Fauna: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Set of animal species in any particular region and time}} |
{{short description|Set of animal species in any particular region and time}} |
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{{other uses}} |
{{other uses}} |
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{{redirect|Animal Life|the book|Animal Life (book)}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=April 2012}} |
{{Refimprove|date=April 2012}} |
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[[File:Fauna.png|frame|right|Simplified schematic of an island's fauna – all its animal species, highlighted in boxes]] |
[[File:Fauna.png|frame|right|Simplified schematic of an island's fauna – all its animal species, highlighted in boxes]] |
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'''Fauna''' is all of the [[animal]] life present in a particular region or time. The corresponding term for [[plant]]s is ''[[flora]]'', and for [[fungi]], it is ''[[funga]]''. Flora, fauna, funga and other forms of life are collectively referred to as ''[[Biota (ecology)|biota]]''. [[Zoologist]]s and [[paleontologist]]s use ''fauna'' to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "[[Sonoran Desert]] fauna" or the "[[Burgess Shale]] fauna". [[Paleontology|Paleontologists]] sometimes refer to a sequence of [[faunal stage]]s, which is a series of rocks all containing similar fossils. The study of animals of a particular region is called '''faunistics'''. |
'''Fauna''' ({{plural form}}: '''faunae''' or '''faunas''') is all of the [[animal]] life present in a particular region or time. The corresponding term for [[plant]]s is ''[[flora]]'', and for [[fungi]], it is ''[[funga]]''. Flora, fauna, funga and other forms of life are collectively referred to as ''[[Biota (ecology)|biota]]''. [[Zoologist]]s and [[paleontologist]]s use ''fauna'' to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "[[Sonoran Desert]] fauna" or the "[[Burgess Shale]] fauna". [[Paleontology|Paleontologists]] sometimes refer to a sequence of [[faunal stage]]s, which is a series of rocks all containing similar fossils. The study of animals of a particular region is called '''faunistics'''. |
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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''[[ |
''[[:wikt:fauna|Fauna]]'' comes from the name [[Fauna (deity)|Fauna]], a Roman goddess of earth and fertility, the Roman god [[Faunus]], and the related forest spirits called [[Faun]]s. All three words are cognates of the name of the Greek god [[Pan (god)|Pan]], and ''panis'' is the [[Modern Greek]] equivalent of fauna (πανίς or rather πανίδα). ''Fauna'' is also the word for a book that catalogues the animals in such a manner. The term was first used by [[Carl Linnaeus]] from Sweden in the title of his 1745<ref>[[Wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Linnaeus]]</ref> work ''Fauna Suecica''. |
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== Subdivisions on the basis of region == |
== Subdivisions on the basis of region == |
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===Cryptofauna=== |
===Cryptofauna=== |
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''Cryptofauna'' |
''Cryptofauna'' is the fauna that exists in protected or concealed [[microhabitats]].<ref>[http://www.nova.edu/ncri/11icrs/proceedings/files/m26-04.pdf NCRI]</ref> |
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=== Epifauna === |
=== Epifauna === |
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''Infauna'' are [[Benthic zone|benthic]] organisms that live within the bottom substratum of a water body, especially within the bottom-most oceanic sediments, the layer of small particles at the bottom of a body of water, rather than on its surface. [[Bacteria]] and [[microalgae]] may also live in the interstices of bottom sediments. In general, infaunal animals become progressively smaller and less abundant with increasing water depth and distance from shore, whereas bacteria show more constancy in abundance, tending toward one million cells per milliliter of interstitial seawater. |
''Infauna'' are [[Benthic zone|benthic]] organisms that live within the bottom substratum of a water body, especially within the bottom-most oceanic sediments, the layer of small particles at the bottom of a body of water, rather than on its surface. [[Bacteria]] and [[microalgae]] may also live in the interstices of bottom sediments. In general, infaunal animals become progressively smaller and less abundant with increasing water depth and distance from shore, whereas bacteria show more constancy in abundance, tending toward one million cells per milliliter of interstitial seawater. |
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Such creatures are found in the fossil record and include [[lingulata]], [[Trilobite|trilobites]] and [[Worm|worms]]. They made burrows in the sediment as protection and may also have fed upon detritus or the mat of microbes which tended to grow on the surface of the sediment.< |
Such creatures are found in the fossil record and include [[lingulata]], [[Trilobite|trilobites]] and [[Worm|worms]]. They made burrows in the sediment as protection and may also have fed upon detritus or the mat of microbes which tended to grow on the surface of the sediment.<ref> |
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Infauna organisms in hydrothermal environments have developed adaptive strategies to survive harsh conditions, such as extreme temperatures, low pH levels, and reduced salinity. They constructed galleries, with the highest abundance in H1, and the dominant classes, Malacostraca and Polychaeta, demonstrating mobility-based strategies like burrowing or crawling. These strategies help infauna cope with hydrothermal influence.” (Rodriguez Uribe 2023). hydrothermal influence refers to the transformative effects of hot water on geological, chemical, and biological systems, and it plays a significant role in a wide range of natural processes and human activities. |
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{{citation|last=Vermeij|first=Geerat|title=Nature: An Economic History|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400826490}}. p. 266</ref> Today, a variety of organisms live in and [[Bioturbation|disturb the sediment]]. The deepest burrowers are the ghost shrimps (''[[Thalassinidea]]''), which go as deep as {{convert|3|m|0}} into the sediment at the bottom of the ocean.<ref>{{citation|last=Vermeij|first=Geerat|title=Nature: An Economic History|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400826490}}. p. 267</ref> |
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=== Limnofauna === |
=== Limnofauna === |
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=== Megafauna === |
=== Megafauna === |
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{{Main article|Megafauna}}[[File:Australisk fauna, Nordisk familjebok.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|[[Australian fauna|Australian]] and [[Fauna of New Zealand|New Zealand fauna]]. This image was likely first published in the first edition (1876–1899) of the ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]''.]] |
{{Main article|Megafauna}}[[File:Australisk fauna, Nordisk familjebok.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|[[Fauna of New Guinea|Papuan]], [[Australian fauna|Australian]] and [[Fauna of New Zealand|New Zealand fauna]]. This image was likely first published in the first edition (1876–1899) of the ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]''.]] |
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''Megafauna'' are large animals of any particular region or time. For example, [[Australian megafauna]]. |
''Megafauna'' are large animals of any particular region or time. For example, [[Australian megafauna]]. |
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=== Stygofauna === |
=== Stygofauna === |
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{{Main article|Stygofauna}} |
{{Main article|Stygofauna}} |
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Stygofauna |
Stygofauna is any fauna that lives in [[groundwater]] systems or aquifers, such as [[cave]]s, fissures and [[vug]]s. Stygofauna and [[troglofauna]] are the two types of [[subterranean fauna]] (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – stygofauna is associated with water, and troglofauna with caves and spaces above the [[water table]]. Stygofauna can live within freshwater [[aquifer]]s and within the [[wiktionary:pore|pore]] spaces of [[limestone]], [[calcrete]] or [[laterite]], whilst larger animals can be found in cave waters and wells. Stygofaunal animals, like troglofauna, are divided into three groups based on their life history - stygophiles, stygoxenes, and stygobites.<ref name=Lopes>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfKdTbC55PUC |journal=Hydrobiologia |title=Copepoda: developments in ecology, biology and systematics: proceedings of the Seventh international conference on Copepoda, held in Curitiba |publisher=Springer |author=Rubens M. Lopes, Janet Warner Reid, Carlos Eduardo Falavigna Da Rocha |year=1999 |volume=453/454|pages=576|isbn=9780792370482 }}</ref> |
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=== Troglofauna === |
=== Troglofauna === |
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{{Main article|Troglofauna}} |
{{Main article|Troglofauna}} |
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[[File:A live individual of Zospeum tholussum.jpg|thumb|The microscopic cave snail ''[[Zospeum tholussum|Zospeum tholussum]]'', found at depths of {{convert|743|to|1392|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the [[Lukina jama|Lukina Jama–Trojama]] cave system of [[Croatia]], is completely blind with a translucent shell]] |
[[File:A live individual of Zospeum tholussum.jpg|thumb|The microscopic cave snail ''[[Zospeum tholussum|Zospeum tholussum]]'', found at depths of {{convert|743|to|1392|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the [[Lukina jama|Lukina Jama–Trojama]] cave system of [[Croatia]], is completely blind with a translucent shell]] |
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Troglofauna are small [[cave]]-dwelling [[animal]]s that have [[adaptation|adapted]] to their dark surroundings. Troglofauna and [[stygofauna]] are the two types of [[subterranean fauna]] (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – troglofauna |
Troglofauna are small [[cave]]-dwelling [[animal]]s that have [[adaptation|adapted]] to their dark surroundings. Troglofauna and [[stygofauna]] are the two types of [[subterranean fauna]] (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – troglofauna is associated with caves and spaces above the water table and stygofauna with water. Troglofaunal species include [[spider]]s, [[insect]]s, [[myriapods]] and others. Some troglofauna lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment. Troglofauna adaptations and characteristics include a heightened sense of hearing, touch and smell.<ref name="Chapman">{{cite journal |author=Phil Chapman |title=The Origins of Troglobites |journal=Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelæological Society |year=1982 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=133–141 |url=http://www.ubss.org.uk/resources/proceedings/vol16/UBSS_Proc_16_2_133-141.pdf }}</ref> Loss of under-used senses is apparent in the lack of pigmentation as well as eyesight in most troglofauna. Troglofauna insects may exhibit a lack of [[insect wing|wings]] and longer [[appendage]]s. |
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=== Xenofauna === |
=== Xenofauna === |
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Latest revision as of 21:58, 7 March 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2012) |
Fauna (pl.: faunae or faunas) is all of the animal life present in a particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is flora, and for fungi, it is funga. Flora, fauna, funga and other forms of life are collectively referred to as biota. Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess Shale fauna". Paleontologists sometimes refer to a sequence of faunal stages, which is a series of rocks all containing similar fossils. The study of animals of a particular region is called faunistics.
Etymology[edit]
Fauna comes from the name Fauna, a Roman goddess of earth and fertility, the Roman god Faunus, and the related forest spirits called Fauns. All three words are cognates of the name of the Greek god Pan, and panis is the Modern Greek equivalent of fauna (πανίς or rather πανίδα). Fauna is also the word for a book that catalogues the animals in such a manner. The term was first used by Carl Linnaeus from Sweden in the title of his 1745[1] work Fauna Suecica.
Subdivisions on the basis of region[edit]
Cryofauna[edit]
Cryofauna refers to the animals that live in, or very close to, cold areas.
Cryptofauna[edit]
Cryptofauna is the fauna that exists in protected or concealed microhabitats.[2]
Epifauna[edit]
Epifauna, also called epibenthos, are aquatic animals that live on the bottom substratum as opposed to within it, that is, the benthic fauna that live on top of the sediment surface at the seafloor.
Infauna[edit]
Infauna are benthic organisms that live within the bottom substratum of a water body, especially within the bottom-most oceanic sediments, the layer of small particles at the bottom of a body of water, rather than on its surface. Bacteria and microalgae may also live in the interstices of bottom sediments. In general, infaunal animals become progressively smaller and less abundant with increasing water depth and distance from shore, whereas bacteria show more constancy in abundance, tending toward one million cells per milliliter of interstitial seawater.
Such creatures are found in the fossil record and include lingulata, trilobites and worms. They made burrows in the sediment as protection and may also have fed upon detritus or the mat of microbes which tended to grow on the surface of the sediment.[3] Today, a variety of organisms live in and disturb the sediment. The deepest burrowers are the ghost shrimps (Thalassinidea), which go as deep as 3 metres (10 ft) into the sediment at the bottom of the ocean.[4]
Limnofauna[edit]
Limnofauna refers to the animals that live in fresh water.
Macrofauna[edit]
Macrofauna are benthic or soil organisms which are retained on a 0.5 mm sieve. Studies in the deep sea define macrofauna as animals retained on a 0.3 mm sieve to account for the small size of many of the taxa.
Megafauna[edit]
Megafauna are large animals of any particular region or time. For example, Australian megafauna.
Meiofauna[edit]
Meiofauna are small benthic invertebrates that live in both marine and freshwater environments. The term meiofauna loosely defines a group of organisms by their size, larger than microfauna but smaller than macrofauna, rather than a taxonomic grouping. One environment for meiofauna is between grains of damp sand (see Mystacocarida).
In practice these are metazoan animals that can pass unharmed through a 0.5 1 mm mesh but will be retained by a 30–45 μm mesh,[5] but the exact dimensions will vary from researcher to researcher. Whether an organism passes through a 1 mm mesh also depends upon whether it is alive or dead at the time of sorting.
Mesofauna[edit]
Mesofauna are macroscopic soil animals such as arthropods or nematodes. Mesofauna are extremely diverse; considering just the springtails (Collembola), as of 1998, approximately 6,500 species had been identified.[6]
Microfauna[edit]
Microfauna are microscopic or very small animals (usually including protozoans and very small animals such as rotifers). To qualify as microfauna, an organism must exhibit animal-like characteristics, as opposed to microflora, which are more plant-like.
Stygofauna[edit]
Stygofauna is any fauna that lives in groundwater systems or aquifers, such as caves, fissures and vugs. Stygofauna and troglofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – stygofauna is associated with water, and troglofauna with caves and spaces above the water table. Stygofauna can live within freshwater aquifers and within the pore spaces of limestone, calcrete or laterite, whilst larger animals can be found in cave waters and wells. Stygofaunal animals, like troglofauna, are divided into three groups based on their life history - stygophiles, stygoxenes, and stygobites.[7]
Troglofauna[edit]
Troglofauna are small cave-dwelling animals that have adapted to their dark surroundings. Troglofauna and stygofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – troglofauna is associated with caves and spaces above the water table and stygofauna with water. Troglofaunal species include spiders, insects, myriapods and others. Some troglofauna lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment. Troglofauna adaptations and characteristics include a heightened sense of hearing, touch and smell.[8] Loss of under-used senses is apparent in the lack of pigmentation as well as eyesight in most troglofauna. Troglofauna insects may exhibit a lack of wings and longer appendages.
Xenofauna[edit]
Xenofauna, theoretically, are alien organisms that can be described as animal analogues. While no alien life forms, animal-like or otherwise, are known definitively, the concept of alien life remains a subject of great interest in fields like astronomy, astrobiology, biochemistry, evolutionary biology, science fiction, and philosophy.
Other[edit]
Other terms include avifauna, which means "bird fauna" and piscifauna (or ichthyofauna), which means "fish fauna".
Treatises[edit]
Classic faunas[edit]
- Linnaeus, Carolus. Fauna Suecica. 1746
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Linnaeus
- ^ NCRI
- ^ Infauna organisms in hydrothermal environments have developed adaptive strategies to survive harsh conditions, such as extreme temperatures, low pH levels, and reduced salinity. They constructed galleries, with the highest abundance in H1, and the dominant classes, Malacostraca and Polychaeta, demonstrating mobility-based strategies like burrowing or crawling. These strategies help infauna cope with hydrothermal influence.” (Rodriguez Uribe 2023). hydrothermal influence refers to the transformative effects of hot water on geological, chemical, and biological systems, and it plays a significant role in a wide range of natural processes and human activities. Vermeij, Geerat (2009), Nature: An Economic History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781400826490. p. 266
- ^ Vermeij, Geerat (2009), Nature: An Economic History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781400826490. p. 267
- ^ Fauna of Sandy Beaches
- ^ Josef Rusek (1998). "Biodiversity of Collembola and their functional role in the ecosystem". Biodiversity and Conservation. 7 (9): 1207–1219. doi:10.1023/A:1008887817883. S2CID 22883809.
- ^ Rubens M. Lopes, Janet Warner Reid, Carlos Eduardo Falavigna Da Rocha (1999). "Copepoda: developments in ecology, biology and systematics: proceedings of the Seventh international conference on Copepoda, held in Curitiba". Hydrobiologia. 453/454. Springer: 576. ISBN 9780792370482.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Phil Chapman (1982). "The Origins of Troglobites" (PDF). Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelæological Society. 16 (2): 133–141.
External links[edit]
- "Biodiversity of Collembola and their functional role in the ecosystem" (by Josef Rusek; September 1998)
