic Productions Plc and [[David Furnish]]. Ian MacNeil designed the sets, Nicky Gillibrand designed the costumes, and Rick Fisher designed the lighting. The [[original cast album]] was released on [[January 10]], [[2006]]. The musical received favourable reviews and won Three [[Laurence Olivier Awards]]: Best New Musical, Best Actor and Choreographer. It also won the Evening Standard Award for Best Musical.<ref name=NYTG>[http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/news/mar08/billy15mar08.htm "Billy Elliot - The Musical to open at the Imperial Theatre on 16 Oct" New York Theatre Guide, 15 March 2008]</ref>
An extravert is energized when around other people. Extraverts tend to "fade" when alone and can easily become bored without other people around. Extraverts tend to think as they speak. When given the chance, an extravert will talk with someone else rather than sit alone and think.


===Introversion===
=== Australia ===
[[Image:Reading Borders USA.jpg|thumb|left|Introverts often enjoy solitary activities like reading.]]
''Introversion'' is "the state of or tendency toward being wholly or predominantly concerned with and interested in one's own mental life".<ref name= "mw"/> Introverts tend to be low-key, deliberate, and relatively less engaged in social situations. They often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading, writing, drawing, watching movies, and using computers. The [[archetypal]] [[artist]], [[writer]], [[sculptor]], [[composer]] and [[inventor]] are all highly introverted. An introverted person is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups of people (although they tend to enjoy interactions with close friends). They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe situations before they participate.<ref name=intro>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0003/ai_2602000328 Introversion] ''Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence''. Gale Research, 1998.</ref>


The musical opened at [[Sydney]]'s [[Capitol Theatre, Sydney|Capitol Theatre]] on 13 November 2007 (with the Australian Media Premiere later on 13 Dec).<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/113505.html playbill article, Dec. 13, 2007, "Elton John and Lee Hall Take a Bow at Billy Elliot's Australian Opening Dec. 13"]</ref>In January 2008 the production won Best Musical at the 2008 Sydney Theatre Awards, and it has been earning good notices.<ref>[http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117935644.html?categoryid=33&cs=1 ''Variety'' review of the Sydney production]</ref> This production also won the Helpmann Award for Best Musical.<ref>[http://www.helpmannawards.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=279 News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The production will conclude in Sydney on [[November 9]], [[2008]] and be subsequently transferred to [[Melbourne]]'s [[Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne|Her Majesty's Theatre]], which shall open on [[December 13]], [[2008]].<ref>[http://performingartskids.com/2008/06/02/billy-elliot-to-dance-into-melbourne-australia/ Billy Elliot to dance into Melbourne, Australia | performingartskids.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Introversion is not the same as [[shyness]]. Introverts choose solitary over social activities by preference, whereas shy people avoid social encounters out of fear.<ref>[http://psychcentral.com/library/shyness.htm All About Shyness] Meredith Whitten, Psych Central, 21 Aug 2001; Accessed 2007-08-02</ref>


=== Broadway ===
An introvert is energized when alone. Introverts tend to "fade" when with people and can easily become overstimulated with too many others around. Introverts tend to think before speaking.<ref>Laney, Marti Olsen (2002). The Introvert Advantage: How to Thrive in an Extrovert World. Workman Publishing. ISBN-10: 0-7611-2369-5.</ref>


The production opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] at the [[Imperial Theater]]<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/showbiznews.html?in_article_id=403984&in_page_id=1773 Information about the Broadway production and possible changes to the show]</ref> on [[1 October]] [[2008]] in previews and officially on November 13. The London production's creative team directed and designed the Broadway production.<ref name=NYTG/> The title role is set to be rotated among three young actors, David Alvarez, Kiril Kulish and [[Trent Kowalik]].<ref name="PlaybillBilly">{{cite web|last=Gans|first=Andrew|title=Playbill News: Broadway Finds Its Billy Elliots|publisher=[[Playbill]]|date=2008-04-22|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/117008.html|accessdate=2008-07-21}}</ref><ref name="APcast">{{cite web|title='Billy Elliot' announces its New York cast|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=2008-07-16|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jC_k7cyKPlXF0qb6yz6hehBPsRAgD91UHUM00|accessdate=2008-07-21}}</ref><ref name="WantaghTeen">{{cite web|last=Kahn|first=Robert|title=Wantagh teen wins lead 'Billy Elliot' Broadway role|publisher=[[Newsday]]|date=2008-04-22|url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/stage/ny-etbillyelliot0423,0,3515187.story|accessdate=2008-07-21}}</ref>
===Ambiversion===
Although many people view being introverted or extraverted as a question with only two possible answers, most contemporary trait theories (e.g. the Big Five) measure levels of extraversion as part of a single, continuous dimension of personality, with some scores near one end, and others near the half-way mark.<ref>[http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/trait_application.html The OCEAN of Personality] Personality Synopsis, Chapter 4: Trait Theory. AllPsych Online. Last updated March 23, 2004</ref>


==Synopsis==
''Ambiversion'' is a term used to describe people who fall more or less directly in the middle and exhibit tendencies of both groups.<ref name= "mw"/><ref>Cohen D. and Schmidt J.P. (1979) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16367029&dopt=AbstractPlus Ambiversion: characteristics of midrange responders on the Introversion-Extraversion continuum.]
Set in [[County Durham]], against the backdrop of the [[UK miners' strike (1984–1985)|1984-85 coal miners' strike]], motherless eleven-year-old Billy inadvertently finds his way into a girls' ballet class run by Mrs. Wilkinson and is attracted to the grace of the dance. Without telling his family, who would prefer that he study boxing, Billy continues to come to the dance class, and Mrs. Wilkinson, recognising his talent, encourages him to audition for the [[Royal Ballet School]] in London. Billy's friend Michael is a boy with [[homosexual]] feelings, and Mrs. Wilkinson's daughter Debbie is another friend of Billy's. Meanwhile, Billy's gruff, conservative father and brother are engaged in a daily battle with policemen in riot gear protecting strike breakers. They struggle to get the family by with very little strike pay. The father comes to terms with his son's desire to be a dancer, as he becomes resigned to the realisation that coal mining is a dying business. The musical gives more emphasis to the miner's strike than the film, and consequently its tone is a bit darker and harder-edged than the film's, but the ending is uplifting nevertheless, and the musical has many comic touches. The show contains language that may be too strong for young children.
California School of Professional Psychology, Berkeley, USA. Journal of Personality Assessment 1979 Oct;43(5):514-6</ref> An ambivert is normally comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and away from the crowd.


==Measurement==
==Musical numbers==
{{col-begin}}
Extraversion-introversion is normally measured by self-report. A [[questionnaire]] might ask if the test-taker agrees or disagrees with statements such as ''I am the life of the party'' or ''I think before I talk''.
{{col-2}}
;Act I
* The Stars Look Down
* Shine
* Grandma's Song
* Solidarity
* Expressing Yourself
* The Letter
* Born to Boogie
* Angry Dance
{{col-break}}


;Act II
Imagine a questionnaire consisting of ten "agree or disagree" statements. For the first five questions, agreement indicates a tendency towards extraversion, while for the last five questions, agreement indicates introversion. Five people take this questionnaire and answer as follows:
* Merry Christmas Maggie Thatcher
* Deep into the Ground
* Swan Lake
* He Could be a Star
* [[Electricity (Elton John song)|Electricity]]
* Once We Were Kings
* The Letter (Reprise)
* Finale
{{col-end}}


==Awards and milestones==
{| class="wikitable"
[[Image:IMG 0126.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Sign in West End]]
|+
The show was nominated for nine [[Laurence Olivier Awards]] and won four of them in 2006. These were best musical, best choreography ([[Peter Darling]]), best sound design ([[Paul Arditti]]), and best actor(s) in a musical ([[James Lomas]], [[George Maguire (actor)|George Maguire]], and [[Liam Mower]]). At thirteen, Mower was the youngest actor ever to win the award. The actors were also the first to win the award in a shared capacity. Lomas, Maguire, and Mower also jointly received the Theatre Goers' Choice Award 2005 for The Most Promising Newcomer. ''Billy Elliot the Musical'' has also won The Evening Standard Award 2005, among others.<ref name=Olivier-BBC>
!
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4753606.stm "Elliot musical leads stage awards"] from [[BBC News]] (accessed [[February 28]], [[2006]])</ref>
! John
! Maria
! Marcus
! Sarah
! David
|-
| ''I am the life of the party.''
|Agree
|Agree
|Agree
|Disagree
|Disagree
|-
| ''I enjoy being the center of attention.''
|Agree
|Disagree
|Agree
|Disagree
|Disagree
|-
| ''I am skilled in handling social situations.''
|Agree
|Agree
|Agree
|Disagree
|Disagree
|-
| ''I like to be where the action is.''
|Agree
|Agree
|Disagree
|Agree
|Disagree
|-
| ''I make new friends easily.''
|Agree
|Agree
|Disagree
|Agree
|Disagree
|-
| ''I am quiet around strangers.''
|Disagree
|Disagree
|Agree
|Disagree
|Agree
|-
| ''I don't like to draw attention to myself.''
|Disagree
|Agree
|Agree
|Agree
|Agree
|-
| ''I don't like to party on the weekends.''
|Disagree
|Disagree
|Agree
|Agree
|Agree
|-
| ''I like to work independently.''
|Disagree
|Agree
|Disagree
|Agree
|Agree
|-
| ''I often enjoy spending time by myself.''
|Disagree
|Disagree
|Disagree
|Agree
|Agree
|-
| Score
|100% '''Extravert'''
|70% '''Extravert'''
|50% Extravert<br> 50% Introvert <br> ('''Ambivert''')
|70% '''Introvert'''
|100% '''Introvert'''
|-
|}


On [[12 May]] [[2006]], the three original Billys (Lomas, Maguire and Mower) appeared in a final show together to celebrate the show's first anniversary. The three rotated the role during the performance and were joined at the end by Sir Elton John. When the musical celebrated its third anniversary in London, the newly-cast Billys for the Broadway production danced to “Electricity”.
In this example, John and Maria are extraverted, Sarah and David are introverted, and Marcus is neither.


==Characters and original casts==
Self-report questionnaires have obvious limitations in that people may misrepresent themselves either intentionally or through lack of self-knowledge. It is also common to use peer report or observation.
{{main|Billy Elliot the Musical casts}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}


=== London cast ===
Another approach is to present test-takers with various sets of adjectives (for example: ''thoughtful'', ''talkative'', ''energetic'', ''independent'') and ask which describes them most and least. Psychological measures of this trait may break it down into subfactors including warmth, affiliation, positive affect, excitement seeking, and assertiveness/dominance seeking.


*Billy&nbsp;– [[James Lomas]], [[George Maguire (actor)|George Maguire]] and [[Liam Mower]]
==Causes==
*Michael&nbsp;– [[Brad Kavanagh]], Ashley Lloyd and Ryan Longbottom
===Jungian theory===
*Debbie&nbsp;– Brooke Havana Bailey, Emma Hudson and Lucy Stephenson
According to [[Carl Jung]], introversion and extraversion refer to the direction of [[psychic energy]]. If a person’s energy usually flows outwards, he or she is an extravert, while if this energy normally flows inwards, this person is an introvert.<ref name = "jung"> [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,807036-3,00.html The Old Wise Man] Time magazine article about Jung, Feb. 14, 1955</ref> Extraverts feel an increase of perceived energy when interacting with a large group of people, but a decrease of energy when left alone. Conversely, introverts feel an increase of energy when alone, but a decrease of energy when surrounded by a large group of people.
*Mrs. Wilkinson&nbsp;– [[Haydn Gwynne]]
*Dad&nbsp;– [[Tim Healy (actor)|Tim Healy]]
*Tony&nbsp;– [[Joe Caffrey]]
*Grandma&nbsp;– [[Ann Emery]]
*George&nbsp;– [[Trevor Fox]]
*Mr. Braithwaite&nbsp;– Steve Elias
*Dead Mum&nbsp;– Stephanie Putson
*Billy's Older Self&nbsp;– [[Issac James]]
{{col-break}}


=== Broadway cast ===
Most modern psychologists consider theories of psychic energy to be obsolete. First, it is difficult to [[operational definition|operationalize]] mental "energy" in a way that can be scientifically measured and tested. Second, more detailed explanations of extraversion and the brain have replaced Jung's rather speculative theories. Nevertheless, the concept is still in popular usage in the general sense of "feeling energized" in particular situations. Jung’s primary legacy in this area may be the popularizing of the terms introvert and extravert to refer to a particular dimension of personality.


*Billy&nbsp;– David Alvarez, [[Trent Kowalik]] and Kiril Kulish
===Eysenck's theory===
*Michael&nbsp;– David Bologna and Frank Dolce
[[Hans Eysenck]] described extraversion-introversion as the degree to which a person is outgoing and interactive with other people. These behavioral differences are presumed to be the result of underlying differences in brain physiology.<ref>Eysenck, H. J. (1967). ''The biological basis of personality''. Springfield, IL: Thomas Publishing.</ref> Extraverts seek excitement and social activity in an effort to heighten their arousal level, whereas introverts tend to avoid social situations in an effort to keep such arousal to a minimum (see [[#Brain differences|Differences in brain function]] below). Eysenck designated extraversion as one of three major traits in his P-E-N model of personality, which also includes [[psychoticism]] and [[neuroticism]].
*Debbie&nbsp;– Erin Whyland
*Mrs. Wilkinson&nbsp;– [[Haydn Gwynne]]
*Dad&nbsp;– [[Gregory Jbara]]
*Tony&nbsp;– [[Santino Fontana]]
*Grandma&nbsp;– [[Carole Shelley]]
*George&nbsp;– Joel Hatch
*Mr. Braithwaite&nbsp;– Thommie Retter
*Dead Mum&nbsp;– Leah Hocking
*Billy's Older Self&nbsp;– [[Stephen Hanna]]
{{col-end}}


==See also==
Eysenck originally suggested that extraversion was a combination of two major tendencies, impulsiveness and sociability. He later added several other more specific traits, namely liveliness, activity level, and excitability. These traits are further linked in his personality hierarchy to even more specific habitual responses, such as partying on the weekend.
*''[[Billy Elliot]]''
*''[[The Stars Look Down]]''


==References==
Eysenck compared this trait to the [[four temperaments]] of ancient medicine, with choleric and sanguine temperaments equating to extraversion, and melancholic and phlegmatic temperaments equating to introversion.<ref>Eysenck, H. J. and Eysenck, S. G. B. (1965). ''The Eysenck Personality Inventory''. ''British Journal of Educational Studies'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (Nov., 1965), p. 140 doi:10.2307/3119050.</ref>
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
[[Image: Retos-twins.jpg|thumb|[[Twin studies]] find that extraversion/introversion has a [[genetic]] component.]]
*[http://www.billyelliotthemusical.com/ ''Billy Elliot the Musical'' official site]
===Nature versus nurture===
*{{ibdb show|475106}}
The relative importance of [[nature versus nurture|nature versus environment]] in determining the level of extraversion is controversial and the focus of many studies. [[Twin studies]] find a genetic component of 39% to 58%. In terms of the environmental component, the shared family environment appears to be far less important than individual environmental factors that are not shared between siblings.<ref>Auke Tellegen, David T Lykken, Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., Kimberly J. Wilcox, Nancy L. Segal, Stephen Rich (1988). [http://home.iprimus.com.au/burgess1/auke.html Personality Similarity in Twins Reared Apart and Together] Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 54, no. 6. 1031-1039.</ref>
*[http://www.friendsofbilly.com/ Friends of Billy Elliot]
*[http://www.nodanw.com/shows_b/billyelliot.htm NODANW production information-London]
*[http://www.lyricsondemand.com/soundtracks/b/billyelliotthemusicallyrics/ Song lyrics]
*[http://www.jaixa-imaging.net/framebetm.htm Photographs from several cast members (London production)]


===Brain differences===
Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in [[Cerebral cortex|cortical]] arousal. He hypothesized that introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity than extraverts and so are chronically more cortically aroused than extraverts. The fact that extraverts require more external stimulation than introverts has been interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis. Other evidence of the "stimulation" hypothesis is that introverts salivate more than extraverts in response to a drop of lemon juice.<ref>[http://www.planet-science.com/wired/wiredNL/archive/22_18_03_05.html Lemon juice experiment] Wired-up March 18, 2005, issue: 22. Note that this is an online demonstration of research published in peer reviewed journals.</ref>


{{OlivierAwardBestNewMusical}}
Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the mesolimbic dopamine system to potentially rewarding stimuli.<ref>Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. ''Behavioral and Brain Sciences'', ''22'', 491-517.</ref> This in part explains the high levels of positive affect found in extraverts, since they will more intensely feel the excitement of a potential reward. One consequence of this is that extraverts can more easily learn the contingencies for positive reinforcement, since the reward itself is experienced as greater.
{{Billy_Elliot}}


[[Category:2005 musicals]]
One study found that introverts have more blood flow in the [[frontal lobes]] of their [[brain]] and the anterior or frontal [[thalamus]], which are areas dealing with internal processing, such as planning and problem solving. Extraverts have more blood flow in the anterior [[cingulate gyrus]], [[temporal lobes]], and posterior thalamus, which are involved in sensory and emotional experience.<ref>Johnson, D. L., Wiebe, J. S., Gold, S. M., Andreasen, N. C. (1999). Cerebral blood flow and personality: A positron emission tomography study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 252-257.</ref> This study and other research indicates that introversion-extraversion is related to individual differences in brain function.
[[Category:West End musicals]]

[[Category:Musicals based on films]]
==Implications==
[[Category:Olivier Award winning musicals]]
Acknowledging that introversion and extraversion are normal variants of behavior can help in self-acceptance and understanding of others. For example, an extravert can accept her introverted partner’s need for space, while an introvert can acknowledge his extraverted partner’s need for social interaction.

Social psychologist [[David Myers]] found a correlation between extraversion and [[happiness]]; that is, more extraverted people reported higher levels of personal happiness.<ref>Myers, David G (1992). [http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19920701-000027.html The Secrets of Happiness] Psychology Today.</ref> The causality is not clear, however. Extraversion may lead to greater happiness, happier people may become more extraverted, or there may be some other factor such as genetics that affects both. It is also possible that the results reflect biases in the survey itself.<ref>Laney, Marti Olsen (2002). The Introvert Advantage: How to Thrive in an Extravert World. Workman Publishing. ISBN-10: 0-7611-2369-5.</ref> Another factor is that introversion is generally regarded as less healthy in Western culture. Also, according to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily their psychological needs and problems, whereas extraverts tend to be oblivious of them because they focus more on the outer world.<ref name=Psychologischen/> On average, extraverts also have a somewhat higher self-esteem than introverts. As in the case of happiness, this may be due to inherent differences in the brain, or differential social treatment.

Extraversion is perceived as socially desirable in Western culture, but it is not always an advantage. For example, extraverted youths are more likely to engage in [[delinquent]] behavior.<ref>Ryckman, R. (2004). Theories of Personality. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.</ref>Conversely, while introversion is perceived as less socially desirable, introversion is strongly associated with positive traits such as intelligence<ref>Furnham, A., L. Forde and T. Cotter (1998). Personality and intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences
24:2, 187-192.</ref> and "giftedness."<ref>Gallagher, S.A. (1990). Personality patterns of the gifted. Understanding our Gifted, 3, 11-3.</ref><ref>Hoehn, L. & Birely, M.K. (1988). Mental process preferences of gifted children. Illinois Council for the Gifted Journal, 7, 28-31.</ref> For many years, researchers have found that introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, which extraverts may find boring.<ref> Eysenck, H. J. (1971). Readings in Extraversion-Introversion. New York: Wiley.</ref>

[[Career]] counselors often use personality traits, along with other factors such as skill and interest, to advise their clients.<ref>Ateel, Saqib Ali (2005). [http://www.personality-and-aptitude-career-tests.com/personality-career-tests.html Personality Career Tests].</ref> Some careers such as computer programming may be more satisfying for an introverted temperament, while other areas such as sales may be more agreeable to the extraverted type.

Although neither introversion nor extraversion is pathological, [[psychotherapist]]s can take temperament into account when treating clients. Clients may respond better to different types of treatment depending on where they fall on the introversion/extraversion spectrum. [[Teacher]]s can also consider temperament when dealing with their pupils, for example acknowledging that introverted children need more encouragement to speak in class while extraverted children may grow restless during long periods of quiet study.

Although these are real personality differences, one should avoid [[pigeonholing]] or [[stereotyping]]. People are complex and unique, and because extraversion varies along a continuum, they may have a mixture of both orientations. A person who acts introverted in one scenario may act extraverted in another, and people can learn to act “against type” in certain situations. Jung's theory states that when someone's primary function is extraverted, his secondary function is always introverted (and vice versa).<ref name=Psychologischen/>

==Geography==
Researchers have found that people living in the midwestern states of [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Nebraska]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Illinois]] score higher than the U.S. average on extraversion. [[Utah]] and the southeastern states of [[Florida]] and [[Georgia (U. S. state)|Georgia]] also score high on this personality trait. The most introverted states in the United States are [[Maryland]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Alaska]], [[Washington]], and [[Vermont]]. People who live in the northwestern states of [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], and [[Wyoming]] are also relatively introverted.<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122211987961064719.html?mod=yhoofront
| title = The United States of Mind. Researchers Identify Regional Personality Traits Across America
| author = Stephanie Simon
| work = [[WSJ.com]]
| date = 2008-09-23
}} Original research article:
{{Cite journal
| author = Peter J. Rentfrow, Samuel D. Gosling and Jeff Potter
| title = A Theory of the Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics
| journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science
| volume = 3
| issue = 5
| pages = 339&ndash;369
| year = 2008
| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121394239/abstract
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Analytical Psychology]]
*[[Big Five personality traits]]
*[[Myers-Briggs Type Indicator]]
*[[Personality psychology|Personality]]
*[[Trait theory]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Psychology portal}}

==External links==
*[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Jung/types.htm General description of the types] Jung's original article (1921)
*[http://www.open2.net/humanmind/article_personality_3.htm BBC - The Human Mind - Personality] Description of introversion and extraversion, focusing on reward-seeking behavior
*[http://changingminds.org/explanations/preferences/extravert_introvert.htm Changing Minds] Another description of introversion and extraversion, taking a Jungian view
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0002/ai_2602000236 Extroversion] ''Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence''. Gale Research, 1998.
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0003/ai_2602000328 Introversion] ''Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence''. Gale Research, 1998.
*[http://www.introv.org Introv.org] Newsgroup for Introverts
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/06/earlyshow/leisure/books/main1374984.shtml Hidden Gifts of Introverted Child]
*[http://www.chakrachka.ru/en/tela/Etheric-body/Extroverts.htm Extroverts and Introverts]
*[http://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2006-06-06-shy-ceo-usat_x.htm USA Today article about CEO introverts/extroverts]
[[Category:Personality traits]]
[[Category:Personality typologies]]


[[fr:Billy Elliot, the Musical]]
[[ar:شخصية انطوائية]]
[[ca:Introversió i extraversió]]
[[cs:Extraverze a introverze]]
[[da:Extravert (psykologi)]]
[[de:Introversion und Extraversion]]
[[es:Introversión y extraversión]]
[[fr:Introversion et extraversion]]
[[he:מופנמות - מוחצנות]]
[[ku:Întroversiyon]]
[[nl:Introvert en extravert]]
[[pl:Introwersja i ekstrawersja]]
[[ru:Интроверсия — экстраверсия]]
[[simple:Introversion and Extroversion]]
[[sr:Екстраверзија и интроверзија]]
[[fi:Introvertti ja ekstrovertti]]
[[zh:外向性与内向性]]

Revision as of 16:18, 10 October 2008

Billy Elliot
West End Poster
MusicElton John
LyricsLee Hall
BookLee Hall
Basis2000 Film Billy Elliot
Productions2005 West End
2007 Australia
2008 Broadway
AwardsOlivier Award for Best New Musical

Billy Elliot the Musical is a musical based on the 2000 film Billy Elliot. The music is by Sir Elton John, and book and lyrics are by Lee Hall (who wrote the film's screenplay). The musical revolves around motherless Billy, who trades boxing gloves for ballet shoes. The story of his personal struggle and fulfilment are balanced against a counterstory of family and community strife caused by the 1980s coal miners' strike. Hall's screenplay was inspired in part by A.J. Cronin's novel, The Stars Look Down, and the musical's opening song is an homage.[1]

The musical opened in London's West End in 2005 and was nominated for nine Laurence Olivier Awards, winning four including Best New Musical. The success of Billy Elliot the Musical has led to productions in Australia and on Broadway.

Productions

West End

The work premiered in March 2005 at the Victoria Palace Theatre in London, where it is still showing; it reportedly cost £5.5 million to make (the original film version cost $5 million).[2] It is directed by Stephen Daldry and choreographed by Peter Darling, as was the original film. The producers were Working Title Films, Old Vic Productions Plc and David Furnish. Ian MacNeil designed the sets, Nicky Gillibrand designed the costumes, and Rick Fisher designed the lighting. The original cast album was released on January 10, 2006. The musical received favourable reviews and won Three Laurence Olivier Awards: Best New Musical, Best Actor and Choreographer. It also won the Evening Standard Award for Best Musical.[3]

Australia

The musical opened at Sydney's Capitol Theatre on 13 November 2007 (with the Australian Media Premiere later on 13 Dec).[4]In January 2008 the production won Best Musical at the 2008 Sydney Theatre Awards, and it has been earning good notices.[5] This production also won the Helpmann Award for Best Musical.[6] The production will conclude in Sydney on November 9, 2008 and be subsequently transferred to Melbourne's Her Majesty's Theatre, which shall open on December 13, 2008.[7]

Broadway

The production opened on Broadway at the Imperial Theater[8] on 1 October 2008 in previews and officially on November 13. The London production's creative team directed and designed the Broadway production.[3] The title role is set to be rotated among three young actors, David Alvarez, Kiril Kulish and Trent Kowalik.[9][10][11]

Synopsis

Set in County Durham, against the backdrop of the 1984-85 coal miners' strike, motherless eleven-year-old Billy inadvertently finds his way into a girls' ballet class run by Mrs. Wilkinson and is attracted to the grace of the dance. Without telling his family, who would prefer that he study boxing, Billy continues to come to the dance class, and Mrs. Wilkinson, recognising his talent, encourages him to audition for the Royal Ballet School in London. Billy's friend Michael is a boy with homosexual feelings, and Mrs. Wilkinson's daughter Debbie is another friend of Billy's. Meanwhile, Billy's gruff, conservative father and brother are engaged in a daily battle with policemen in riot gear protecting strike breakers. They struggle to get the family by with very little strike pay. The father comes to terms with his son's desire to be a dancer, as he becomes resigned to the realisation that coal mining is a dying business. The musical gives more emphasis to the miner's strike than the film, and consequently its tone is a bit darker and harder-edged than the film's, but the ending is uplifting nevertheless, and the musical has many comic touches. The show contains language that may be too strong for young children.

Musical numbers

Awards and milestones

File:IMG 0126.JPG
Sign in West End

The show was nominated for nine Laurence Olivier Awards and won four of them in 2006. These were best musical, best choreography (Peter Darling), best sound design (Paul Arditti), and best actor(s) in a musical (James Lomas, George Maguire, and Liam Mower). At thirteen, Mower was the youngest actor ever to win the award. The actors were also the first to win the award in a shared capacity. Lomas, Maguire, and Mower also jointly received the Theatre Goers' Choice Award 2005 for The Most Promising Newcomer. Billy Elliot the Musical has also won The Evening Standard Award 2005, among others.[12]

On 12 May 2006, the three original Billys (Lomas, Maguire and Mower) appeared in a final show together to celebrate the show's first anniversary. The three rotated the role during the performance and were joined at the end by Sir Elton John. When the musical celebrated its third anniversary in London, the newly-cast Billys for the Broadway production danced to “Electricity”.

Characters and original casts

Main article: Billy Elliot the Musical casts

See also

References

  1. ^ "Scotsman interview (2002)".
  2. ^ Interview with Haydn Gwynne
  3. ^ a b "Billy Elliot - The Musical to open at the Imperial Theatre on 16 Oct" New York Theatre Guide, 15 March 2008
  4. ^ playbill article, Dec. 13, 2007, "Elton John and Lee Hall Take a Bow at Billy Elliot's Australian Opening Dec. 13"
  5. ^ Variety review of the Sydney production
  6. ^ News
  7. ^ Billy Elliot to dance into Melbourne, Australia | performingartskids.com
  8. ^ Information about the Broadway production and possible changes to the show
  9. ^ Gans, Andrew (2008-04-22). "Playbill News: Broadway Finds Its Billy Elliots". Playbill. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  10. ^ "'Billy Elliot' announces its New York cast". Associated Press. 2008-07-16. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  11. ^ Kahn, Robert (2008-04-22). "Wantagh teen wins lead 'Billy Elliot' Broadway role". Newsday. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  12. ^ "Elliot musical leads stage awards" from BBC News (accessed February 28, 2006)

External links


Template:Billy Elliot

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